1) Masila Block 14 is very important to Nexen as approximately 44% of Nexen's oil production and one third of its cash flow comes from there. Nexen has a 52% working interest in the block and the fields there contain over 1 billion barrels of reserves.
2) The study focuses on the reservoir rocks of the Qishn Formation, which contains around 90% of Masila's reserves. The Upper Qishn Member represents shoreline and shelf deposits and is the main producing zone.
3) The aim of the study is to provide a better understanding of the geology and petroleum system of the Qishn Formation in Masila Block 14 through analysis of subsurface data from 93 wells
Unconventional petroleum refers to oil and gas deposits that require advanced extraction technologies and greater investment compared to conventional methods. It includes sources like oil sands, oil shales, coal-based liquids, and gas from shale formations and coal beds that has not migrated from its source rock. While more difficult to extract, unconventional sources are increasingly important as conventional reserves dwindle and new technologies make extraction economically viable.
This document discusses reservoir characteristics, rock and fluid properties, and drive mechanisms. It provides information on:
1) Techniques like seismic data, well logging, core analysis, and well testing that are used to understand the reservoir and develop an accurate reservoir model.
2) Reservoir characteristics including rock type, porosity, permeability, and factors that allow hydrocarbon accumulation like sufficient pore space and traps.
3) Rock properties such as porosity, permeability, and how they impact fluid flow.
4) Fluid properties including phase behavior under varying pressures and temperatures, properties of different fluid types, and sampling techniques.
5) Common experiments done to analyze reservoir fluids using pressure-volume-temperature cells
Introduction-Alpha….. Betical PRINCIPLES of Petroleum Geology; Classification of fossil fuels as hydrocarbon resources and hydrocarbon producing resources; Oil/Gas Generation and Diagenesis; Types of Oil & Natural Gas Plays; Occurrence of Oil and Gas; umbrella terms given to petroleum: Conventional oil and Unconventional oil; Associated Gas and Non-associated Gas; In Situ Oil and Gas Resources versus Supply; Natural Gas Resource and Quality Types; Natural GAS; Oil and Gas Process; Oil/Gas Field Life Cycle; Oil Field Pyramid ; Giant Oil Field
The document discusses various well completion methods and sand control techniques. It begins by explaining that well stimulation may be needed if the well's productivity has been impaired by the perforation or completion method. It then reviews different completion methods and their basic requirements to connect the reservoir, protect the casing, bring fluids to surface, provide safety measures, control sand, and provide zonal isolation. The document focuses on techniques for predicting and controlling sand production, including the use of screens, gravel packing, chemical consolidation, and frac and pack completions. It provides details on sieve analysis, gravel pack selection and sorting criteria.
This document discusses unconventional reservoirs and shale gas. It begins with defining unconventional resources as hydrocarbon reservoirs with low permeability and porosity that are difficult to produce. Shale gas is then introduced as natural gas trapped in shale formations. The document outlines a roadmap for identifying and developing shale plays, including geological, geophysical, geochemical, and geomechanical approaches. Key factors like total organic carbon content, thermal maturity, and brittleness are examined. The concept of a "sweet spot" is introduced as the most prospective volumes within a shale play, characterized by properties like thickness and permeability. The document concludes with thanking the audience.
Unconventional petroleum refers to oil and gas deposits that require advanced extraction technologies and greater investment compared to conventional methods. It includes sources like oil sands, oil shales, coal-based liquids, and gas from shale formations and coal beds that has not migrated from its source rock. While more difficult to extract, unconventional sources are increasingly important as conventional reserves dwindle and new technologies make extraction economically viable.
This document discusses reservoir characteristics, rock and fluid properties, and drive mechanisms. It provides information on:
1) Techniques like seismic data, well logging, core analysis, and well testing that are used to understand the reservoir and develop an accurate reservoir model.
2) Reservoir characteristics including rock type, porosity, permeability, and factors that allow hydrocarbon accumulation like sufficient pore space and traps.
3) Rock properties such as porosity, permeability, and how they impact fluid flow.
4) Fluid properties including phase behavior under varying pressures and temperatures, properties of different fluid types, and sampling techniques.
5) Common experiments done to analyze reservoir fluids using pressure-volume-temperature cells
Introduction-Alpha….. Betical PRINCIPLES of Petroleum Geology; Classification of fossil fuels as hydrocarbon resources and hydrocarbon producing resources; Oil/Gas Generation and Diagenesis; Types of Oil & Natural Gas Plays; Occurrence of Oil and Gas; umbrella terms given to petroleum: Conventional oil and Unconventional oil; Associated Gas and Non-associated Gas; In Situ Oil and Gas Resources versus Supply; Natural Gas Resource and Quality Types; Natural GAS; Oil and Gas Process; Oil/Gas Field Life Cycle; Oil Field Pyramid ; Giant Oil Field
The document discusses various well completion methods and sand control techniques. It begins by explaining that well stimulation may be needed if the well's productivity has been impaired by the perforation or completion method. It then reviews different completion methods and their basic requirements to connect the reservoir, protect the casing, bring fluids to surface, provide safety measures, control sand, and provide zonal isolation. The document focuses on techniques for predicting and controlling sand production, including the use of screens, gravel packing, chemical consolidation, and frac and pack completions. It provides details on sieve analysis, gravel pack selection and sorting criteria.
This document discusses unconventional reservoirs and shale gas. It begins with defining unconventional resources as hydrocarbon reservoirs with low permeability and porosity that are difficult to produce. Shale gas is then introduced as natural gas trapped in shale formations. The document outlines a roadmap for identifying and developing shale plays, including geological, geophysical, geochemical, and geomechanical approaches. Key factors like total organic carbon content, thermal maturity, and brittleness are examined. The concept of a "sweet spot" is introduced as the most prospective volumes within a shale play, characterized by properties like thickness and permeability. The document concludes with thanking the audience.
Migration from source to reservoir rocks is not fully understood. Hydrocarbons must replace water in reservoir pores during migration. Formation waters are usually ancient waters trapped during deposition. Salinity of formation waters generally increases with depth from 35,000 ppm to over 350,000 ppm. Primary migration out of low permeability source rocks is debated, with mechanisms including diffusion, microfractures, and oil-phase migration along organic-rich pathways.
The document provides an overview of well stimulation methods used to improve oil and gas production. It discusses two main types of stimulation: matrix acidizing and hydraulic fracturing. Matrix acidizing involves injecting acid into low-pressure formations to dissolve minerals and damage, improving permeability. Hydraulic fracturing involves pumping acid and proppants at high pressures to create conductive fractures. The document outlines the processes, chemicals used, factors that affect acid performance, and provides a brief history of the techniques. It aims to explain stimulation methods and their role in maintaining reservoir pressure and flow.
This document covers reservoir engineering concepts related to petroleum reservoirs. It discusses the classification of oil and gas reservoirs based on phase behavior and pressure-temperature relationships. It also summarizes key reservoir fluid properties for both gas and crude oil, including compressibility factors, density, molecular weight, and formation volume factors. The behaviors of real gases are contrasted with ideal gases and methods for determining compressibility factors are presented.
Introduction to Reservoir Rock & Fluid PropertiesM.T.H Group
This document discusses reservoir rock properties and how core samples are used to characterize reservoirs. Reservoir rocks must have porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids. Core samples provide information on lithology, porosity, permeability and other properties essential for evaluating a reservoir's fluid storage and flow capabilities. Whole core samples are most representative but sidewall cores provide additional data points. Both core types are analyzed to understand factors like relative permeability needed for reservoir modeling and production forecasting.
The document summarizes various methods used to extract oil from reservoirs, including primary, secondary, and tertiary (enhanced) recovery. Primary recovery relies on natural underground pressures to extract about 20% of oil. Secondary methods like water flooding are used when pressures decline to obtain 25-35% of oil. Tertiary or EOR methods like steam injection and carbon dioxide flooding are employed to further reduce viscosity and increase recovery rates up to 50%, allowing 5-15% more oil to be extracted.
This document provides an introduction to drilling rigs and drilling technology. It discusses the key systems that make up a drilling rig, including the rig system, power system, mud handling system, hoisting system, rotary system, well control system, and instrumentation system. It also discusses drilling technologies such as mud, casing, rigs, hydraulics, bits, drilling, cementing, and special technologies like directional drilling. Finally, it outlines the main operations involved in drilling a well, from rig building to well head fitting and testing.
INTRODUCTION TO OFFSHORE DRILLING AND PRODUCTION FACILITIESpetroEDGE
This 4 day (separately bookable) intensive training course will cover the details of drilling rigs and how they operate, especially for deepwater activities. Current drilling rigs are highly automated and efficient. These advances will be illustrated with animations and videos. The relationship between drilling and production will be explored with examples of current field developments
The document provides information about drilling and production wells. It discusses how a production well is drilled using a drilling rig located on an offshore production platform. It then describes the multi-stage drilling process where casing pipes are installed and cemented as drilling progresses to greater depths. Different components of the drilling system like the drill bit, drill pipes, and casing are also explained. The document concludes with discussing the typical sequence of drilling operations.
1) Oil and gas migration are poorly understood processes in hydrocarbon reservoir formation. Hydrocarbons must migrate from their source rock to reservoir rocks through pore spaces originally filled with water.
2) During burial, formation waters in pore spaces become more saline with depth due to reverse osmosis, reaching concentrations over 350,000 ppm at several kilometers depth.
3) Primary migration involves the expulsion of hydrocarbons from low-permeability source rocks into more permeable surrounding rocks due to fluid overpressure. Secondary migration transports hydrocarbons long distances through porous reservoir rocks driven by buoyancy until trapped by impermeable seals.
- Reservoirs are classified based on the composition of hydrocarbons present, initial reservoir pressure and temperature, and the pressure and temperature of produced fluids.
- A pressure-temperature diagram is used to classify reservoirs and describe the phase behavior of reservoir fluids, delineating the liquid, gas, and two-phase regions.
- Based on the diagram, reservoirs are classified as oil reservoirs if the temperature is below the critical temperature, and gas reservoirs if above the critical temperature.
- The document discusses reservoir characteristics including rock and fluid properties that are important to understand for optimal hydrocarbon recovery. Techniques like seismic data, well logging, and testing provide valuable data to build reservoir models.
- Key rock properties that impact hydrocarbon storage and flow include porosity, permeability, and wettability. Core analysis in the lab and well logs provide data on these properties.
- Understanding fluid properties like phase behavior under reservoir conditions of pressure and temperature is also important for predicting production performance and fluid composition.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering Module 2Aijaz Ali Mooro
The document provides an overview of geology and exploration methods for petroleum. It discusses the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks - and describes parameters that control petroleum occurrence such as source rocks, reservoir rocks and traps. It then explains processes of petroleum migration and entrapment. Finally, it outlines various oil exploration methods including surface geology, geophysical techniques like magnetic, gravity and seismic surveys, and sub-surface methods like well correlation.
This document provides an outline for a lecture presentation on open pit mining methods and planning. It discusses key parameters such as bench height and geometry, cutoff grade calculation, and factors affecting open pit stability. The presentation covers the basic concept of open pit mining, how overburden is removed, and machinery used such as trucks, shovels, and drills. Diagrams illustrate typical bench terminology and pit slope angles. The importance of optimizing the pit design is addressed through considering elements like production scheduling, waste disposal, and ultimate pit limits.
This document provides an overview of offshore oil and gas facilities, including wellhead platforms. It describes the typical components and functions of wellhead platforms, such as slots for drilling wells, wellhead control equipment, production manifolds, test separators, and utilities. The document outlines the process systems of a typical wellhead platform and summarizes the purpose and design of components like pig launchers, vents, flares, utility gas systems, drain systems, and chemical injection. Diagrams illustrate the installation and components of wellhead platforms such as the jacket, decks, cranes, pipelines, and safety equipment.
Porosity and permeability are key properties that determine whether rock can effectively store and transmit hydrocarbons. Porosity refers to void space that can hold fluids, while permeability refers to how easily fluids can flow through interconnected pore spaces. There are different types of porosity and permeability based on pore connectivity and origin. Important reservoir rocks include clastic rocks like sandstone and carbonate rocks, which have sufficient original or secondary porosity. Hydrocarbons generated in source rocks can migrate through reservoir rocks, becoming trapped in structural or stratigraphic traps created by geological processes like folding or variations in rock layers.
1. Unconventional resources like shale gas and tight sands have low permeability and require techniques like hydraulic fracturing to produce commercially.
2. Shales can serve as both the source and reservoir for oil and gas, containing the hydrocarbons within their organic-rich matrix.
3. Characterizing shale reservoirs involves analyzing their depositional environment, thermal maturity, total organic carbon, porosity, permeability, and gas content to identify potential "sweet spots" for production.
Mud logging involves collecting and analyzing drill cuttings and mud properties to interpret lithology and detect hydrocarbon shows. It relies on mud circulation from the mud pump through the drill string and annulus to the shale shaker where cuttings are examined. The mud logger monitors and records drilling parameters and cuttings data to help assess the producibility of formations. However, mud logging becomes less accurate at depths over 3000m where cuttings are mixed and it takes longer for mud to return to the surface.
MINE LIFE CYCLE; LIFE CYCLE OF DEPOSITS; LIFE-CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT; STAGES IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT; Prospecting; Exploration ; 3D modeling software's for mining sectors; Mineral Resource; Mineral Reserve; Development; Exploitation ; MINE PLANNING CYCLE ; Reclamation; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF NONRENEWABLE MINERAL RESOURCES; SOURCES OF METAL POLLUTION; Harmful Environmental Effects of Mining; Persistent, Bio-accumulative and Toxi (PBT ); Lead; Mercury; Cadmium; Arsenic
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Potential source rocks in Pakistan range in age from Cambrian to Eocene and are distributed across four basins. In the Upper Indus Basin, the primary source rock is the Paleocene Patala Formation. In the Middle and Lower Indus Basins, the important source rock is the Early Cretaceous Sembar Formation shales. Within these basins, the Kirthar and Sulaiman Fold Belts also contain source rocks like the Ranikot and Goru Formations. In the Baluchistan Basin, the Rakhshani Formation and Kharan Limestone from the Paleocene to Eocene are source rocks. Finally, in the Pishin Basin, source facies include dark gray
Migration from source to reservoir rocks is not fully understood. Hydrocarbons must replace water in reservoir pores during migration. Formation waters are usually ancient waters trapped during deposition. Salinity of formation waters generally increases with depth from 35,000 ppm to over 350,000 ppm. Primary migration out of low permeability source rocks is debated, with mechanisms including diffusion, microfractures, and oil-phase migration along organic-rich pathways.
The document provides an overview of well stimulation methods used to improve oil and gas production. It discusses two main types of stimulation: matrix acidizing and hydraulic fracturing. Matrix acidizing involves injecting acid into low-pressure formations to dissolve minerals and damage, improving permeability. Hydraulic fracturing involves pumping acid and proppants at high pressures to create conductive fractures. The document outlines the processes, chemicals used, factors that affect acid performance, and provides a brief history of the techniques. It aims to explain stimulation methods and their role in maintaining reservoir pressure and flow.
This document covers reservoir engineering concepts related to petroleum reservoirs. It discusses the classification of oil and gas reservoirs based on phase behavior and pressure-temperature relationships. It also summarizes key reservoir fluid properties for both gas and crude oil, including compressibility factors, density, molecular weight, and formation volume factors. The behaviors of real gases are contrasted with ideal gases and methods for determining compressibility factors are presented.
Introduction to Reservoir Rock & Fluid PropertiesM.T.H Group
This document discusses reservoir rock properties and how core samples are used to characterize reservoirs. Reservoir rocks must have porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids. Core samples provide information on lithology, porosity, permeability and other properties essential for evaluating a reservoir's fluid storage and flow capabilities. Whole core samples are most representative but sidewall cores provide additional data points. Both core types are analyzed to understand factors like relative permeability needed for reservoir modeling and production forecasting.
The document summarizes various methods used to extract oil from reservoirs, including primary, secondary, and tertiary (enhanced) recovery. Primary recovery relies on natural underground pressures to extract about 20% of oil. Secondary methods like water flooding are used when pressures decline to obtain 25-35% of oil. Tertiary or EOR methods like steam injection and carbon dioxide flooding are employed to further reduce viscosity and increase recovery rates up to 50%, allowing 5-15% more oil to be extracted.
This document provides an introduction to drilling rigs and drilling technology. It discusses the key systems that make up a drilling rig, including the rig system, power system, mud handling system, hoisting system, rotary system, well control system, and instrumentation system. It also discusses drilling technologies such as mud, casing, rigs, hydraulics, bits, drilling, cementing, and special technologies like directional drilling. Finally, it outlines the main operations involved in drilling a well, from rig building to well head fitting and testing.
INTRODUCTION TO OFFSHORE DRILLING AND PRODUCTION FACILITIESpetroEDGE
This 4 day (separately bookable) intensive training course will cover the details of drilling rigs and how they operate, especially for deepwater activities. Current drilling rigs are highly automated and efficient. These advances will be illustrated with animations and videos. The relationship between drilling and production will be explored with examples of current field developments
The document provides information about drilling and production wells. It discusses how a production well is drilled using a drilling rig located on an offshore production platform. It then describes the multi-stage drilling process where casing pipes are installed and cemented as drilling progresses to greater depths. Different components of the drilling system like the drill bit, drill pipes, and casing are also explained. The document concludes with discussing the typical sequence of drilling operations.
1) Oil and gas migration are poorly understood processes in hydrocarbon reservoir formation. Hydrocarbons must migrate from their source rock to reservoir rocks through pore spaces originally filled with water.
2) During burial, formation waters in pore spaces become more saline with depth due to reverse osmosis, reaching concentrations over 350,000 ppm at several kilometers depth.
3) Primary migration involves the expulsion of hydrocarbons from low-permeability source rocks into more permeable surrounding rocks due to fluid overpressure. Secondary migration transports hydrocarbons long distances through porous reservoir rocks driven by buoyancy until trapped by impermeable seals.
- Reservoirs are classified based on the composition of hydrocarbons present, initial reservoir pressure and temperature, and the pressure and temperature of produced fluids.
- A pressure-temperature diagram is used to classify reservoirs and describe the phase behavior of reservoir fluids, delineating the liquid, gas, and two-phase regions.
- Based on the diagram, reservoirs are classified as oil reservoirs if the temperature is below the critical temperature, and gas reservoirs if above the critical temperature.
- The document discusses reservoir characteristics including rock and fluid properties that are important to understand for optimal hydrocarbon recovery. Techniques like seismic data, well logging, and testing provide valuable data to build reservoir models.
- Key rock properties that impact hydrocarbon storage and flow include porosity, permeability, and wettability. Core analysis in the lab and well logs provide data on these properties.
- Understanding fluid properties like phase behavior under reservoir conditions of pressure and temperature is also important for predicting production performance and fluid composition.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering Module 2Aijaz Ali Mooro
The document provides an overview of geology and exploration methods for petroleum. It discusses the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks - and describes parameters that control petroleum occurrence such as source rocks, reservoir rocks and traps. It then explains processes of petroleum migration and entrapment. Finally, it outlines various oil exploration methods including surface geology, geophysical techniques like magnetic, gravity and seismic surveys, and sub-surface methods like well correlation.
This document provides an outline for a lecture presentation on open pit mining methods and planning. It discusses key parameters such as bench height and geometry, cutoff grade calculation, and factors affecting open pit stability. The presentation covers the basic concept of open pit mining, how overburden is removed, and machinery used such as trucks, shovels, and drills. Diagrams illustrate typical bench terminology and pit slope angles. The importance of optimizing the pit design is addressed through considering elements like production scheduling, waste disposal, and ultimate pit limits.
This document provides an overview of offshore oil and gas facilities, including wellhead platforms. It describes the typical components and functions of wellhead platforms, such as slots for drilling wells, wellhead control equipment, production manifolds, test separators, and utilities. The document outlines the process systems of a typical wellhead platform and summarizes the purpose and design of components like pig launchers, vents, flares, utility gas systems, drain systems, and chemical injection. Diagrams illustrate the installation and components of wellhead platforms such as the jacket, decks, cranes, pipelines, and safety equipment.
Porosity and permeability are key properties that determine whether rock can effectively store and transmit hydrocarbons. Porosity refers to void space that can hold fluids, while permeability refers to how easily fluids can flow through interconnected pore spaces. There are different types of porosity and permeability based on pore connectivity and origin. Important reservoir rocks include clastic rocks like sandstone and carbonate rocks, which have sufficient original or secondary porosity. Hydrocarbons generated in source rocks can migrate through reservoir rocks, becoming trapped in structural or stratigraphic traps created by geological processes like folding or variations in rock layers.
1. Unconventional resources like shale gas and tight sands have low permeability and require techniques like hydraulic fracturing to produce commercially.
2. Shales can serve as both the source and reservoir for oil and gas, containing the hydrocarbons within their organic-rich matrix.
3. Characterizing shale reservoirs involves analyzing their depositional environment, thermal maturity, total organic carbon, porosity, permeability, and gas content to identify potential "sweet spots" for production.
Mud logging involves collecting and analyzing drill cuttings and mud properties to interpret lithology and detect hydrocarbon shows. It relies on mud circulation from the mud pump through the drill string and annulus to the shale shaker where cuttings are examined. The mud logger monitors and records drilling parameters and cuttings data to help assess the producibility of formations. However, mud logging becomes less accurate at depths over 3000m where cuttings are mixed and it takes longer for mud to return to the surface.
MINE LIFE CYCLE; LIFE CYCLE OF DEPOSITS; LIFE-CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT; STAGES IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT; Prospecting; Exploration ; 3D modeling software's for mining sectors; Mineral Resource; Mineral Reserve; Development; Exploitation ; MINE PLANNING CYCLE ; Reclamation; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF NONRENEWABLE MINERAL RESOURCES; SOURCES OF METAL POLLUTION; Harmful Environmental Effects of Mining; Persistent, Bio-accumulative and Toxi (PBT ); Lead; Mercury; Cadmium; Arsenic
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Potential source rocks in Pakistan range in age from Cambrian to Eocene and are distributed across four basins. In the Upper Indus Basin, the primary source rock is the Paleocene Patala Formation. In the Middle and Lower Indus Basins, the important source rock is the Early Cretaceous Sembar Formation shales. Within these basins, the Kirthar and Sulaiman Fold Belts also contain source rocks like the Ranikot and Goru Formations. In the Baluchistan Basin, the Rakhshani Formation and Kharan Limestone from the Paleocene to Eocene are source rocks. Finally, in the Pishin Basin, source facies include dark gray
Reservoir rocks experience compaction when fluid is produced, causing a change in pore volume and effective stress. There are three types of compressibility - rock matrix (grain) compressibility measures change in grain volume, rock bulk compressibility measures change in total formation volume, and pore volume compressibility measures change in pore space. Accurately measuring and modeling compressibility is important for predicting changes in porosity and formation properties during production.
This thesis focuses on developing static and dynamic reservoir models and predicting properties for a deepwater carbonate reservoir during the early exploration phase when limited data is available. Core, log, and well test data are integrated and used to characterize the reservoir into hydraulic flow units (HFU). Five HFU are identified and upscaled to populate the static model. Well test analysis estimates permeability-thickness product and permeability with less than 20% error. Dynamic simulations of four static models match well test pressure responses and predict a numerical productivity index within 5% of measured. Simulations of the entire oil zone indicate potential recovery of 25% of original oil in place.
Elements of Reservoir Rocks & Fluid PropertiesM.T.H Group
This document outlines a course on petroleum reservoir rock and fluid properties. It lists the course instructor, grading breakdown which is 50% final exams, and course aims which are to introduce critical reservoir properties of oil, gas, and water, and their PVT relationships. Upon completing the course, students should understand definitions of porosity and saturation, reservoir fluid behavior, and be able to calculate single and multiphase flow rates using Darcy's law. Recommended textbooks are listed.
This document discusses key properties of crude oil, including:
1) Oil is classified based on properties like specific gravity, viscosity, density, etc. with specific gravity and viscosity most commonly used. Specific gravity is represented by API gravity which ranges from 8 to 58 degrees.
2) Bubble point pressure is the pressure at which a small amount of gas is in equilibrium with oil. When pressure drops below this point, gas is liberated from the oil.
3) Other properties discussed include formation volume factor (ratio of reservoir to surface volumes), solution gas-oil ratio (amount of gas dissolved in oil), and compressibility (change in volume with pressure change).
The document discusses the format and structure of a business letter, including:
- The main parts of a letter are the heading, inside address, salutation, subject line, body, complimentary close, and signature.
- The body includes an introduction paragraph, main discussion in the middle paragraphs, and a concluding paragraph.
- Additional notations may include identification of the typist, word processing file name, enclosures, and distribution list.
- Proper formatting includes margins and spacing between paragraphs. Sample letters are provided to illustrate the discussed structures and conventions.
The document summarizes the petroleum resources of Yemen. It outlines that Yemen has significant oil and natural gas reserves, with proven oil reserves of 4 billion barrels and natural gas reserves of 16.9 trillion cubic feet. The majority of reserves are located in two basins - the Sab'atayn Basin in the north and the Say'un Al-Masila Basin in the south. Key producing regions and blocks within these basins are discussed, along with production levels and operating companies. The main productive formations and their characteristics are also summarized.
The document discusses the geological research history of Yemen. It presents a new classification that divides the history into four stages. It suggests that documenting the first geologists to work in Yemen and their contributions could be the basis for an informative book. The classification system and a table of lithostratigraphic units are presented as providing a framework for understanding Yemen's geological evolution and addressing inconsistencies in past studies. Mapping of eastern Yemen revealed structures with oil and gas potential. New modeling methods are proposed to aid geological studies. Recommendations include further documentation and research on key periods and locations to advance knowledge of Yemen's geology.
2575150, Significant Production Improvement of UltraLow Permeability Granitic...Mostafa Kortam
The document summarizes the significant production improvement of an ultra-low permeability granitic reservoir in Egypt utilizing channel fracturing. Key points:
1) The target formation has very low natural fracture permeability of 0.1-0.5 md, requiring channel fracturing to access oil.
2) Well SID-18 encountered an unconventional granitic formation with challenging logging responses. Analysis found the lithology consists of granite, microgranite, and metagranite fragments.
3) Testing found the formation has an ultra-low permeability. Channel fracturing was utilized to successfully commercialize this challenging asset.
This document discusses the oil and gas prospects in the Yemeni sector of the Rub al Khali Basin in Saudi Arabia based on a new analysis. The analysis considers the geological history of the area, neotectonic movement, new crust movement, and satellite images from 1994-1997. It identifies four types of faults visible in the images and concludes that a new rift phase is occurring with NE-SW normal faults and NW-SE thrust faults resulting from regional stress patterns. It recommends further study of the area focused on two coordinates, as natural asphalt seen in the images could indicate new oil and gas discoveries.
New base 22 april 2021 energy news issue 1426 by khaled al awadiKhaled Al Awadi
NewBase 22 April 2021 Energy News issue - 1426 by Khaled Al Awadi
NewBase 22 April 2021 Energy News issue - 1426 by Khaled Al Awadi
NewBase 22 April 2021 Energy News issue - 1426 by Khaled Al Awadi
April Investor Roadshow *Special Oil and Gas* Pura Vida EnergySymposium
This investor presentation provides an overview of Pura Vida Energy's exploration portfolio and activities in Africa. Pura Vida has interests in exploration licenses offshore Morocco, Gabon, and Madagascar. In Morocco, the company holds a 23% interest and is fully carried on an upcoming well. The well has potential to access over 1 billion barrels of oil. In Gabon, Pura Vida has a 100% interest in a block containing multiple pre-salt leads with over 1 billion barrels potential. The company also has a 50% interest in an offshore block in Madagascar covering a proven petroleum system. Near-term plans include an upcoming well in Morocco and 3D seismic in Madagascar.
1) The document discusses conditioning an old vertical well drilled in 1974 in Argentina to stimulate and test productivity from the Vaca Muerta shale formation.
2) A pilot program was conducted on three wells, applying coiled tubing assisted pinpoint completions to independently stimulate small intervals, with 12 stages used over 130m.
3) The pilot was successful, with the wells producing oil naturally. It demonstrated the viability of the completion technique for stimulating older vertical wells in the Vaca Muerta shale.
This document summarizes reservoir evaluation of several oil blocks in the X Oilfield. It analyzes 3D seismic data to understand the structural patterns, recognizes sand body distribution through dense well data, and analyzes well testing, oil testing and logging data to understand oil-water distribution. The key findings are:
- The main reservoirs are fault-lithologic with sand bodies distributed in patchy, strip and lenticular shapes.
- Sedimentary facies include channel, interchannel, natural levee and crevasse splay deposits.
- Oil-water distribution is controlled by structure and lithology, with upper oil, lower water typically.
- Initial production intensity is estimated at 0.2 tons per
The SA0 Group Reservoir ’S Compositive Evaluation In The Central Developing P...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Using the data from logging in a net of high density, the sand core from a airtight well, and the testing data for oil and gas , and then according to the experiment of exploitation, we studied the deposit visage in macroscopical way, the physical characteristics of the reservoir, and the partition of the oil and gas’s border. It is clear that the zero group of Sa’s oil floor is mainly deposit in the foreside of a delta under the background of lake incursion, and the ventro-delta express a character that there were some sandstones which was transited for two times. Make a certain that the oil and gas’s border of zero group in Sa is maybe 600m underground, and demarcated the maximal square is 26.8km2 about this reservoir, and tell us that it lies in the top of the anticline. Of course, this production can be used in the designing of the zero group of Sa’s exploitation
Block XI Information Memorandum March 2010 Cchris_newport
The document provides information about an opportunity to acquire a working interest in Block XI in Cambodia's Tonle Sap Basin, which is a highly prospective basin located in an accessible area with potential source rocks and traps, and offers strategic entry into Cambodia's oil and gas industry through carrying exploration costs and reasonable farm-in terms.
Commerce Resources Corp. has completed its 2013 summer field program at its 100% owned Ashram Rare Earth Element Deposit in northern Quebec. The program consisted of 12 drill holes and related geotechnical and hydrological work to increase the resource confidence and evaluate extensions to the deposit. Three drill holes in the northeast extended mineralization further than anticipated and are expected to lower the strip ratio outlined in the preliminary economic assessment. Phase I of the geotechnical and hydrological programs were also completed to evaluate pit stability and groundwater parameters. Environmental monitoring work also continued at the site.
Aberdeen Conference in 1999 on the Lower Cretaceous of the North Sea. This talk (abstract) discussed the Lower Cretaceous plays in a sequnce stratigraphy framework. This includes HST and LST and discusses the known hydrocarbon fields in this context.
The document provides an overview of hydrocarbon exploration in India, including:
1. It discusses India's increasing demand for energy resources due to population growth and economic development. India imports 75% of its oil and gas needs.
2. It summarizes the status of exploration in India's sedimentary basins, including the 7 petroliferous basins where commercial hydrocarbons have been found.
3. It outlines India's estimated oil and gas resources both established and yet to be discovered, as well as strategies to increase recovery from existing fields and explore unconventional resources like shale gas.
The document discusses the potential of mineral resources along the Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh. It notes that Bangladesh has deposits of minerals like rutile, zircon, magnetite, ilmenite, garnet, and monazite in beach sand that could be exploited. Pilot plants were set up in the 1970s with foreign assistance to study separating and processing these minerals, but commercial production has not materialized. The author argues that further studies are needed to accurately assess reserves and ensure minerals can be economically extracted and processed to market standards to develop this industry. Doing so could provide resources for industries like nuclear power and reduce foreign exchange expenditures.
This document provides an updated economic assessment of the Sisson Brook tungsten-molybdenum deposit in New Brunswick. It incorporates new drilling data, an expanded resource block model from Mercator Geological Services, and preliminary pit design. Metallurgical testing indicates a pre-concentration circuit could significantly reduce operating and capital costs by concentrating over 90% of tungsten and 80% of molybdenum in half the rock. The assessment uses a 20,000 tonne per day mine over 20 years, with capital costs estimated at $339 million and an internal rate of return of 23%. It is recommended to advance the project to a pre-feasibility study.
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This is the first work, which introduce a new look to the Yemeni Geology. My interest in the Yemeni geology
started in 1987, when I wrote my first geological and technical report on Al-Kharg well, drilled in Al-Jawf Marib
Shabwa basin (Moscow, 1987; (Unpublished)). And my work on the former South Yemen regional geology
(Moscow, 1990; (Unpublished)) as a result of my fieldwork visits to the above-mentioned area.
During my work in the Republic of Yemen, (the research study area), for 8 years (1992-1999), I collected variably
detailed information of hundreds publications references on the pervious and the present geological activities in
Yemen for the period from 1852 until Today. That work led to the first classification and division for what I called the
Geological Research History Work (G.R.H.W) of the Republic of Yemen.
At the same time, I was highly interested in the whole pervious and present stratigraphic research related to the
Yemeni Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature, because stratigraphic research pursued by different organizations,
companies and groups on different and indipendent lines was on the point of leading to choas. Studing a huge material
and data related to the pervious and the present geological activities in Yemen; such as final reports on geological
survey, different kinds of geophisical works, wells data (for more than 210 wells drilled in different area of the
republic of Yemen, where most of those wells located in the north-northeastern, east and south-southeastern part of
the Republic of Yemen(~75% of Yemeni sedimentary cover located in this area)), dry and wet sample analysis, well
site geologist geological descriptions, background gas indicatores, drillig results, log interpretations, core analysis, well
completion reports, lithostratigraphic units history (first time publication of the unit, its current meaning and definition),
lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic description and indication of age; This research study work led at the beginning
to my work done on diferent geological wells data tables, geological well sections, correlation between wells (local
and regional), different kind of geological maps for spesific areas (this happened during my work in the Adeni Branch
of the Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources) and led also to the first table on the whole Yemen Lithostratigraphic
Units and Nomenclture; my mapping and modelling to the whole eastern part of Yemen with the adjacent areas (this
happened during my research study work in Jilin University). This work is an extent to the great work done by many
4
interested geologists, scientific expeditions, organizations, local and forieghn companies, variably detailed information
of hundreds publications and references on the Yemeni geology.
The Yemeni Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature table is projected to be a kind of huge encyclopedia. The
new thing is that names of all Yemeni lithostratigraphic units are presented in the above mentioned table in
accordance to their proven and high checked geological age. It is the first electronic and attributed table. Just point
your Computer mouse on the red triangle located on the right-upper corner of an interested lithostratigraphic units and
you are going to receive a brief geological information about it, especially in which Yemeni basins penetrated (Basin
name, It’s lithology, description and age).
The most important thing that this table led to my new explanation to the anomaly in the Yemeni
Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature, having the same geological time line (the same age), by relating such
anomaly to the geological history of the area, especially the anomaly in tectonic activities and the process of
sedimentation; this table also gave me the right to suggest a new subdivision to the Yemeni Paleozoic sediments, into
two new depositional sequences, i.e. from young to old:
b. UPPER PALEOZOIC (Devonian – Permian) / TRIASSIC (Lower T
ABSTRACT
This is the first work, which introduce a new look to the Yemeni Geology. My interest in the Yemeni geology
started in 1987, when I wrote my first geological and technical report on Al-Kharg well, drilled in Al-Jawf Marib
Shabwa basin (Moscow, 1987; (Unpublished)). And my work on the former South Yemen regional geology
(Moscow, 1990; (Unpublished)) as a result of my fieldwork visits to the above-mentioned area.
During my work in the Republic of Yemen, (the research study area), for 8 years (1992-1999), I collected variably
detailed information of hundreds publications references on the pervious and the present geological activities in
Yemen for the period from 1852 until Today. That work led to the first classification and division for what I called the
Geological Research History Work (G.R.H.W) of the Republic of Yemen.
At the same time, I was highly interested in the whole pervious and present stratigraphic research related to the
Yemeni Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature, because stratigraphic research pursued by different organizations,
companies and groups on different and indipendent lines was on the point of leading to choas. Studing a huge material
and data related to the pervious and the present geological activities in Yemen; such as final reports on geological
survey, different kinds of geophisical works, wells data (for more than 210 wells drilled in different area of the
republic of Yemen, where most of those wells located in the north-northeastern, east and south-southeastern part of
the Republic of Yemen(~75% of Yemeni sedimentary cover located in this area)), dry and wet sample analysis, well
site geologist geological descriptions, background gas indicatores, drillig results, log interpretations, core analysis, well
completion reports, lithostratigraphic units history (first time publication of the unit, its current meaning and definition),
lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic description and indication of age; This research study work led at the beginning
to my work done on diferent geological wells data tables, geological well sections, correlation between wells (local
and regional), different kind of geological maps for spesific areas (this happened during my work in the Adeni Branch
of the Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources) and led also to the first table on the whole Yemen Lithostratigraphic
Units and Nomenclture; my mapping and modelling to the whole eastern part of Yemen with the adjacent areas (this
happened during my research study work in Jilin University). This work is an extent to the great work done by many
4
interested geologists, scientific expeditions, organizations, local and forieghn companies, variably detailed information
of hundreds publications and references on the Yemeni geology.
The Yemeni Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature table is projected to be a kind of huge encyclopedia. The
new thing is that names of all Yemeni lithostratigraphic units are presented in the above mentioned table in
accordance to their proven and high checked geological age. It is the first electronic and attributed table. Just point
your Computer mouse on the red triangle located on the right-upper corner of an interested lithostratigraphic units and
you are going to receive a brief geological information about it, especially in which Yemeni basins penetrated (Basin
name, It’s lithology, description and age).
The most important thing that this table led to my new explanation to the anomaly in the Yemeni
Lithostratigraphic Units and Nomenclature, having the same geological time line (the same age), by relating such
anomaly to the geological history of the area, especially the anomaly in tectonic activities and the process of
sedimentation; this table also gave me the right to suggest a new subdivision to the Yemeni Paleozoic sediments, into
two new depositional sequences, i.e. from young to old:
b. UPPER PALEOZOIC (Devonian – Permian) / TRIASSI
More from Dr. Eng. Mohammed Darsi Abdulrahman Nedham (11)
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harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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A Study On The Reservoir Rocks Of Qishn Formation (Masila Block 14)
1. REPUBLIC OF YEMEN
MINISTRY OF OIL AND MINERAL RESOURCES
PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION AUTHORITY
A STUDY ON THE RESERVOIR ROCKS OF QISHN
FORMATION (Masila Block 14)
By: Dr. Eng. Mohammed Darsi Abdulrahman Nedham
Doctor of Science (Geologist), PEPA ’s Office (Aden)
Aden (June 2oo3)
2. WHAT MASILA BLOCK AND QISHN FORMATION
MEANS FOR CANADIAN NEXEN INC.?
First of all, and before I am going to write any word as an introduction to my study on
the reservoir rocks of Qishn Formation in Masila Block (14). I would like to draw the
attention of all people, who work as decision makers in the Ministry of Oil and
Minerals (MOM) and the Petroleum Exploration and Production Authority (PEPA) on
the great importance of answering the above-mentioned question.
We must know, that Masila Block (See, Fig. (1)) has a great meaning for Nexen
Company, because of the following reasons:
1. Approximately 44% of Nexen's overall production comes from the Masila Block
(Yemen), which representing just over one third of the company's cash flow.
2. Nexen has a 52% working interest in and operate the Masila Project, which is the
largest single source of oil production in Yemen and has grown steadily since
discovery in 1990.
3. To date, the 15 fields that comprise the Project have produced over 665 million
gross barrels of oil from total gross recoverable reserves of just over one billion
barrels.
4. Nexen has the right to produce oil from the Masila fields until 2011 and the right
to negotiate a five-year extension.
5. During 2002, $402 million ($209 million net) was invested to drill and equip 74
new development wells and expand existing infrastructure. Gross production was
maintained throughout the year at approximately 226,900 barrels per day.
6. The economics of Masila production are attractive. Historic finding and
development costs are approximately US $2 per barrel and operating costs have
averaged US $1 per barrel, resulting in excellent returns for shareholders!
All the above mentioned reasons makes Nexen not just take care of Masila Block and
Qishn Formation, (I mean the Qishn clastic member, which is the main producing
reservoir in this area and the main subject of this study), but also to work actively on
exploring outside the Masila Block. In my opinion, the strategic point of view and the
excellent steps taken by the heads of Nexen Inc. led to the following main result and
present fact:
(Nexen, NOW, hold interests in seven exploration licenses (Block 50 Block 51
Northern Blocks 11, 12, 36, 54 and 59) comprising over 20 million acres of
undeveloped land, the majority of which are located in northeastern Yemen close to
the Saudi Arabian border. (See Fig. (2))
Due to what mentioned above I am sure that we in Yemen are highly in need for
building not just the high qualified Yemeni oil team but also for building the first
National Oil Exploration Company. Am I right? Now, it is the suitable time for
Yemeni specialists, who found a great chance to work with those kind of high-
qualified and experienced foreign specialists, to learn from the newest in their field of
specialization. Our scientific cooperation and friendship must continue with all and
forever. If we really want to see the whole plains clearly, we must climb the highest
mountain. i
3. Fig. (1) Masila Location (Nexen Inc., Data)
<
Fig. (2) Nexen Blocks in Yemen (Nexen Inc., Data)
ii
4. INTRODUCTION
Masila Block 14 is operated by Canadian Occidental Petroleum Yemen on behalf of
its partners Occidental Peninsula, Inc. and Consolidated Contractors International,
Ltd., (CANADIAN NEXEN PETROLEUM YEMEN as known now), and is located
in the Hadhramaut region, in east-central Republic of Yemen. Oil was first discovered
on the Block in late 1990 with Commerciality declared in late 1991. Oil production at
Masila began in July 1993.
There are now 15 oil fields known in Masila, Block 14: (See, Fig. (3)) 1. Camaal (C),
2. North Camaal (NC), 3. Sunah (S), 4. Northeast Sunah (NES), 5. Heijah (HJ), 6.
Hemiar (HR), 7. South Hemiar (S.HR), 8. West Hemiar (W.HR), 9. Tawila (T), 10.
Haru (HU), 11. Nazeia (NZ), 12. Dahban (D), 13. Bainoon (ND), 14. Qataban (QAT),
and 15. Gabal-Isbeel, containing 56 pools within the Masila Block. Total proven
ultimate recoverable oil reserves are approaching 900 million STB. Proven, probable
and possible reserve estimates are in excess of one billion barrels of recoverable oil.
The Masila fields are in the Jurassic- to Lower Cretaceous-aged, Saar Graben. Almost
90% of the Masila reserves are reservoired in the Qishn Formation of the Lower
Cretaceous Upper Qishn Clastics Member. Oil is also found in at least seven other
reservoirs consisting of Lower Cretaceous and Middle to Upper Jurassic age clastics
and carbonates as well as fractured granitic basement.
In this study I used real subsurface data related to 93 wells, penetrated the productive
and non-productive fields of the studied area. All above-mentioned wells penetrated
Qishn formation the main subject of this study, where I made geostatistical
calculations and analysis, to explain the process of sedimentation mathematically for
Qishn formation generally and its subdivision in detail. Showing the maximum,
minimum and the average of Qishn formation thickness, its members, sub members,
units and sub units in detail for every well, for every productive field and for Masila
Block as a whole.
The most important thing I have done during my study to the pervious and the present
data, informations and published materials on the reservoir rocks of Qishn Formation
is that I focused on the main producing horizon (the Upper Qishn Clastics Member).
The Upper Qishn represents an upward transgressive sequence from braided river
deposits into tidally influenced shorelines, overlain by subtidal and shelf deposits.
Important Notices:
1. Yemeni reserves of raw oil were estimated to be about 4 billion barrels, of which
1380 million barrels are found in Marib, 1580 billion barrels in Masila, 250
million barrels in Shabwah, and 750 million barrels in Gannah.
2. Arab investment in Yemen heading toward $1 billion Yemen, Economics,
9/23/1997
iii
6. MAIN TOPICS OF THIS STUDY
The main topics of this study on the reservoir rocks of Qishn Formation (Masila
Block 14) are the following:
1. To show the great importance of Masila (Block 14) and the
reservoir rocks of Qishn Formation for Nexen Inc.
2. To give a brief on the whole pervious activities done on studying
the Geological Research History Work of the eastern part of the
Republic of Yemen (the study area and the adjacent areas).
3. To follow Qishn formation location on the whole surface, to study
it in the sub surface of the studied area and to highlight the upper
Qishn clastics rocks stratigraphy.
4. To study the Qishn Formation in Masila Block 14 as whole and in
detail, its subdivision, ages, sequence stratigraphy, general
lithology, lithology, its drilling parameters averages, mud
parameters, its Paleogeography, and its sedimentation thicknesses
in the study area by making 20 tables on Qishn formations and it
sub sequences.
5. To explain the petroleum system of Qishn Formation, its source
rocks, maturation, migration, reservoir rocks, traps and seals.
v
7. NATURE OF THIS STUDY
Prompted largely by this interest, my research study plan on studying the reservoir
rock of Qishn Formation was concentrated on its achievement on the following
important point:
1. Study and examination of all primary information connected with the subject from
various sources.
2. Sorting of this information in accordance with its importance.
1. Making number of tables and maps.
2. Checking of all data and making necessary tests on them.
3. Follow-up of the historical development of the reservoir rocks of Qishn Formation
through the making of varying geostatistical and mathematical calculation for the
interested section of Qishn formation and its subdivision from its bottom till the
surface.
AIM OF THIS STUDY
The study was aimed at the problems outlined in the previous two sections. This study
is the first investigation work-study, done by me on the reservoir rocks of Qishn
formation of Masila Block 14, which aims to:
1. Help understanding of the great importance of the studied area.
2. Help understanding of the pervious and present geological activities in the area.
3. Help understanding of the reservoir rocks of Qishn formation, surface, sub surface
geology and the upper Qishn stratigraphy.
4. Help understanding of Qishn formation sequence stratigraphy.
5. Help understanding of Qishn formation (Masila, Block 14) petroleum system.
6. Give new discussions points, recommendations and conclusions.
vi
8. CONTENTS
WHAT MASILA BLOCK AND QISHN FORMATION MEANS FOR
CANADIAN NEXEN INC.? --------------------------------------------------------------i
INTRODUCTION --------------------------------------------------------------------------iii
MAIN TOPICS OF THIS STUDY ------------------------------------------------------v
NATURE OF THE PROBLEM ---------------------------------------------------------vi
AIM OF THIS STUDY --------------------------------------------------------------------vi
CONTENTS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------vii
LIST OF FIGURES ------------------------------------------------------------------------ix
LIST OF TABLES --------------------------------------------------------------------------x
CHAPTER 1: THE EASTERN PART OF THE REPUBLIC OF YEMEN
GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH HISTORY WORK
1.1 PERVIOUS ACTIVITIES IN MASILA BLOCK AND ITS ADJACENT
AREAS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1.1 INRODUCTION
1.1.2 PERVIOUS WORKS BASED ON MY
CLASIFICATION AND DIVISION
CHAPTER 2: THE RESERVOIR ROCKS OF QISHN FORMATION
(MASILA, BLOCK 14) – GEOLOGY
2.1 INTRODUCTION --------------------------------------------------------------3
2.2 QISHN FORMATION RESERVOIR GEOLOGY
2.3 UPPER QISHN CLASTICS – STRATIGRAPHY -------------------------9
CHAPTER 3: QISHN FORMATION AND ITS SUBDIVISION (IN DETALS)
3.1 INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------------------------------10
3.2 QISHN FORMATION IN THE OUTCROP
3.3 QISHN FORMATION IN THE SUBSURFACE (IN DETAILS)
3.3.1 Qishn Carbonate Member ------------------------------------------21
3.3.1.1 Qishn Carbonate Member - Age
3.3.1.2 Qishn Carbonate Member - Lithology in General
3.3.1.3 Qishn Carbonate Member - Lithological Description
3.3.1.4 Rate of Penetrations for Qishn Carbonate Member
3.3.1.5 Gases in Qishn Carbonate Member
3.3.1.6 Drilling Parameters for Qishn Carbonate Member
3.3.1.7 Qishn Carbonate Member – Subdivision ------------24
3.3.1.7. 1 C1
3.3.1.7.2 C2
3.3.1.7.3 RS (Red Shale)
3.3.1.7.4 C3
3.3.2 Qishn Clastic Member ----------------------------------------------26
3.3.2.1 Qishn Clastic Member - Age
3.3.2.2 Qishn Clastic Member - Lithology in General
3.3.2.3 Qishn Clastic Member - Lithological Description
vii
9. 3.3.2.4 Rate of Penetrations for Qishn Clastic Member
3.3.2.5 Gases in Qishn Clastic Member
3.3.2.6 Oil Shows in Qishn Clastic Member
3.3.2.7 Drilling Parameters for Qishn Clastic Member
3.3.2.8 Qishn Clastic Member – Subdivision ----------------29
3.3.2.8.1 Upper Qishn Clastic Sub Member ----------30
3.3.2.8.1.1 S1 ------------------------------------31
3.3.2.8.1.1.1 S1A
3.3.2.8.1.1.2 S1B
3.3.2.8.1.1.3 S1C
3.3.2.8.1.2 S2 ------------------------------------33
3.3.2.8.1.2.1 S2A
3.3.2.8.1.2.2 S2B
3.3.2.8.1.2.3 S2C
3.3.2.8.1.2.4 S2D
3.3.2.8.1.3 S3 ------------------------------------35
3.3.2.8.2 Lower Qishn Clastic Sub Member -------- -36
3.3.2.8.2.1 LQ1
3.3.2.8.2.2 LQ2
3.3.2.8.2.3 LQ3
3.3.2.8.2.4 LQ4
CHAPTER 4: QISHN FORMATION PETROLEUM SYSTEM -----------------40
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 SOURCE ROCKS
4.3 MATURATION
4.4 MIGRATION
4.5 RESERVOIR ROCKS
4.6 TRAPS AND SEALS
CHAPTER 5: DISSCUSION POINTS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND
CONCLUSION
5.1 DISSCUSION POINTS --------------------------------------------------------41
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ------------------------------------------------------42
5.3 CONCLUSIONS ----------------------------------------------------------------43
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -----------------------------------------------------------------44
REFERENCES -------------------------------------------------------------------------------45
ABOUT THE AUTHOR --------------------------------------------------------------------46
viii
10. LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. (1) Masila Location ---------------------------------------------------------------------ii
Fig. (2) Nexen Blocks in Yemen -----------------------------------------------------------ii
Fig. (3) Masila Block Oil Fields ------------------------------------------------------------iv
Fig. (4) Regional Stratigraphy (showing our study area) --------------------------------4
Fig. (5) Regional Frame Work (showing Masila Block Location due to Say’un al-
Masila Basin -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
Fig. (6) Regional Setting (showing Masila Block Location, due to Masila High) ---6
Fig. (7) Stratigraphy of Masila (showing Qishn Clastics Member and its related
subdivision) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
Fig. (8) Regional cross section between Tawila-1, Tawila-17, Heijah-2, Camaal-3
and Sunah-3 wells -----------------------------------------------------------------------------8
Fig. (9) Qishn Carbonate Member, Thickness Map -------------------------------------22
Fig. (10) Qishn Carbonate Member, Three Dimension Model -------------------------23
Fig. (11) Qishn Clastics Member, Thickness Map ---------------------------------------27
Fig. (12) Qishn Clastics Member, Three Dimension Model ----------------------------28
Fig. (13) Qishn Formation, Thickness Map -----------------------------------------------38
Fig. (14) Qishn Formation, Three Dimension Model -----------------------------------39
ix
11. LIST OF TABLES
Qishn Formation of Masila Block, its Subdivision Tops and Thicknesses
Table (1) Qishn Carbonate of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses ----------------------11
Table (2) Qishn Carbonate (C1) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses --------------------14
Table (3) Qishn Carbonate (C2) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses --------------------15
Table (4) Qishn Carbonate (RS) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses --------------------15
Table (5) Qishn Carbonate (C3) of Masila Block 14, Thiknesses ---------------------16
Table (6) Qishn Clastics of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses --------------------------19
Table (7) Upper Qishn Clastics of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses -----------------20
Table (8) Upper Qishn Clastics (S1A) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses -------------21
Table (9) Upper Qishn Clastics (S1B) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses -----------22
Table (10) Upper Qishn Clastics (S1C) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses -----------22
Table (11) Upper Qishn Clastics (S2A) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses -----------23
Table (12) Upper Qishn Clastics (S2B) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses -----------24
Table (13) Upper Qishn Clastics (S2C) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses -----------24
Table (14) Upper Qishn Clastics (S2D) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses -----------25
Table (15) Upper Qishn Clastics (S3) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses -------------25
Table (16) Lower Qishn Clastics of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses ---------------26
Table (17) Lower Qishn Clastics (LQ1) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses ----------26
Table (18) Lower Qishn Clastics (LQ2) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses ----------27
Table (19) Qishn Formation of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses ---------------------27
Important Notice:
All above-mentioned tables done by me based on my study to:
1. The Masila Block Field Development Location Map in General.
2. Sunah, Heijah, Camaal, Hemiar, … ,Haru and Naziah Fields
3. The Geological Summary of the Masila Block
4. The Masila Block Stratigraphic Column
5. The Geological Sections done by me for Sunah-1, Naar-1, Maljan-1, Ressib-1,
Deelun-1 Wells.
6. Masila Block Formation Tops and Thicknesses (The table done in 1993, 1997 and
updated in 2002, by Nexen Inc.)
7. An old table done by me as a part of my study to Masila Block in the past. The
main aim of the above mentioned table is to give interested persons in Masila
Block general informations (such as: Block Area, Productive and non-productive
fields, No. of wells in every Productive and non-productive fields and the
Sedimentary Cover) and also geological informations (such as: the stratigraphical
sections, thicknesses, lithology, source rocks characteristics and reservoir rocks
characteristics)
x
12. CHAPTER 1
THE EASTERN PART OF THE REPUBLIC OF
YEMEN GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH
HISTORY WORK
1.1 PERVIOUS ACTIVITIES IN MASILA BLOCK AND ITS ADJACENT
AREAS
1.1.1 INRODUCTION
The Republic of Yemen is beside the richest hydrocarbon province in the world. Oil
only discovered in the early 1980’s in the offshore (Sharmah Well). It is known, that
Nexen Inc. (formerly known as Can Oxy Company) discovered oil in Masila Block in
1990 in the Qishn Clastics Member of Qishn Formation.
The Masila Block has 1250 km2 in size. The Estimated Reserves is 1.1 billion barrels
recoverable and the Cumulative Production is 600,000,000 barrels (Due to March
2002 wells production reports), where the daily production was 230,000 b/d.
1.2 PERVIOUS WORKS BASED ON MY CLASIFICATION AND DIVISION
According to my new classification and first division to the whole geological research
history work in the Republic of Yemen to four stages (See Yemen Times Newspaper.
Issue 2-January 10th through January 16 2000, Vol. IX Culture Page, Issue 10 -
March 6 through March 12 2000, Vol. X, Culture Page and Issue 15 - April 10
through April 16 2000, Vol. X, Culture Page). It is so clear now, that:
1. On the First Stage (The First Systematic Geological Observation Stage or
Carter’s Stage), 1852-1901:
No kind of geological studies had been detected in the Masila area.
2. On the Second Stage or the Hinterland Studies Stage, (1902-1946) and the
Third Stage (The First Systematic more detailed Stratigraphic and Geological
Studies Stage or Beydoun, Z.R.'s Stage, (1947-1967):
The Petroleum Concessions Ltd, one of the Iraq Petroleum Company and associated
companies (IPC and Associated companies) had carried out little exploration work in
the area between 1937 and 1960. During that time they made geological field
mapping, investigation, supplemented by aerophoto studies, photogeologic and
mapping covering the entire territory were carried out.
1
13. 3. On The Third Stage (The First Systematic more detailed Stratigraphic and
Geological Studies Stage or Beydoun, Z.R.'s Stage), 1947-1967:
During this stage the adjacent areas started to be studied by scientist and oil
companies. Bunker, D.G. wrote about the southwest Borderlands of Rub al Khali, in
1953. From 1961 to early 1967, Pan American International Oil Company through a
subsidiary, Pan American Hadhramawt Oil Company (PAHOC) drilled four wells
(Hoowarin, Tarfayt and Core Hole 88 reached Precambrian basement and the forth
was abandoned in the Cretaceous sediments).
4. The Forth Stage or The Yemeni Geologists Stage (1968 – until Today):
During this stage many important scientific works happened in Yemen, which at the
end led to the creation of the concision map of Yemen, the birth of Masila Block and
its oil discoveries.
It is known that, the Petroleum and Minerals Board (the PMB) was established, in
1970 in former South Yemen. During the period from 1970 to 1973, the joint of
former South Yemen-Algerian Petroleum Company (SYAPCO) drilled Taur-1 in
1974 and Taur-2 was commenced. In 1974, a group of experts from Cuba assumed the
drilling operation from SYAPCO and with former PMB completed Taur-2, Taur-3
and drilled Thamud-1 and Hathout-1. In September 1976, the functions of the PMB
were broadened and the Petroleum Exploration Board (the PED) was created (The
Petroleum Exploration and Production Board, Aden Branch – As known now), was
led different activities on studding the geology of this area. As a result of their work
on the Yemeni sector of Rub al Khali basin, wells as Taur-2, Taur-3 and Hathout-1
was drilled. A group of the P.E.D.’s Engineers, Technician and workers, work hard on
this area, their work is highly appreciated.
Between 1975 and 1979, as a part of its assistance program, TechnoExport, the former
Soviet Technical Assistance Organization, had recorded aeromagnetic surveys
covering most of former South Yemen and also a gravity survey had been conducted
over specific areas of interest.
On Mar. 27 1979, B. Kuzin and Mohammed Ba’abad made a Stratigraphic
Correlation, for wells drilled in that area correlative with wells located in the adjacent
area at that's time.
The field investigation had been augmented from time to time by Czechoslovakian
and German technical personnel.
Agip SpA (from 1978 to 1980): conducted landsite airphoto interpretation and a field
mapping project along the coastal outcrop belt as part of its offshore exploration effort
in the Sayhut Block. On 1981 Agip recorded 110 km of seismic on the coastal plain
east of Mukalla.
Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras): shot a regional seismic program and drilled three
unsuccessful test wells in the area to the north of the Masila Block in Jeza syncline
and relinquished the area in 1987.
2
14. CHAPTER 2
THE RESERVOIR ROCKS OF QISHN FORMATION
(MASILA, BLOCK 14) – GEOLOGY
2.1 ITRODUCTION
It is known, that oil trapped in sands of the Qishn Formation, the main subject of this
study, in the following structures: Camaal, North, Sunah, North East Sunah, Heijah,
Hemiar, South Hemiar, West Hemiar, Tawila, Haru, Nazeia, Dahban, North Dahban,
Qataban, and Gabal-Isbeel.
Note 3: Oil has also been discovered in the Kohlan Formation (at Sunah; for
example), in addition there have been significant oil shows from fractured basement
(at Sunah; for example) and the Saar Formation (at Camaal; for example). In my
opinion ongoing exploratory drilling is expected to inhance present discoveries and to
find oil in additional horizons and traps.
Subsidence in the Masila area began with a marine transgression in Upper Jurassic
time over the Pre Cambrian basement peneplain. The Kohlan Formation sands were
deposited as a transgressive lag that passes gradationally upwards into the shallow
marine carbonates of Shuqra Formation. A period of rifting in the late Jurassic led to
restricted conditions and deposition of the Madbi shales, the oil source rocks for the
discoveries. The Madbi shales are overlain by the deep-water limestones of the Naifa
Formation of uppermost Jurassic to lowermost Cretaceous age. Lower Cretaceous
shales and carbonates of the Saar Formation and the clastics and carbonates of the
Qishn Formation, the main subject of this study, were deposited. The Upper
Cretaceous and the Lower Tertiary sediments are predominantly clastic with
interbedded carbonates becoming more carbonate rich into the Tertiary.
The Masila area has undergone several periods of rifting, resulting in a complexly
faulted basement structure. Uppers Jurassic rift basins are bounded by the basement
high blocks over which the Jurassic has been eroded and is either thin or absent.
Subsequent periods of rifting led to reactivation of the basement faults and normal
faulting through the Cretaceous (the Lower Cretaceous age of Qishn Formation) and
the Tertiary section over the basement highs.
2.2 QISHN FORMATION RESERVOIR GEOLOGY
The Qishn reservoir sandstones have both high porosity (18-21%), and high
permeability (<10 Darcies). They are relatively homogenous and continuous in the
lower section and are more heterogeneous in the middle-upper section. The uppermost
marine sandstones are mature and very homogeneous. The major field accumulations
are tilted, normal, fault block structures located over basement paleohighs, and are
dependent upon juxtaposition against overlying Qishn carbonates. The carbonate-
dominated pre-Qishn section, including the source rock, is not present on the paleo-
highs, and is thickest in the basement lows.
3
15. This Study
Fig. (4) Regional Stratigraphy, showing our study area
(Beydoun et al., 1998)
4
16. This study
Fig. (5) Regional Frame Work, showing Masila Block Location due to
Say’un al-Masila Basin (Nexen Inc., Data)
5
17. Fig. (6) Regional Setting, showing Masila Block Location due to
Masila High (Nexen Inc., Data)
6
18. Fig. (7) Stratigraphy of Masila, showing Qishn Clastics Member and its
related subdivision (Nexen Inc., Data)
7
19. Fig. (8) Regional cross section between Tawila-1, Tawila-17, Heijah-2,
Camaal-3 and Sunah-3 Wells (Nexen Inc., Data)
8
20. 1. The Upper Qishn Clastics of Cretaceous age are the primary producing reservoirs
in the Masila Block Development area.
2. Cretaceous Qishn Clastics Member, Yemen, was deposited in a rift basin connected
to the Paleo-Indian Ocean - an ideal set-up for tidal amplification and domination.
Recoverable hydrocarbon reserves are 1.1 bbl. Facies associations are consistent with
an estuarine system – sand shoals, tidally influenced point bars, mud flats, etc.
Lower Qishn onlap resulted in deposition of tidal estuarine to bay-facies. A sequence
boundary truncates the Lower Qishn at the base of the S3, a low-accommodation
braidplain deposited close to the shoreline. A flooding surface at the top of the S3
heralds S2 progradational, tide-dominated deltaic deposits. Delta progradation
culminated in clastic dolomitic deposits on the coastal plain. With subsequent
transgression, S1C deposits show rising water table and a nonmarine flooding surface,
overlain by tidal-flat/inlet deposits. Ongoing transgression resulted in wave-
ravinement overlain by shallow shelf clastics and deeper shelf carbonates of the S1B.
The overlying S1A comprises bioturbated, clastic shelf deposits related to a drop in
sea level. Accommodation was relatively high, except for low accommodation
associated with regional sheet sandstone of the S3. Qishn Clastic sediments meet the
criteria of a macrotidal, tide-dominated estuary, yet a more appropriate analog is the
Tigress-Euphrates River and delta flowing into the Arabian Gulf. Is the latter a tidally
influenced delta flowing into a gulf - or a large bayhead delta? Application of existing
terminologies - estuaries, syn-rift clastics, deltaic, strait, Gulf, bay - is confusing to the
practicing explorationist, particularly when attempting to convey a mental image of
the environmental setting of the reservoir.
2.3 UPPER QISHN CLASTICS – STRATIGRAPHY
The Upper Qishn Clastics have been proven productive over the Sunah, Heijah,
Camaal and other productive structures. The interval is defined as the predominantly
sandstone section abruptly overlying the shalier Lower Qishn Clastics and underlying
the sealing Qishn Carbonates. It ranges in thickness from 61 meter in Heijah-1 to 76
m in Sunah-1.
Important Notice: We are highly in need to make a restudy on all Upper Qishn
Clastics samples cored in productive structures. Through standard core analysis and
special core analysis and petrographic analysis, we can give a full more detailed
restudy on the Upper Qishn Clastics reservoir geology and petrophysics.
The Upper Qishn Clastics is subdivided into three lithostratigraphic units, which in
descending order are SI, S2 and S3. Each sequence contains reservoir quality sands
and in my opinion it must be correlated not just in specific structures, but amongst all
above mentioned Upper Qishn Clastics productive structures.
9
21. CHAPTER 3
QISHN FORMATION AND ITS SUBDIVISION
(IN DETALS)
3.1: INTRODUCTION
It is known that Qishn Formation (Lower Cretaceous Age) is synonym to Lower
Cretaceous part of Little, 1925. It is equivalent to Shuaiba Formation (Present in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates). In this study I used 93 wells
penetrated Qishn Formation in different productive and non-productive fields of
Masila Block, where I concentrated my study on the reservoir rocks of Qishn
formation. (See, Table (1))
3.2 QISHN FORMATION IN THE OUTCROP
• In Mahra Province at Ras Sharwayn near Qishn town as the name implies. Thickness 411
m, from base upwards mainly limestone and marl.
• Near Al-Mukalla at Jabal ar Rays. Thickness 32 m, from base upwards mainly sandstone,
marls and limestone.
• In Wadi Masila near Qalana (Thickness 628 m, for the first section 338 m and for the
second section 290 m), from base upwards mainly sandstones, dolomites and lime-
mustone for the first section mainly marls and marly limestone.
• In Masila – Thickness 498 m. Mainly limestone, with several sandstone, marl and shale
zones in the lower part.
• Jabal Ghuba (near Brum) – Thickness 63 m. mainly of sandstones and gypsiferous marls
and siltstone and some conglomeratic layers, is capped by the fossiliferous limestone
carrying orbitolinas.
• Jabal Billum – the Jurassic Qishn contact is marked by sandy dolomitic limestone.
• Al-Mintaq – The base is marked by a thick conglomerate or sandstone with some pebbles
generally locally derived from the under lying Jurassic or basement, this marks the advent
of the Cretaceous Sea.
3.3 QISHN FORMATION IN THE SUBSURFACE (IN DETAILS)
It is known, that Qishn formation in Yemen is subdivided into three members:
1. Qishn Carbonate Member
2. Qishn Clastic Member
3. Sa’af Member
Due to my study to the above mentioned area I gave more attention to the following
subdivision of Qishn Formation:
3.3.1 Qishn Carbonate Member
3.3.2 Qishn Clastic Member
10
22. 3.3.1 Qishn Carbonate Member: (See, Table (1), Figs. (9) and (10))
3.3.1.1 Qishn Carbonate Member - ge: (Barremian to Aptian but in the extreme east
may go down to Late Hauterivian and up to ?Early Albian Age)
3.3.1.2 Qishn Carbonate Member - Lithology in General: Principally carbonates as
the name implies but includes subordinate shales and occasional sands and generally
reflect a nertic environment.
3.3.1.3 Qishn Carbonate Member - Lithological Description: In my study area,
Qishn Carbonate Member ’s lithology is mainly of Lime-Mudstone to Lime-
Wackstone with thin streaks of Shale.
Limestone: Mudstone to Wackstone, occasionally Packstone, white to grayish white,
pale yellow brown, cryptocrystalline to occasionally microcrystalline, moderately
hard to hard, chalky, argillaceous grading to marly Limestone, with pyrite crystals.
Shale: Dark bluish grey, olive grey, reddish brown, firm, fissile, calcareous in places,
with abundant pyrite.
Table (1) Qishn Carbonate of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses
(Done by: Dr. Mohammed Darsi)
Field Qishn Car. Qishn Car. Qishn Car.
Name Thickness Thickness Thickness
(Max. (ft (Min. (ft (Aver. (ft
Sunah 455 (S-11) 144 (S-8 D2) 367.6
NE Sunah 424 (NES-1) 418(NES-2) 421
Heijah 377 (HJ-11) 340 (HJ-6) 356.3
Camaal 402 (C-14) 128 (C-21) 343.1
North Camaal 419 (NC-2) 392 (NC-1) 405.5
Hemiar 422 (HR-1) 407 (HR-2) 413.9
S.Hemiar 546 (S.HR-1) 117 (S.HR-3) 360.3
W.Hemiar 415 (W.HR-3) 117(W.HR-1) 308
Tawila 373 (T-9) 129 (T-11) 285.4
Masila Block (Thickness Max.) 546 (S.HR-1) 418 (NES-2) 421
Masila Block (Thickness Min.) 373 (T-9) 117 (S.HR-3 285.4
& W.HR-1)
Masila Block (Thickness Ave.) 425.7 243.6 361.1
11
23. 1 .1 0
1 .0 0
45
0 .9 0
0 .8 0
40 0 .7 0
0 .6 0
0 .5 0
35 0 .4 0
0 .3 0
0 .2 0
30
0 .1 0
0 .0 0
25 -0 .1 0
20 30 40 50 60 70
Fig. (9) Qishn Carbonate Member, Thickness Map
(Taking in account the whole eastern part of the Republic of Yemen, the western part
of Sultanate of Oman border and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia border with the
Yemeni sector of Rub al-Khali Basin; Done by: Dr. Mohammed Darsi)
12
24. 1 .1
1 .0
0 .9
0 .8
0 .7
0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
0 .3
0 .2
0 .1
0 .0
-0 .1
Fig. (10) Qishn Carbonate Member, Three Dimension Model
(Taking in account the whole eastern part of the Republic of Yemen, the western part
of Sultanate of Oman border and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia border with the
Yemeni sector of Rub al-Khali Basin; Done by: Dr. Mohammed Darsi)
13
25. 3.3.1.4 Rate of Penetrations for Qishn Carbonate Member:
Average ROP in Limestone 28 Min/M.
Average ROP in Shale 22 Min/M.
3.3.1.5 Gases in Qishn Carbonate Member:
Background gas levels averaged 0.1 units.
3.3.1.6 Drilling Parameters for Qishn Carbonate Member:
WOB 20-25 klbs
RPM 90-100
SPM 540 gpm
SPP 1500 psi
MW 9.4 PPG
FW 42-43
3.3.1.7 Qishn Carbonate Member - Subdivision: In Masila Block, Qishn Carbonate
Member subdivided into the following units:
3.3.1.7. 1 C1 (See, Table (2))
3.3.1.7.2 C2 (See, Table (3))
3.3.1.7.3 RS (Red Shale) (See, Table (4))
3.3.1.7.4 C3 (See, Table (5))
Table (2): Qishn Carbonate (C1) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses
(Done by: Dr. Mohammed Darsi)
Field Qishn Carbonate (C1)
Name C1 Max. C1 Min. C1 Ave.
(Thickness (ft (Thickness (ft (Thickness (ft
Sunah 133 (S-11) 82 (S-3) 93.7
NE Sunah 129 (NES-2) 114 (NES-1) 121.5
Heijah 86 (HJ-2) 62 (HJ-5) 73.7
Camaal 117 (C-14) 91 (C-19) 88
North Camaal 105 (NC-2) 98 (NC-1) 101.5
Hemiar 123 (HR-5) 100 (HR-2) 113.3
S.Hemiar 118 (S.HR-1) 117 (S.HR-2) 78.3
W.Hemiar 111 (W.HR-3) 109 (W.HR- 2) 73.3
Tawila 94 (T-2) 87 (T-8) 65.9
Masila Block (Thickness Max.) 133 (S-11) 117 (S.HR-2) 121.5
Masila Block (Thickness Min.) 86 (HJ-2) 62 (HJ-5) 65.9
Masila Block (Thickness Ave.) 112.9 95.6 89.9
14
27. Table (5) Qishn Carbonate (C3) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses
(Done by: Dr. Mohammed Darsi)
Field Qishn Carbonate (C3)
Name C3 Max. C3 Min. C3 Ava.
(Thickness (ft (Thickness (ft (Thickness (ft
Sunah 87 (S-1) 75(S-9) 82.5
NE Sunah 79 (NES-1) 74 (NES-2) 76.5
Heijah 80 (HJ-11) 58 (HJ-12) 71.2
Camaal 80 (C-10) 12 (C-20) 66.7
North Camaal 82 (NC-2) 77 (NC-1) 79.5
Hemiar 71 (HR-1) 65 (HR-5 & 6) 67.9
S.Hemiar 64 (S.HR-2) 61 (S.HR-3) 62.3
W.Hemiar 73 (W.HR-3) 60 (W.HR-1) 64.7
Tawila 90 (T-8) 31 (T-11) 69.5
Masila Block (Thickness Max.) 90 (T-8) 77 (NC-1) 82.5
Masila Block (Thickness Min.) 64 (S.HR-2) 12 (C-20) 62.3
Masila Block (Thickness Ave.) 78.4 57 71.2
3.3.2 Qishn Clastic Member: (See, Figs. (11), (12) and Table (6))
3.3.2.1 Qishn Clastic Member – Age: (Generally Hauterivian – Early Barremian,
especially in the eastern province, to Barremian - Early Aptian in the west (?))
3.3.2.2 Qishn Clastic Member - Lithology in General: Principally clastics as the
name implies, includes coarse clastics in some sections as well as fine sands, silts and
mudstones, shales, as well as marls.
3.3.2.3 Qishn Clastic Member - Lithological Description: In my study area, Qishn
Clastic Member is mainly of Sandstone with Claystone streaks and traces of
Anhydrite. A trace of Coal was logged also.
Sandstone: Quartz, colourless, grayish white, brownish grey, medium grained,
moderately sorted to well sorted in places, subrounded to subangular, poor to
moderate intergranular porosity, with calcareous cement.
Claystone: Light grayish green, reddish brown, soft to firm, blocky, slightly silty,
subfissile in places graded to Shale. Towards the base Claystone was replaced by
Clay, which was highly washable.
Traces Anhydrite: Off white to white, colourless, amorphous, occasionally
crystalline, soft, locally hard, calcareous in places.
Coal: Black, firm to moderately hard, laminated, vitreous luster, earthy and pyretic.
16
28. 2 .0 0
1 .8 0
45
1 .6 0
1 .4 0
40 1 .2 0
1 .0 0
0 .8 0
35
0 .6 0
0 .4 0
30
0 .2 0
0 .0 0
25 -0 .2 0
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Fig. (11) Qishn Clastics Member, Thickness Map
(Taking in account the whole eastern part of the Republic of Yemen, the western part
of Sultanate of Oman border and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia border with the
Yemeni sector of Rub al-Khali Basin; Done by: Dr. Mohammed Darsi)
17
29. 2 .0 0
1 .8 0
1 .6 0
1 .4 0
1 .2 0
1 .0 0
0 .8 0
0 .6 0
0 .4 0
0 .2 0
0 .0 0
-0 .2 0
Fig. (12) Qishn Clastics Member, Three Dimension Model
(Taking in account the whole eastern part of the Republic of Yemen, the western part
of Sultanate of Oman border and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia border with the
Yemeni sector of Rub al-Khali Basin; Done by: Dr. Mohammed Darsi)
18
Table (6) Qishn Clastics of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses
30. (Done by: Dr. Mohammed Darsi)
Field Qishn Qishn Qishn
Name Clastics Clastics Clastics
(Max. (ft (Min. (ft (Aver. (ft
Sunah 816 (S-6) 232 (S-8 D2) 713.6
NE Sunah 741 (NES-1) 719 (NES-2) 730
Heijah 598 (HJ-11) 396 (HJ-12) 524.8
Camaal 690 (C-22) 78 (C-14) 593.9
North Camaal 741 (NC-2) 654 (NC-1) 697.5
Hemiar 666 (HR-1) 80 (HR-8) 372.3
S.Hemiar 658 (S.HR-1) 229(S.HR-3) 512
W.Hemiar 627 (W.HR-1) 608 (W.HR-3) 615
Tawila 506 (T-5) 0 (T-15) 427.5
Masila Block (Thickness Max.) 816 (S-6) 719 (NES-2) 730
Masila Block (Thickness Min.) 506 (T-5) 0 (T-15) 372.3
Masila Block (Thickness Ave.) 671.4 332.9 576.3
3.3.2.4 Rate of Penetrations for Qishn Clastic Member:
Average ROP in Sandstone 15 Min/M, with maximum of 7 Min/M.
Average ROP in Claystone 20 Min/M.
Average ROP in Anhydrite 25 Min/M.
3.3.2.5 Gases in Qishn Clastic Member:
Background gas levels slightly increased through some sections ranging from 0.5 to
1.0 API units. A gas peak was recorded at some wells with a maximum of 14.1 unit.
The chromatographic analysis of which broke down in some wells as follows:
C1= 0.77U; C2= 0.11U; C3= 0.98U; C4= 0.2 U
3.3.2.6 Oil Shows in Qishn Clastic Member:
A good oil shows was observed through the sandstones of the Qishn Clastics Member
of the Qishn Formation. Light brown oil stain, bluish white and bright fluorescence,
and straw yellow chloroethane cut of dull to bright intensity.
3.3.2.7 Drilling Parameters for Qishn Clastic Member:
WOB 23 klbs; RPM 93; SPM 698 gpm; SPP 2350 psi
MW 9.3-9,4 PPG; FW 43-48
3.3.2.8 Qishn Clastic Member – Subdivision:
The Qishn Clastic Member is subdivided into two sub members:
3.3.2.8.1 Upper Qishn Clastic Sub Member
3.3.2.8.2 Lower Qishn Clastic Sub Member
19
3.3.2.8.1 Upper Qishn Clastic Sub Member: (See, Table (7))
31. Production is mainly from the Lower Cretaceous of the Upper Qishn Clastic Sub
Member, a sandstone-dominated sequence that reflects deposition during an overall
transgression.
Table (7) Upper Qishn Clastics of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses
(Done by: Dr. Mohammed Darsi)
Field U. Qishn U. Qishn U. Qishn
Name Clastics Clastics Clastics
(Max. (ft (Min. (ft (Aver. (ft
Sunah 260 (S-6) 221 (S-3) 240
NE Sunah 327 (NES-2) 321 (NES-1) 324
Heijah 216 (HJ-7) 177 (HJ-5) 196.4
Camaal 289 (C-15) 78 (C-14) 244.1
North Camaal 237 (NC-2) 215 (NC-1) 226
Hemiar 266 (HR-1 & 4) 80 (HR-8) 171.5
S.Hemiar 235 (S.HR-1 & 2) 229 (S.HR-3) 233
W.Hemiar 212 (W.HR-3) 208 (W.HR-2) 210.3
Tawila 218 (T-6) 169 (T-12) 178.3
Masila Block (Thickness Max.) 327 (NES-2) 321 (NES-1) 324
Masila Block (Thickness Min.) 212 (W.HR-3) 78 (C-14) 171.5
Masila Block (Thickness Ave.) 251.1 188.7 224.8
Upper Qishn Clastic Sub Member subdivided into three units:
3.3.2.8.1.1 S1
3.3.2.8.1 .2 S2
3.3.2.8.1.3 S3
3.3.2.8.1.1 S1
Important Notice: The base of S1, which it is the top of S2 is marked by the
correlative lowest bed of S1 sequence, a thin basal conglomeratic, muddy, calcareous
sandstones, with abundant shale clasts and shells.
3.3.2.8.1 .2 S2
Important Notice: The base of S2 is marked by the correlative shales of S2-D, which
directly overly the thick sand S3.
3.3.2.8.1.3 S3
Important Notice: S3 abruptly overlies the Lower Qishn Clastics section of shales
and sands.
20
3.3.2.8.1.1 S1
32. The S1 sequence is composed of upper porous quartzose sand and lower, tight,
muddy, calcareous sand. The upper quartzose sand marks the top of the Upper Qishn
Clastics and its oil-bearing sand, which ranges in pay thickness from 2.8 m in
Camaal-2 to 9.1 m in Sunah-2. The S1 sequence is widespread and thicking of the S1
sand occurs off the crest of the structures. (My pervious studies to Camaal fields
prove this fact)
The S1 sand is a fine to medium grained, moderately to well sorted and poorly
cemented quartzose sand interbedded with thin calcite cemented sands. The
Mineralog shows 10% of clay potassium feldspar. Based on the presence of low angle
planner cross-bedding with rippled tops, shell lags at the base of cross-bedded units
and glauconite company researchers suggest deposition in a shallow marine
environment.
S1 is subdivided into three sub-units:
3.3.2.8.1.1.1 S1A: (See, Table (8))
It is marine sandstone, forms at the top of this regional open marine shale, and is
characterized by an overall coarsening-upward sequence. The top of the S1A is
marked by another thin,regional, open marine shale.
Table (8) Upper Qishn Clastics (S1A) of Masila Fields Thiknesses
(Done by: Dr. Mohammed Darsi)
Field Upper Qishn Clastics
Name S1A Max. S1A Min. S1A Ava.
(Thickness (ft (Thickness (ft (Thickness (ft
Sunah 42 (S-2) 27 (S-3) 33.3
NE Sunah 41 (NES-1) 39 (NES-2) 40
Heijah 30 (HJ-1) 20 (HJ-2 & 11) 23.6
Camaal 39 (C-9) 18 (C-10) 31.7
North Camaal 28 (NC-2) 26 (NC-1) 27
Hemiar 12 (HR-5) 7 (HR-8) 9.6
S.Hemiar 24 (S.HR-2) 19 (S.HR-3) 21.3
W.Hemiar 29 (W.HR-1) 11 (W.HR-3) 22.3
Tawila 18 (T-5 & 10) 10 (T-8 & 9) 12.8
Masila Block (Thickness Max.) 42 (S-2) 39 (NES-2) 40
Masila Block (Thickness Min.) 12 (HR-5) 7 (HR-8) 9.6
Masila Block (Thickness Ave.) 29.2 19.7 24.6
3.3.2.8.1.1.2 S1B: (See, Table (9))
It is marine sandstone. The top of the S1B is marked by a regional, open-marine
-shale.
21
Table (9) Upper Qishn Clastics (S1B) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses
33. (Done by: Dr. Mohammed Darsi)
Field Upper Qishn Clastics
Name S1B Max. S1B Min. S1B Ava.
(Thickness (ft (Thickness (ft (Thickness (ft
Sunah 38(S-1) 21 (S-7) 27.6
NE Sunah 33 (NES-1) 29 (NES-2) 31
Heijah 30 (HJ-5) 23 (HJ-6) 25.6
Camaal 39 (C-8) 20 (C-4) 28.3
North Camaal 28 (NC) 28 (NC) 28
Hemiar 35 (HR-3 & 5) 29 (HR-6) 32.6
S.Hemiar 31 (S.HR-1) 23 (S.HR-2) 27.3
W.Hemiar 22 (W.HR-3) 18 (W.HR-2) 20.3
Tawila 44 (T-14) 27 (T-8) 31.5
Masila Block (Thickness Max.) 44 (T-14) 29 (NES-2) 32.6
Masila Block (Thickness Min.) 22 (W.HR-3) 18 (W.HR-2) 20.3
Masila Block (Thickness Ave.) 33.3 24.2 28
Important Notice: The proximal clastic-dominated followed by carbonate-dominated
(coquinas) shelf deposits of the S1B and finally subtidal sandstone bars of the S1A are
produced as a result of continued transgression.
3.3.2.8.1.1.3 S1C: (See, Table (10))
It is deposit of tidal flats; tidal channels and fine-grained bay fill deposits.
Table (10) Upper Qishn Clastics (S1C) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses
(Done by: Dr. Mohammed Darsi)
Field Upper Qishn Clastics
Name S1C Max. S1C Min. S1C Ava.
(Thickness (ft (Thickness (ft (Thickness (ft
Sunah 40 (S-5) 17 (S-6) 29.3
NE Sunah 29 (NES-2) 27 (NES-1) 28
Heijah 27 (HJ-2) 12 (HJ-1) 17.9
Camaal 34 (C-19) 15 (C-4) 23.9
North Camaal 44 (NC-2) 36 (NC-1) 40
Hemiar 13 (HR-2) 10 (HR-3,4 & 7) 11.3
S.Hemiar 8 (S.HR-1 & 3) 7 (S.HR-2) 7.6
W.Hemiar 16 (W.HR-3) 12 (W.HR-2) 14
Tawila
Masila Block (Thickness Max.) 44 (NC-2) 36 (NC-1) 40
Masila Block (Thickness Min.) 8 (S.HR-1 & 3) 7 (S.HR-2) 7.6
Masila Block (Thickness Ave.) 26.4 17 21.5
22
Important Notice: The two sub-units, the tidal S1C and the marine S1B, overlie the S2
sub-unit.
34. 3.3.2.8.1.2 S2:
S2 is a thick muddy paleosols unit that can form a vertical flow barrier, which is
interpreted to be a non-marine expression of a relative rise of sea level. It is a fluvial
to marginal marine, characterized by tidally influenced channels and tidal deposits.
The S2 is normally about 25 m thick, and arranged in an overall fining upward
sequence.
The S2 sequence of interbedded sands and shales is further subdivided into for
sequences, which in descending order are S2A, S2B, S2C and S2D. Each sub-
sequence contains reservoir quality sands over different parts of the study area. In
contrast to S1, the S2 reservoir sands show less continuity, and S2A and S2B show
the lowest continuity.
Lithofacies in S2 include tidal channel reservoir sandstones, crevasse splay reservoir
sandstones and tidal flat non-reservoirs of interbedded silty mudstones and muddy
sandstones.
S2 is subdivided into four sub units:
3.3.2.8.1.2.1 S2A: (See, Table (11))
Table (11) Upper Qishn Clastics (S2A) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses
(Done by: Dr. Mohammed Darsi)
Field Upper Qishn Clastics
Name S2A Max. S2A Min. S2A Ava.
(Thickness (ft (Thickness (ft (Thickness (ft
Sunah 89 (S-6) 60 (S-8) 71.5
NE Sunah 84 (NES-2) 74 (NES-1) 79
Heijah 92 (HJ-7) 68 (HJ-12) 80.5
Camaal 43 (C-21) 15 (C-17) 23.7
North Camaal 24 (NC) 24 (NC) 24
Hemiar 161 (HR-4) 27(HR-8) 93.9
S.Hemiar 83 (S.HR-2) 80 (S.HR-3) 81.3
W.Hemiar 84 (W.HR-3) 72 (W.HR-2) 76.7
Tawila 98 (T-5) 64 (T-13) 74.7
Masila Block (Thickness Max.) 161 (HR-4) 80 (S.HR-3) 93.9
Masila Block (Thickness Min.) 24 (NC) 15 (C-17) 23.7
Masila Block (Thickness Ave.) 84.2 53.8 67.3
23
3.3.2.8.1.2.2 S2B: (See, Table (12))
Table (12) Upper Qishn Clastics (S2B) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses
36. Field Upper Qishn Clastics
Name S2D Max. S2D Min. S2D Ava.
(Thickness (ft (Thickness (ft (Thickness (ft
Sunah
NE Sunah
Heijah
Camaal 10 (C-9) 1 (C-10 & 15) 5.5
North Camaal 5 (NC-2) 4 (NC-1) 4.5
Hemiar
S.Hemiar
W.Hemiar
Tawila
Masila Block (Thickness Max.) 10 (C-9) 4 (NC-1) 5.5
Masila Block (Thickness Min.) 5 (NC-2) 1 (C-10 & 15) 4.5
Masila Block (Thickness Ave.) 7.5 2.5 2.3
3.3.2.8.1.3 S3: (See, Table (15))
The S3 sequence is massive sand section about 15 m thick, marking the base of the
Upper Qishn Clastics section. Lithofacies in S3 are the same as S2, except that the
meandering tidal channel facies is dominant. The sand grains are subrounded, weakly
to moderately consolidated with minor calcareous and silica cement. The Mineralog
shows about 10% clay content and less than 5% potassium-feldspare. Clays are
primarily illite/smecitite with lesser kaolinite.
Table (15) Upper Qishn Clastics (S3) of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses
(Done by: Dr. Mohammed Darsi)
Field Upper Qishn Clastics
Name S3 Max. S3 Min. S3 Ava.
(Thickness (ft (Thickness (ft (Thickness (ft
Sunah 88 (S-8) 67 (S-3) 78.3
NE Sunah 146 (NES) 146 (NES) 146
Heijah 64 (HJ-2) 34 (HJ-5) 48.8
Camaal 89 (C-15) 52 (C-2) 65.8
North Camaal 47 (NC-2) 36 (NC-1) 41.5
Hemiar 56 (HR-1) 32 (HR-2) 24.1
S.Hemiar 68 (S.HR-2) 63 (S.HR-1) 65.3
W.Hemiar 73 (W.HR-3) 53 (W.HR-1) 62.7
Tawila 84 (T-13) 43 (T-12) 59.4
Masila Block (Thickness Max.) 146 (NES) 146 (NES) 146
Masila Block (Thickness Min.) 47 (NC-2) 32 (HR-2) 24.1
Masila Block (Thickness Ave.) 79.4 58.4 65.8
25
3.3.2.8.2 Lower Qishn Clastic Sub Member: (See, Table (16))
The Lower Qishn Clastics are the shales and sands found between the Upper Qishn
Clastics and the Saar Formation. The sands are tidal channel in origin and have
limited areal extent. The sands are fine to medium grained and quartzose.
Table (16) Lower Qishn Clastics of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses
38. NE Sunah 153 (NES-1) 134 (NES-2) 143.5
Heijah 164 (HJ-1) 136 (HJ-10) 136.7
Camaal 244 (C-1) 130 (C-2) 160.7
North Camaal 225 (NC-2) 197 (NC-1) 211
Hemiar 151 (HR-4) 131 (HR-3) 72.3
S.Hemiar 161 (S.HR-1) 153 (S.HR-2) 104.7
W.Hemiar 177 (W.HR-3) 133 (W.HR-1) 156.7
Tawila 168 (T-12) 117 (T-11) 112.8
Masila Block (Thickness Max.) 287 (S-7) 197 (S-9) 211
Masila Block (Thickness Min.) 151 (HR-4) 117 (T-11) 72.3
Masila Block (Ava. Thickness) 192.2 147.6 144.4
3.3.2.8.2.3 LQ3
3.3.2.8.2.4 LQ4
Important Notice:
It must be known that above mentioned fields majorities occupy separate normal
fault-bounded structures, aligned along a NE-SW oriented structural high trend (called
the Masila High). These faults were formed by late stage reactivation of faults initially
created during Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous active rifting. On the highs a
relatively thin veneer of Lower Cretaceous sandstones and carbonates rest
unconformably upon granitic or metamorphic basement. In the adjacent paleo-lows, a
significantly thicker stratigraphic section exists in which carbonates predominate.
(See, Table (19), Figs. (13) and (14)) as a conclusions.
Table (19) Qishn Formation of Masila, Block 14 Thicknesses
(Done by: Dr. Mohammed Darsi)
Field Qishn Qishn Qishn 1 .8 0
Name Formation Formation Formation
(Max. (ft (Min. (ft (Aver. (ft 1 .7 0
Sunah
40 1227 (S-6) 376 (S-8 D2) 1081.2 1 .6 0
NE Sunah 1165 (NES-1) 1137(NES-2) 1151
Heijah 975 (HJ-11) 750 (HJ-12) 881.1
1 .5 0
Camaal 1071 (C-1) 480 (C-14) 937 1 .4 0
North Camaal 1160 (NC-2) 1046 (NC-1) 1103
Hemiar 1088 (HR- 1) 494 (HR-8) 786.1
1 .3 0
S.Hemiar 1204 (S.HR-1) 346 (S.HR-3) 872.3 1 .2 0
W.Hemiar 1023 (W.HR-3) 744 (W.HR-1) 923
30
Tawila 871 (T-12) 0 (T-15) 712.9
1 .1 0
Masila Block (Thickness Max.) 1227 (S-6) 1137 1151 1 .0 0
Masila Block (Thickness Min.) 871 (T-12) 0 (T-15) 712.9
Masila Block (Thickness Ave.) 1087.1 597 938.6
0 .9 0
27 0 .8 0
0 .7 0
20 0 .6 0
0 .5 0
0 .4 0
0 .3 0
0 .2 0
10 0 .1 0
0 .0 0
-0 . 1 0
20 30 40 50 60 70
39. Fig. (13) Qishn Formation, Thickness Map
(Taking in account the whole eastern part of the Republic of Yemen, the western part
of Sultanate of Oman border and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia border with the
Yemeni sector of Rub al-Khali Basin; Done by: Dr. Mohammed Darsi)
1 .8 0
1 .7 0
1 .6 0
1 .5 0
1 .4 0
1 .3 0
1 .2 0
1 .1 0
28
1 .0 0
0 .9 0
0 .8 0
0 .7 0
0 .6 0
0 .5 0
0 .4 0
0 .3 0
0 .2 0
0 .1 0
0 .0 0
-0 .1 0
40. Fig. (14) Qishn Formation, Three Dimension Model
(Taking in account the whole eastern part of the Republic of Yemen, the western part
of Sultanate of Oman border and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia border with the
Yemeni sector of Rub al-Khali Basin; Done by: Dr. Mohammed Darsi)
29
CHAPTER 4
QISHN FORMATION PETROLEUM SYSTEM
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The petroleum system of the Masila Block (14) is related to an Upper Jurassic source
rock sequence essentially deposited as deep marine deposits in a synrift setting (in
41. some areas prerift sag). Qishn Clastic Member as a primary reservoir and the main
subject of our study to the reservoir rocks of Qishn Formation, is a postrift reservoir.
In detail, the petroleum system of our studied area is related to the presence of the
following factors:
4.2 SOURCE ROCKS
The Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) source rock of the Madbi Formation is organic-
rich black shales deposited in the deeper portions of rifts in the Late Jurassic. Madbi
Formation is the main potential source rocks for the reservoir rocks of Qishn
Formation.
4.3 MATURATION
Source rocks began generating in the central rift basin in latest Cretaceous to
earliest Paleogene time and the process were largely completed by the end of
Paleogene time. Degree of maturation: (Oil Window) 0.6. Type of kerogen: 1 and 2
type of organic mater types.
4.4 MIGRATION
In the Masila Basin, oil and gas migrated along faults to horst blocks. Numerous horst
uplifts occur; however migration resulted in hydrocarbon accumulations, where sealed
by Early Cretaceous carbonate (Qishn Carbonate Member). Heavy oil is known to
occur marginal to the accumulation sites.
4.5 RESERVOIR ROCKS
In the Masila Basin, the Early Cretaceous estuarine sandstones of the Qishn
Formation (Berremian/Aptian), mainly the Upper and Lower Qishn Clastics Members
are the primary reservoir. Porosity average: 18 % – 21 %. Permeability average: 140 –
2000 mD
4.6 TRAPS AND SEALS
The Qishn Carbonate Member (Aptian) provides the seal for the underlying Qishn
Clastic Member in the Masila Basin.
30
CHAPTER 5
DISSCUSION POINTS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND
CONCLUSIONS
5.1 DISSCUSION POINTS
42. 1. Masila Block’s Fields are located within the Sirr-Sayun Rift Basin that formed
during the Upper Jurassic when the Africa-Arabian Plate separated from the India-
Madagascar Plate. The Sirr-Sayun Basin is a few hundred kilometres wide and
several hundred kilometres long, and is oriented northwest southeast. The basin is
bounded on the west by Jahi - Mukalla High, to the south by the South Hadramaut
Arch, to the east by the Ras Fartak High and partially interrupted to the northwest
by the Sayun High. The Masila Block is situated on an intragraben terrace, and is
ideally located to access migrating hydrocarbons from mature deeper buried
Jurassic Madbi source rocks.
2. I found that one of the most famous, more complex and interesting topic
problems, which faces any researcher who would like to make any kind of
academic works. Such as any kind of geological studies on Masila Block 14
reservoir rocks of Qishn formation or any other geological research studies on the
whole area, is that:
a. We have a huge material in the Database Center of the Petroleum
Exploration and Production Authority (P.E.P.A) and its offices around the
country.
b. We till now don’t have any full-blooded Geo-Scientific Research
Centers and the suitable laboratories, where we can make new restudies on
all data and materials located now in our Databases Centers.
What we can do now? … In my opinion the first step we should take it, as a right
step in the right direction, is that P.E.P.A. ’s Database Center must be open for all
Yemeni nationality scientific researchers 24 hour per day. Because this step will
encourage young Yemeni scientists and researchers to make a lot of studies used the
above mentioned materials. I am sure, GOD and then History will keep the names of
those Yemeni peoples, who work as decision-makers and give their time and life for
their country and its young generation.
Important Notice:
I would like to drew the reader of this study attention on the following most important
mater, that one of the most important problem which make it so difficult to write on
the Yemeni Geology as a whole or partly is that the whole Yemen was divided to
blocks. In my opinion dividing Yemen, as a whole to blocks is the real reason, which
lead to the development of company-centered informal stratigraphic nomenclature
schemes. Companies’ main principal objective was to facilitate operations within the
individual company’s concession area rather than facilitating scientific research and
any ultimate communication in journals. So to solve this question, we must
scientifically divide just the sedimentary basins in Yemen to blocks in accordance to
their categorisation. (No, for dividing Yemen as a whole to blocks. I said it in the
past, say it now and will say it).
31
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
1. In the absence of the more detailed and accurate studies on the reservoir rocks of
Qishn Formation, I suggest the following known steps as an emergency solution to
our case of study:
43. a. Modelling of the Qishn Formation as whole and
specially the Qishn Clastic Member and its related
subdivision in detail. This must included:
• The gross thickness
• Facies proportions and distribution (vertically and laterally)
• Porosity modelling (vertically and laterally for each facies)
• Permeability (vertically and laterally for each facies).
b. To model each of above-mentioned parameters, modelling steps must
included the following:
• Declustering the well data
• Examine data and clean up if necessary
• Identify and mathematically describe trends that exist
• Remove trends from the data
• Perform variogram analysis and determine variogram model
• Simulate the parameter in 3-D space
• Re-introduce the trends that were removed earlier
c. The geostatistical surfaces resieved as results of our pervious steps must be
compared to maps generated by conventional geologic mapping methods in
order to highlight the differences between the two techniques.
2. We are highly in need to make a restudy on all Upper Qishn Clastics samples cored
in productive structures. Through standard core analysis and special core analysis and
petrographic analysis, we can give a full more detailed restudy on the Upper Qishn
Clastics reservoir geology and petrophysics.
3. NOW, It is recommended that a very highly qualified team must lead local and
regional studies on the Yemeni Sedimentary Basin by keeping contacts with all
International Geoscientific Centers in and out side Yemen.
Important Notice:
We in the Republic of Yemen must give a high attention to the Environmental Geo-
sciences. It is known that the global warming issue poses a number of potential
challenges and opportunities for the oil industry. Ongoing negotiations are defining
not only targets for greenhouse gas reduction but also mechanisms to enable countries
and companies to respond. A broad range of options exists to reduce or sequester
emissions. So it is recommended to discuss some of the important technical,
economic, and political questions that surround the ultimate viability of this option.
32
5.3 CONCLUSIONS
1. One of the main conclusions of this study is that Qishn Formation as a whole and
also its subdivision mostly thin to the south and to the east. This important
44. conclusion, I received it as a result of my geostatistical and mathematical analysis
study on every Qishn Formation ’s subdivision in detail.
2. As a result of this study, it is easy now to understand the great importance of
studying:
a. The Masila Block (14) as a part of Say’un Al-
Masila basin.
b. The pervious and present geological activities of
the whole eastern part of the Republic of
Yemen.
c. The Qishn formation in the outcrop, the
reservoir rocks of Qishn formation in the
subsurface and the upper Qishn stratigraphy.
d. The Qishn formation sequence stratigraphy.
e. The Qishn formation (Masila, Block 14)
petroleum system.
3. If we really want to be Excellent and long vision decision makers, we must
identify the best mechanism or trend, that could be used to study the reservoir
rocks of Qishn Formation and by the way to predict the better-developed methods.
4. In my opinion, the best mechanism or trend is that we must use the latest multi
functional geological soft ware application which can gave the more accurate
scientific solutions to our geological problems saving time and money.
5. We in the Petroleum Exploration and Production Authority, as a main part of the
Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources, must build a strong long vision strategy on
studying the oil exploration and production future prospect. Because the first
lesson I learned from this study, is that we must take in account our great Yemeni
grandchildren interests, by making long-term studies on our sedimentary basins.
6. I believe in that Yemeni Geology, which took some care in the past and attracts
many experts in the present time, is not going just to surprise all with its oil and
gas discoveries, but also with its rich and useful data in the near future.
Important Notice:
Here, I would like to inform interested readers of this study, that I planned to continue
this work by publishing a paper on my mathematical description to the reservoir rocks
of Qishn Formations and its subdivision, based on its geostatistical data.
33
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
45. In this respect, I would like to extend my thanks to the Petroleum Exploration and
Production Authority – (San’a), for their great trust on asking me to work on this
study, especially Mr. Nabeel Al-Kaosi, Dr. Ahmed Ali Abdellah and Dr. Mohammed
Ahmed Al-Zubairi (P.E.P.A – San’a). Mr. Abdullah Salem Ta’lab and Mr. Nagib
Saeed Tabet (P.E.P.A – ADEN). Mr. Tawfik Ahmed Ismail and Mr. Mohammed
Mahyoub (P.E.P.A ’s Office in CPF – Masila Block 14).
I would like to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to Mr. Victor W. Dudus
(The Operation Geologist), Mr. L. A. Len Flexhaug (The Petrophysicist) and Al Jones
(The Construction Superintendent) Canadian Nexen (CPF, Masila Block 14), for their
help and support on fulfilling this study.
I have to thank Miss. Wafa and Miss. Fatimah Salem Khamis, for help and support.
Special thanks go to that kind of people, who work hard and in silence on building a
bright future for our lovely Yemen, from both sides, the Yemeni Ministry of Oil &
Mineral Resources (The Petroleum Exploration and Production Authority) side,
the Nexen Inc. (Canadian Nexen Petroleum Yemen) side.
Someone said that "many people will walk in & out of your life, but only true friends
will leave footprints in your heart." I'm so glad that all above mentioned people lift
theirs in mine. Hope it is the right step in the right direction!
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REFERENCES
46. 1. Beydoun, Z.R., Bamahmoud, M.O., and Nani, A.S.O., 1993. The Qishn Formation,
Yemen: lithofacies and hydrocarbon habitat. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 10 (4):
364-372.
2. Beydoun, Z.R., and others, 1998, International lexicon of stratigraphy, v. III,
Republic of Yemen, (2nd ed.): International Union of Geological Sciences and
Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources, Republic of Yemen Publication no. 34, 245 p.
3. Bosence, D.W.J., ed., 1997, Special issue on Mesozoic rift basins of Yemen:
Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 14, no. 6, p. 611-730.
4. Brannin, Joe, and others, 1999, Geological evolution of the central Marib-Shabwa
basin, Yemen: GeoArabia, v. 4, no. 1, p. 9-34.
5. Nedham, M. Darsi, 2000. The Geological Research History Work in the Republic
of Yemen during the period from 1852 until Today (Three papers). Yemen Times
newspaper. Issue 2-January 10th through January 16 2000, Vol. IX, Culture Page,
Issue 10 - March 6 through March 12 2000, Vol. X, Culture Page and Issue 15 - April
10 through April 16 2000, Vol. X, Culture Page.
6. Productivity Prediction from Well Logs in Variable Grain Size Reservoirs
Cretaceous Qishn Formation, Republic of Yemen, Michael L. Cheng and Marco A.
Leal: Canadian Petroleum Ltd., Calgary, Canada David McNaughton: Mincom Inc.,
Houston, Texas U.S.A.
7. Putnam, P.E., 1997, Upper Qishn (Lower Cretaceous) reservoirs at Masila, Yemen,
CSPG-SEPM Joint Convention Core Conference, J. Wood and B. Martindale
(compilers), p. 429-448.
8. Putnam, P.E., Kendall, G.A., and Winter, D. A. 1997, Estuarine deposits of the
upper Qishn Formation (Lower Cretaceous) in the Masila region of Yemen, American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v.81, p. 1306-1329.
9. The Masila Fields, Republic of Yemen, W.A. King1, B.R. Mills1, Scott Gardiner2,
and A.A. Abdellah3. (1) Nexen Inc. (Formerly Canadian Occidental Petroleum Ltd.),
Calgary, AB T2P 3Z1, Canada, (2) Nexen Inc. (formerly Canadian Occidental
Petroleum Ltd.), 1801 - 635 8th Avenue S.W, Calgary, AB T2P 3Z1, Canada, (3)
Petroleum Exploration and Production Authority (PEPA), Yemen Ministry of Oil and
Mineral Resources (MOMR), Yemen
10. Tide-Dominated Sedimentation in an Arid Rift Basin - Cretaceous Qishn Clastics,
Masila Block, Republic of Yemen, Dale A Leckie and Tom Rumpel. Nexen Inc,
Calgary, AB T2P 3P7, Canada, and phone: 403699-5902, Dale_leckie@nexeninc.com
11. Local, Regional, International and Global ’s World Web Site Internet Resources
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
47. * Dr. Eng. Mohammed Darsi Abdulrahman Nedham, born on November 17, 1963,
Crater (Aden). 5 Languages (Arabic, English, Russian, Chinese and German
Languages). Petroleum Engineer, Geologist; Married have 2 sons. Education:
Graduated from the Earth Science College of Jilin University as a Doctor of Science
in Mineralogy, Petrology and Ore Deposit on May 29 2002 and also graduated from
the Russian among People Friendship University in 1991 as a Petroleum Engineer,
Geologist (M.S. degree) on June 29 1991. Appointments: Petroleum Exploration and
Production Board, Aden Branch, Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources; Petroleum
Engineer; Senior Geologist; Representative; Coordinator. Publications: 10 scientific
papers, 6 published in the Yemen Times Newspaper, 3 in China (2 in World Geology
and 1 in the Journal of Geoscientific Research of Northeast Asia) and the last one in
Russia. Two registered Patents. 18 Certificate from different institutes, centers,
organizations and clubs. Membership: Fellow, Geological Association of Canada,
American Association of Petroleum Engineers and other memberships. Dr. Eng.
Mohammed Darsi Abdulrahman Nedham began his professional career by working as
petroleum engineer, geologist in the Petroleum Exploration and Production Board
(Aden Branch). His scientific interest is concentrated on the Geological Research
History Work, Earth science software application and basin-modeling problems. The
most important thing, Dr. Darsi is ONE of the Who is Who in the 21st Century for
2001 and 2002 (First and Second Publication), choosed by the International
Geographical Centre, Cambridge, England.
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