The document discusses several experiments and techniques used by researchers over time to study the brain and nervous system: 1) Galvani's "animal electricity" experiment in 1791 which used wires to induce muscle twitches in frogs and helped establish the connection between nerves and muscles. 2) Darwin's 1869 book which compared facial expressions and emotions in humans and animals. 3) The development of computed tomography (CT) scans in the 1970s which allowed researchers to non-invasively image the inside of the brain. 4) Nobel Prize winning work in the 1980s by Neher and Sakmann who developed a technique using micro-pipettes to study single ion channels and cellular communication.

1. The new experiment is called “animal electricity” which the The experiment was comparing the facial expression The machine that allows the researches to see the ions that
purpose of the experiment is to test the connection between and emotional responses between animal and human. runs from inside of the cell to the outside as an electric
the muscles and nerves system. The technique in the The experiment was design designed to induce anger current. Cells use about 20 to 40 channel ions that they
experiment is to use the wire to twitch the frog’s muscle. or fear, using children as subjects and record their have to communicate with each other. The machine was
Galvani believed that this will prove his theory about the responses, the result will be compare to the responses developed from a thin, glass micro-pipette, one thousandth
relationship between the nerves system and the body muscle, of the animals. The conclusion of the experiment of a millimeter in diameter. G-Proteins that located inside a
because the electricity is flowing from frog’s muscles to the states that bases on all the animals, human are the cell respond to signals outside the cell which these G-
nerves. Even though, the theory was disapproved due to the only ones capable of thinking what others are think protein will translate these signals into internal cellular
fact that the chemical reaction was form from the acid on the about them. The technique of using an animal activities. These techniques that investigate the single ions
frog’s skin but this experiment is a huge step for a better compares to human is very helpful and effective. assist the researchers in their experiments.
understanding of the electrical basis of the neural activity.
Charles Darwin History of Brain
Erwin Neher and Bert Sakkman
Luigi Galvani
Published “The Expression of the By
Emotion in Man and Animal” book Received Noble Prize award from their invention
Italian Physiologist
Ty Kraichok
1977 1991
1791 1869 1872 1972
1921
(Modern Time) (Modern
(Renaissance (Renaissance) (Renaissance (Modern Time)
Time)
) ) Herman Rorschach Godfrey Hounsfield Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally
Swiss Psychiatrist Nobel Prize Winners
British engineer
Sir Francis Galton
Ink Bolt is a technique is still exists in The research was mainly about the
Computed tomography or CT is a machine
Published “Heriditary Genius” book present time. The black ink will be in peptide hormone in the brain. The
that uses in the present day to investigate
different shape in the white paper and the new technique for determine the
the brain organ. It is a computer program
patients need to describe the shape which this amounts of peptide and other
The first "anthropometric laboratory “was that use tomography to create medical
methods assisted the psychologists to hormones that are present in the body
built in 1869. This lab was a place where imaging. This machine is commonly used
evaluated and examine the patients’ mind. was discovered during this period of
they uses the dubious measures of visual among the physicians, in order to examine
The scoring areas are separated into 3 time. The research was mainly about
acuity, auditory accuracy, and breathing the treatments for medical conditions and
categories which are location, determinant the hormones that produced by the
capacity to assess the levels of intelligence, also for the researchers to study about the
and content. It’s mainly looking for the hypothalamus which is the part that
which these are the new method to examine brain’s anatomy. It gives a clear image of
information that the patients describe and control the temperature, hunger, and
the level of intelligence. The study also the all the organs inside the brain so this is
refer to. This method is not completely thirst. The experiment also expands
states that the intelligence of a person is a method that the researchers can use to
reliable due to the lack of confirmation when an understanding of the grandular
follows from their genetic lines. explore their investigation about anatomy.
individual validated the result. disease.