A (Short) History of the Human Brain
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The document provides a brief history of the human brain from ancient times to modern neuroscience. It discusses early Egyptian and Greek theories that localized intelligence and the soul to different parts of the body. Important figures like Galen, Descartes, and Willis contributed to understanding that the brain is the center of intelligence. Advances in staining, brain imaging, and studying brain injuries have led to greater knowledge of brain anatomy and function. Modern neuroscience uses techniques like MRI, EEG, and connectomics to map brain structure and activity.
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A (Short) History of the Human Brain
- 1. A (Brief) History of the Human Brain John Borghi, PhD Science Informationist Rockefeller University @JohnBorghi
- 4. Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe
- 5. Herrick, C. J. (1915). An introduction to neurology. Saunders. Chicago
- 6. Sabatinelli, D., et al. (2011). Emotional perception: meta-analyses of face and natural scene processing. Neuroimage, 54(3), 2524-2533.
- 7. The Edwin Smith Papyrus 1500 BCE
- 8. Case 6: Instructions concerning a gaping wound in his head, penetrating to the bone, smashing his skull, and rending open the brain of his skull. Examination: If thou examinest a man having a gaping wound in his head, penetrating to the bone, smashing his skull, and rending open the brain of his skull, thou shouldst palpate his wound. Shouldst thou find that smash which is in his skull like those corrugations which form in molten copper, and something therein throbbing and fluttering under thy fingers, like the weak place of an infant's crown before it becomes whole-when it has happened there is no throbbing and fluttering under thy fingers until the brain of his (the patient's) skull is rent open- and he discharges blood from both his nostrils, and he suffers with stiffness in his neck... Diagnosis: Thou shouldst say concerning him: "An ailment not to be treated." Treatment: Thou shouldst anoint that wound with grease. Thou shalt not bind it; thou shalt not apply two strips upon it: until thou knowest that he has reached a decisive point. Gloss: As for: "Smashing his skull, (and) rending open the brain of his skull," it means the smash is large, opening to the interior of his skull, to the membrane enveloping his brain, so that it breaks open his fluid in the interior of his head....
- 9. Fourth Century BCE Plato: Based on the teaching of Socrates, the soul has three distinct parts. Each part affects our behavior in different ways. Raphael’s The School of Athens
- 10. Jan van Noordt’s Hippocrates visiting Democritus in Abdera
- 11. Hippocrates: Based on observations made by Alcmaeon and others, the brain is the center of intelligence. Fourth Century BCE Aristotle: The heart is the center of intelligence. The brain cools the blood.
- 12. Galen: Different parts of the soul can be localized to different parts of the body. The rational aspect of the soul is located in the brain. Second Century CE
- 13. Head Liver Heart Plato Galen The Immortal Soul The Irascible Soul The Appetitive Soul Animal Spirit Vital Spirit Natural Spirit· · · Second Century CE
- 14. Fourth Century CE Nemesius: Different functions can be localized to the different ventricles of the brain. From Nemesius’ De Natura Hominis
- 16. Neuroscience in the Dark Ages Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi 854–925 Hunayn ibn Ishaq 809–873
- 17. Neuroscience in the Renaissance René Descartes 1596-1650 Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 Andreas Vesalius 1514-1564
- 18. From Andreas Vesalius’ De humani corporis fabrica Illustrations by Jan van Calcar
- 19. Neuroscience in the Renaissance Cartesian Dualism / Substance Dualism The mental does not have extension in space, and the material cannot think.
- 20. Thomas Willis 1621-1675 Neuroscience in the Renaissance From Thomas Willis’ Cerebri Anatome Illustrations by Christopher Wren
- 21. Luigi Galvani 1737-1798 Electrical Brains From Luigi Galvani’s De Viribus Electricitatis in Motu Musculari
- 22. Frankenstein (1931 film)De Viribus Electricitatis in Motu Musculari
- 23. Phrenology- 1810 ~ 1840 Franz Joseph Gall 1758-1828 Johann Spurzheim 1776-1832
- 24. Phrenological chart attributed to Johann Gaspar Spurzheim
- 25. Phrenology- 1810 ~ 1840 Jean Pierre Flourens 1794-1867
- 26. Phineas Gage 1823-1860 Examining Brain Injuries
- 27. Examining Brain Injuries Harlow, J.M. (1868). Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through the Head. Publications of the Massachusetts Medical Society, 2, 327–347 Phineas Gage 1823-1860
- 28. Examining Brain Injuries Paul Broca 1824-1880
- 29. Paul Broca 1824-1880 Examining Brain Injuries The brain of Victor Leborgne
- 30. Carl Wernicke 1848-1905 Examining Brain Injuries
- 31. Yeatman, J. D., et al. (2014). The vertical occipital fasciculus: A century of controversy resolved by in vivo measurements. PNAS, 111(48), E5214-E5223
- 33. Digression: Moniz, Freeman, and the prefrontal lobotomy Egas Moniz 1874-1955 Rosemary Kennedy 1918-2008
- 34. Golgi Stain A method for visualizing brain cells using silver nitrate and potassium dichromate Stained Brains
- 36. It may seem strange that, since I have always been opposed to the neuron theory – although acknowledging that its starting-point is to be found in my own work – I have chosen this question of the neuron as the subject of my lecture, and that it comes at a time when this doctrine is generally recognized to be going out of favour. The 1906 Nobel Lecture: Golgi vs. Cajal In accordance with the tradition followed by the illustrious orators honoured before me with the Nobel Prize, I am going to talk to you about the principal results of my scientific work in the realm of the histology and physiology of the nervous system. Camillo Golgi Santiago Ramón y Cajal
- 37. Stained Brains
- 38. Yang, A.C. (In Press). Decreased resting-state brain activity complexity in schizophrenia characterized by both increased regularity and randomness. Human Brain Mapping.
- 40. Electrical Brains The Motor Strip
- 46. Roger Sperry 1913-1994 More Broken Brains
- 47. Henry Molaison aka Subject H.M. 1926-2008 More Broken Brains
- 51. Alan Hodgkin & Andrew Huxley The Giant Squid Axon Brain Imaging
- 52. Brain Imaging Paul Lauterbur (1929-2007) -Developed first MRI in Stony Brook NY. Peter Mansfield (1933-Present) -Conducted first MRI on human tissue. Seigi Ogawa (1934-Present) -Developed methods for measuring BOLD signal to study brain activity.
- 53. Brain Imaging
- 54. -21 -11 9 14 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Faces > Scenes Faces Scenes Time (s) Time (s) p < 0.001 Brain Imaging
- 55. Anatomical Connections Connectogram Brain Imaging
Editor's Notes
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