This document provides an overview of solar cells. It begins with an introduction and outline, then discusses the basic physics of solar cells including how silicon is used and doped to create a PN junction. It explains that photons generate electron-hole pairs which create voltage across the junction. The document describes the photovoltaic effect and how single solar cells are interconnected into solar panels. It compares the three main types of solar cells and lists their efficiencies. Applications and advantages are noted, with high initial costs and weather dependence listed as disadvantages.
Solar cell is the device that converts energy of light directly into electrical energy (electricity) by photovoltaic effect In general, a solar cell that includes both solar and non solar sources of light
(such as photons from incandescent bulbs) is termed a photovoltaic cell. Solar cell is also know as photovoltaic cell
Most familiar solar cells are based on the effect
of photovoltaic In this effect, light falling on semiconductor device of the two layer produces a potential difference or photo voltage between the layers The voltage thus produced can drive a current through an external circuit producing useful work
Solar cell is the device that converts energy of light directly into electrical energy (electricity) by photovoltaic effect In general, a solar cell that includes both solar and non solar sources of light
(such as photons from incandescent bulbs) is termed a photovoltaic cell. Solar cell is also know as photovoltaic cell
Most familiar solar cells are based on the effect
of photovoltaic In this effect, light falling on semiconductor device of the two layer produces a potential difference or photo voltage between the layers The voltage thus produced can drive a current through an external circuit producing useful work
The most common type of solar cells are Photovoltaic Cells (PV cells)
Converts sunlight directly into electricity
Cells are made of a semiconductor material (eg. silicon)
Light strikes the PV cell, and a certain portion is absorbed
The light energy (in the form of photons) knocks electrons loose, allowing them to flow freely, forming a current
Metal contacts on the top and bottom of PV cell draws off the current to use externally as power
A basic presentation on Solar Cell, principle of Solar Cell, Types of Solar Cell and the advantage & disadvantage of solar cell with its application. The presentation is fully explained using diagram.
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon.[1] It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Individual solar cell devices can be combined to form modules, otherwise known as solar panels. In basic terms a single junction silicon solar cell can produce a maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts
The most common type of solar cells are Photovoltaic Cells (PV cells)
Converts sunlight directly into electricity
Cells are made of a semiconductor material (eg. silicon)
Light strikes the PV cell, and a certain portion is absorbed
The light energy (in the form of photons) knocks electrons loose, allowing them to flow freely, forming a current
Metal contacts on the top and bottom of PV cell draws off the current to use externally as power
A basic presentation on Solar Cell, principle of Solar Cell, Types of Solar Cell and the advantage & disadvantage of solar cell with its application. The presentation is fully explained using diagram.
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon.[1] It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Individual solar cell devices can be combined to form modules, otherwise known as solar panels. In basic terms a single junction silicon solar cell can produce a maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 volts
All about the solar cell for the purpose of usage of solar cells and solar battery bank.if we want to take knowledge for a solar then we should need to know about the conversation of solar energy into electrical energy .
This is not an efficient conversation of energy because the conversation of solar energy in to electrical energy gives the output only 18% output
in this presentation to get the knowledge about the wireless power transmission in the power system. from this presentation easy to learn about the "How to power transfer without using the wire?" . To give the advantages , Disadvantages and the applications of the Wireless Power Transmission System.
making a review seminar on the topic of flywheel energy storage system. For easy to learn about the flywheel energy storage system . this presentation making from the one ieee standard research paper on the flywheel energy storage system
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
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It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
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input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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3. What is a solar cell?
• A structure that converts solar energy directly to
DC electric energy.
– It supplies a voltage and a current to a resistive load
(light, battery, motor).
• It is like a battery because it supplies DC power.
• It is different from a battery in the sense that the
voltage supplied by the cell changes with changes
in the resistance of the load.
4. Basic Physics of Solar Cells
• Silicon (Si) is from group 4 of the period
table. When many Si atoms are in close
proximity, the energy states form bands of
forbidden energy states.
• One of these bands is called the band
gap(Eg) and the absorption of light in Si is a
strong function of Eg.
5. Basic Physics of Solar Cells
• Si is covalently bonded: It shares electrons.
– When a Si atom is replaced with a group 3 (Al, B) it
forms a positive particle called a hole that can move
around the crystal through diffusion or drift (electric
field).
– When a Si atom is replaced with a group 5 (As, P) it
forms an electron that can move around the crystal.
– By selectively doping the Si Crystal when can change
the resistivity and which type of carrier transfers charge
(carries current). Because we can selectively dope a Si
crystal it is called a semiconductor.
6. Photovoltaic effect
Definition:
The generation
of voltage across the
PN junction in a
semiconductor due
to the absorption of
light radiation is
called photovoltaic
effect. The Devices
based on this effect
is called photovoltaic
device.
Light
energy
n-type semiconductor
p- type semiconductor
Electrical
Power
p-n junction
7. Basics of solar cells
• If two differently contaminated semiconductor layers are
combined, then a so-called p-n-junction results on the boundary
of the layers.
• By doping trivalent element, we get p-type semiconductor. (with
excess amount of hole)
• By doping pentavalent element, we get n-type semiconductor
( with excess amount of electron)
n-type semiconductor
p- type semiconductor
p-n junction layer
8. Electron Hole Formation
• Photovoltaic energy conversion relies on the number
of photons striking the earth. (photon is a flux of light
particles)
• On a clear day, about 4.4 x 1017
photons strike a square
centimeter of the Earth's surface every second.
• Only some of these photons - those with energy in
excess of the band gap - can be converted into
electricity by the solar cell.
• When such photon enters the semiconductor, it may
be absorbed and promote an electron from the valence band
to the conduction band.
9. • Therefore, a vacant is created in the valence band and it is
called hole.
• Now, the electron in the conduction band and hole in
valence band combine together and forms electron-hole pairs.
hole
Valence band
Conduction band
electron
Photons
10. A solar panel (or) Solar array
Single solar cell
• The single solar cell constitute the n-type layer
sandwiched with p-type layer.
• The most commonly known solar cell is configured as a
large-area p-n junction made from silicon wafer.
• A single cell can produce only very tiny amounts of electricity
• It can be used only to light up a small light bulb or power a
calculator.
• Single photovoltaic cells are used in many small electronic
appliances such as watches and calculators
12. Solar panel (or) solar array (or) Solar module
The solar panel (or) solar array is the interconnection of
number of solar module to get efficient power.
• A solar module consists of number of interconnected
solar cells.
• These interconnected cells embedded between two
glass plate to protect from the bad whether.
• Since absorption area of module is high, more energy
can be produced.
13. Based on the types of crystal used, soar cells can be classified as,
1. Monocrystalline silicon cells
2. Polycrystalline silicon cells
3. Amorphous silicon cells
1. The Monocrystalline silicon cell is produced from
pure silicon (single crystal). Since the Monocrystalline
silicon is pure and defect free, the efficiency of cell will be
higher.
2. In polycrystalline solar cell, liquid silicon is used as raw material
and polycrystalline silicon was obtained followed by solidification
process. The materials contain various crystalline sizes. Hence,
the efficiency of this type of cell is less than Monocrystalline cell.
Types of Solar cell
14. Amorphous silicon is obtained by depositing silicon film
on the substrate like glass plate.
•The layer thickness amounts to less than 1µm – the
thickness of a human hair for comparison is 50-100 µm.
•The efficiency of amorphous cells is much lower than that
of the other two cell types.
• As a result, they are used mainly in low power
equipment, such as watches and pocket calculators,
or as facade elements.
Amorphous Silicon
15. Comparison of Types of solar cell
Material Efficiency (%)
Monocrystalline silicon 14-17
Polycrystalline silicon 13-15
Amorphous silicon 5-7
16. • There are two currents in a solar cell
1. Current due to reverse biased junction (IS) (Diode Current)
2. Current due to photovoltaic effect (IL) [Also called reverse
current]
3. The two currents are in opposite directions
17. Uses of Solar Cells
• Renewable power
• Power for remote locations
18. Advantages
• Consumes no fuel
• No pollution
• Wide power-handling capabilities
• High power-to-weight ratio
19. Disadvantages
• The main disadvantage of solar cell is the
initial cost. Most types of solar cell require
large areas of land to achieve average
efficiency.
• Air pollution and weather can also have a
large effect on the efficiency of the cells.
• The silicon used is also very expensive and
the solar cells can only ever generate
electricity during the daytime.