Abstract Crime reduction and prevention challenges in today’s world are becoming increasingly complex and are in need of a new technique that can handle the vast amount of information that is being generated. Traditional police capabilities mostly fall short in depicting the original division of criminal activities, thus contribute less in the suitable allocation of police services. In this paper methods are described for crime event forecasting, using Hadoop, by studying the geographical areas which are at greater risk and outside the traditional policing limits. The developed method makes the use of a geographical crime mapping algorithm to identify areas that have relatively high cases of crime. The term used for such places is hot spots. The identified hotspot clusters give valuable data that can be used to train the artificial neural network which further can model the trends of crime. The artificial neural network specification and estimation approach is enhanced by processing capability of Hadoop platform. Keywords— Crime forecasting; Cluster analysis; artificial neural networks; Patrolling; Big data; Hadoop; Gamma test.
Predictive analysis of crime forecastingFrank Smilda
This document discusses various methods for predictive crime mapping, beginning with simply using past crime "hot spots" as a predictor of future hot spots. While this approach has limited accuracy over short periods, past hot spots can predict up to 90% of future crime over longer periods like a year. The document then reviews more sophisticated predictive modeling methods and the role of geographic information systems in developing spatial models to predict crime.
Using Data Mining Techniques to Analyze Crime PatternZakaria Zubi
Our proposed model will be able to extract crime patterns by using association rule mining and clustering to classify crime records on the basis of the values of crime attributes.
Propose Data Mining AR-GA Model to Advance Crime analysisIOSR Journals
This document proposes a data mining model to advance crime analysis using association rule (AR) and genetic algorithm (GA). The model has three correlated dimensions: a crime dataset, criminal dataset, and geo-crime dataset. AR will be applied to each dataset separately to extract patterns, then GA will be used to mix the resulting ARs and exploit relationships across the three dimensions. This is intended to help detect universal crime patterns and speed up the crime solving process. The model was applied to real crime data from a sheriff's office and validated. Privacy-preserving techniques are also suggested to hide sensitive rules from appearing in the results.
This document summarizes a crime analysis project conducted by a university team. The team analyzed multiple data sets to build models predicting crime rates based on factors like population, weather, daylight hours, and economic indicators. They created binary, numeric, and crime ratio models and found the crime ratio model was most statistically significant. The team's analyses found crime rates generally increased with daylight savings time and increased slightly with higher temperatures. Their best model could predict monthly crime totals by city for most crime types except rare crimes like homicide and sexual assault.
Crime Analytics: Analysis of crimes through news paper articlesChamath Sajeewa
Crime analysis is one of the most important
activities of the majority of the intelligent and law enforcement
organizations all over the world. Generally they collect domestic
and foreign crime related data (intelligence) to prevent future
attacks and utilize a limited number of law enforcement
resources in an optimum manner. A major challenge faced by
most of the law enforcement and intelligence organizations is
efficiently and accurately analyzing the growing volumes of crime
related data. The vast geographical diversity and the complexity
of crime patterns have made the analyzing and recording of
crime data more difficult. Data mining is a powerful tool that can
be used effectively for analyzing large databases and deriving
important analytical results. This paper presents an intelligent
crime analysis system which is designed to overcome the above
mentioned problems. The proposed system is a web-based system
which comprises of crime analysis techniques such as hotspot
detection, crime comparison and crime pattern visualization. The
proposed system consists of a rich and simplified environment
that can be used effectively for processes of crime analysis.
Crime Pattern Detection using K-Means ClusteringReuben George
Crime pattern detection uses data mining techniques like clustering to analyze crime data and identify patterns. This involves plotting past crimes geographically, clustering similar crimes to detect sprees, and analyzing the results to draw conclusions. It helps improve crime solving by learning from history and preempting future crimes. The method augments detectives' work but has limitations like relying on data quality. Overall, crime pattern detection aids operational efficiency and enhancing resolution rates by optimizing resource deployment based on observed crime trends.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document discusses crime analysis and its applications in community-oriented policing. Crime analysis involves understanding crime patterns through statistical analysis and crime mapping to identify problems and potential solutions. It helps police departments target areas with high crime rates or unusual increases in crime. Crime analysis also examines relationships between crimes in terms of time, location, offender characteristics, and causal factors to aid investigations of serial crimes and displacement. The core functions of law enforcement like prevention, investigation, and apprehension can be enhanced through crime analysis.
Predictive analysis of crime forecastingFrank Smilda
This document discusses various methods for predictive crime mapping, beginning with simply using past crime "hot spots" as a predictor of future hot spots. While this approach has limited accuracy over short periods, past hot spots can predict up to 90% of future crime over longer periods like a year. The document then reviews more sophisticated predictive modeling methods and the role of geographic information systems in developing spatial models to predict crime.
Using Data Mining Techniques to Analyze Crime PatternZakaria Zubi
Our proposed model will be able to extract crime patterns by using association rule mining and clustering to classify crime records on the basis of the values of crime attributes.
Propose Data Mining AR-GA Model to Advance Crime analysisIOSR Journals
This document proposes a data mining model to advance crime analysis using association rule (AR) and genetic algorithm (GA). The model has three correlated dimensions: a crime dataset, criminal dataset, and geo-crime dataset. AR will be applied to each dataset separately to extract patterns, then GA will be used to mix the resulting ARs and exploit relationships across the three dimensions. This is intended to help detect universal crime patterns and speed up the crime solving process. The model was applied to real crime data from a sheriff's office and validated. Privacy-preserving techniques are also suggested to hide sensitive rules from appearing in the results.
This document summarizes a crime analysis project conducted by a university team. The team analyzed multiple data sets to build models predicting crime rates based on factors like population, weather, daylight hours, and economic indicators. They created binary, numeric, and crime ratio models and found the crime ratio model was most statistically significant. The team's analyses found crime rates generally increased with daylight savings time and increased slightly with higher temperatures. Their best model could predict monthly crime totals by city for most crime types except rare crimes like homicide and sexual assault.
Crime Analytics: Analysis of crimes through news paper articlesChamath Sajeewa
Crime analysis is one of the most important
activities of the majority of the intelligent and law enforcement
organizations all over the world. Generally they collect domestic
and foreign crime related data (intelligence) to prevent future
attacks and utilize a limited number of law enforcement
resources in an optimum manner. A major challenge faced by
most of the law enforcement and intelligence organizations is
efficiently and accurately analyzing the growing volumes of crime
related data. The vast geographical diversity and the complexity
of crime patterns have made the analyzing and recording of
crime data more difficult. Data mining is a powerful tool that can
be used effectively for analyzing large databases and deriving
important analytical results. This paper presents an intelligent
crime analysis system which is designed to overcome the above
mentioned problems. The proposed system is a web-based system
which comprises of crime analysis techniques such as hotspot
detection, crime comparison and crime pattern visualization. The
proposed system consists of a rich and simplified environment
that can be used effectively for processes of crime analysis.
Crime Pattern Detection using K-Means ClusteringReuben George
Crime pattern detection uses data mining techniques like clustering to analyze crime data and identify patterns. This involves plotting past crimes geographically, clustering similar crimes to detect sprees, and analyzing the results to draw conclusions. It helps improve crime solving by learning from history and preempting future crimes. The method augments detectives' work but has limitations like relying on data quality. Overall, crime pattern detection aids operational efficiency and enhancing resolution rates by optimizing resource deployment based on observed crime trends.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document discusses crime analysis and its applications in community-oriented policing. Crime analysis involves understanding crime patterns through statistical analysis and crime mapping to identify problems and potential solutions. It helps police departments target areas with high crime rates or unusual increases in crime. Crime analysis also examines relationships between crimes in terms of time, location, offender characteristics, and causal factors to aid investigations of serial crimes and displacement. The core functions of law enforcement like prevention, investigation, and apprehension can be enhanced through crime analysis.
Crime analysis mapping, intrusion detection using data miningVenkat Projects
Crime analysis mapping, intrusion detection using data mining
Data Mining plays a key role in Crime Analysis. There are many different algorithms mentioned in previous research papers, among them are the virtual identifier, pruning strategy, support vector machines, and apriori algorithms. VID is to find relation between record and vid. The apriori algorithm helps the fuzzy association rules algorithm and it takes around six hundred seconds to detect a mail bomb attack. In this research paper, we identified Crime mapping analysis based on KNN (K – Nearest Neighbor) and ANN (Artificial Neural Network) algorithms to simplify this process. Crime Mapping is conducted and Funded by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS). Evidence based research helps in analyzing the crimes. We calculate the crime rate based on the previous data using data mining techniques. Crime Analysis uses quantitative and qualitative data in combination with analytic techniques in resolving the cases. For public safety purposes, the crime mapping is an essential research area to concentrate on. We can identity the most frequently crime occurring zones with the help of data mining techniques. In Crime Analysis Mapping, we follow the following steps in order to reduce the crime rate: 1) Collect crime data 2) Group data 3) Clustering 4) Forecasting the data. Crime Analysis with crime mapping helps in understanding the concepts and practice of Crime Analysis in assisting police and helps in reduction and prevention of crimes and crime disorders.
As per studies conducted by the University of California, it is observed that crime in any area follows the same pattern as that of earthquake aftershocks. It is difficult to predict an earthquake, but once it happens the aftershocks following it are quite predictable. Same is true for the crimes happening in a geographical area.
Crime Analysis & Prediction System is a system to analyze & detect crime hotspots & predict crime.
It collects data from various data sources - crime data from OpenData sites, US census data, social media, traffic & weather data etc.
It leverages Microsoft's Azure Cloud and on premise technologies for back-end processing & desktop based visualization tools.
A Comparative Study of Data Mining Methods to Analyzing Libyan National Crime...Zakaria Zubi
Our proposed model will be able to extract crime patterns by using association rule mining and clustering to classify crime records on the basis of the values of crime attributes.
This document compares the k-means data mining and outlier detection approaches for network-based intrusion detection. It analyzes four datasets capturing network traffic using both approaches. The k-means approach clusters traffic into normal and abnormal flows, while outlier detection calculates an outlier score for each flow. The document finds that k-means was more accurate and precise, with a better classification rate than outlier detection. It requires less computer resources than outlier detection. This comparison of the approaches can help network administrators choose the best intrusion detection method.
Cloud Technologies providing Complete Solution for all
AcademicProjects Final Year/Semester Student Projects
For More Details,
Contact:
Mobile:- +91 8121953811,
whatsapp:- +91 8522991105,
Office:- 040-66411811
Email ID: cloudtechnologiesprojects@gmail.com
Crime rate analysis using k nn in python
This document discusses using data mining techniques for crime analysis and prediction. It describes collecting unstructured crime data from various sources and storing it in a NoSQL database. Classification algorithms like Naive Bayes are used to classify crime reports. Apriori algorithm identifies patterns in past crimes. A decision tree is used for prediction. Visualization tools like heat maps, graphs and Neo4j are used to display crime patterns, rates and profiles over time and locations. Future work involves using these techniques for criminal profiling.
Crime Data Analysis, Visualization and Prediction using Data MiningAnavadya Shibu
This paper presents a general idea about the
model of Data Mining techniques and diverse crimes. It also
provides an inclusive survey of competent and valuable
techniques on data mining for crime data analysis. The
objective of the data mining is to recognize patterns in
criminal manners in order to predict crime anticipate
criminal activity and prevent it. This project implements a
novel data mining techniques like KNN, Text Clustering, IR
tree for investigating the crime data sets and sorts out the
accessible problems. The collective knowledge of various
data mining algorithms tend certainly to afford an
enhanced, incorporated, and precise result over the crime
prediction in the banking sectors Our law enforcement
organizations require to be adequately outfitted to defeat
and prevent the crime. This project is developed using Java
as front-end and MySQL as back-end. Supporting
applications like Sunset, NetBeans are used to make the
portal more interactive.
IRJET - Crime Analysis and Prediction - by using DBSCAN AlgorithmIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using the DBSCAN clustering algorithm and data mining techniques to analyze crime data and predict crime prone areas.
The paper aims to develop a system that can analyze crime data, classify crimes by type, predict high probability areas for future crimes, and visualize crime clusters and predicted regions on a map. It uses a dummy crime dataset and applies the DBSCAN clustering algorithm, which forms effective clusters and is more accurate than K-means clustering. The results include crime cluster maps and maps of predicted crime regions that could help law enforcement agencies take preventative measures.
This document summarizes a study that used data mining techniques to predict crime using real-world crime datasets from Denver and Los Angeles. The goals were to identify crime hotspots and predict future crime types based on location, time, and other attributes. The models tested included the Apriori algorithm to identify frequent crime patterns, a naïve Bayesian classifier to predict crime type based on location/time features, and a decision tree classifier. Key results identified crime hotspots and showed the Bayesian classifier achieved prediction accuracies of 51-54% while the decision tree was more complex and achieved lower accuracy.
Machine Learning Approaches for Crime Pattern DetectionAPNIC
This document discusses machine learning approaches for predicting crime patterns. It begins by stating the large number of violent crimes in the US and explaining that predicting crimes can help avoid them and ensure better resource allocation. It then discusses existing crime prediction systems like PredPol and the general crime prediction process of data gathering, classification/clustering, and prediction. It provides various methods for data gathering, like crime records, social media, IoT devices, and newspapers. It also discusses clustering algorithms like k-means that can be used. Finally, it notes that PredPol has achieved a 22.7% reduction in crimes in one area, but that combining additional techniques like machine learning, big data analysis, and image processing could further improve crime prediction.
Phishing Websites Detection Using Back Propagation Algorithm: A Reviewtheijes
Phishing is an illicit modus operandi employing both societal engineering and technological subterfuge to theft client’s private identity data and monetary account credentials. Influence of phishing is pretty radical as it engrosses the menace of identity larceny and financial losses. This paper elucidates the back propagation paradigm to instruct the neural network for phishing forecast. We execute the root-cause analysis of phishing and incentive for phishing. This analysis is intended at serving developers the effectiveness of neural networks in data mining and provides the grounds proving neural networks in phishing detection.
This paper focuses on finding spatial and temporal criminal hotspots. It analyses two different real-world crimes datasets for Denver, CO and Los Angeles, CA and provides a comparison between the two datasets through a statistical analysis supported by several graphs. Then, it clarifies how we conducted Apriori algorithm to produce interesting frequent patterns for criminal hotspots. In addition, the paper shows how we used Decision Tree classifier and Naïve Bayesian classifier in order to predict potential crime types. To further analyse crimes’ datasets, the paper introduces an analysis study by combining our findings of Denver crimes’ dataset with its demographics information in order to capture the factors that might affect the safety of neighborhoods. The results of this solution could be used to raise people’s awareness regarding the dangerous locations and to help agencies to predict future crimes in a specific location within
a particular time.
IRJET- Crime Analysis using Data Mining and Data AnalyticsIRJET Journal
This document discusses using data mining and analytics techniques to analyze crime data and predict crime rates. It proposes using linear regression on crime data from the Indian government to predict future crime occurrences and identify high-risk regions. The system would analyze factors like crime type, offender age, month, and year to build a regression model. This model could then predict crime rates and indicate whether a region is high or low risk for criminal activity. Graphs and tables would visualize the predictions to help law enforcement allocate resources. The goal is to help reduce crime and increase public safety by identifying patterns in historical crime data.
Crime analysis involves the systematic study of crime and disorder problems using qualitative and quantitative data. It examines sociodemographic, spatial, and temporal factors to assist police in apprehension, reduction, prevention, and evaluation. Crime analysis developed from early uses of pin maps and began professionalizing in the 1980s. It includes administrative, investigative, tactical, and strategic types. Ratcliffe's Hotspot Matrix examines crime concentrations spatially as dispersed, clustered, or a hotpoint and temporally as diffused, focused, or acute to determine appropriate police tactics. Strategic crime analysis uses tactical analysis to identify long-term community problems and generate innovative solutions in partnership with community policing.
Workware Systems Situational Awareness & Predictive Policing Overviewdeppster
Front line and community-based Policing is a high knowledge-based activity. Exploiting organisational knowledge in dynamic front line policing activity key to improving productivity. Productivity and effectiveness can be improved by pushing information to front line officers which is:
- Relevant to their role
- Relevant to their location
- Relevant in time
Our solutions Help Patrol Officers understand their environment and take action. We do this without significant cost and complexity.
GIS aids crime analysis by identifying patterns and trends, supporting intelligence-led policing strategies, and integrating diverse data sources. It enhances crime analysis by highlighting suspicious incidents, supporting cross-jurisdictional pattern analysis, and educating the public. GIS provides tools to capture crime series, forecast crime, and optimize resource allocation to reduce crime and disorder.
- The document proposes a machine learning project using the Chicago Crime dataset to build a web application providing insights into crime patterns.
- It will include geospatial analysis and visualizations of crime hotspots and trends over time using ArcGIS maps, as well as statistical analysis and prediction of future crimes.
- The project involves preprocessing the large dataset, performing feature engineering, dividing Chicago into crime clusters, and building prediction models for each cluster to be deployed via REST API and integrated into the web application. Tools include Python, Docker, Azure ML, ArcGIS, and Java for the frontend.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Probabilistic models for anomaly detection based on usage of network trafficAlexander Decker
This document discusses probabilistic models for anomaly detection based on network traffic usage. It introduces several probabilistic methods and statistical models that can be used for network traffic anomaly detection, including Bayesian theorem, mean and standard deviation models, point and interval estimations, multivariate regression models, Markov processes, and time series models. As an example, it describes modeling the spread of computer worms using epidemiological models such as linear, exponential, logistic, and differential equation models. It also discusses the different possible scenarios an intrusion detection system can encounter and how to calculate probabilities of outcomes using Bayesian theorem.
Inspection of Certain RNN-ELM Algorithms for Societal ApplicationsIRJET Journal
The document proposes a hybrid Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)-Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) model for crime classification using crime data from Philadelphia. The RNN extracts relevant features from the data using a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model and learns patterns over time. The ELM is then applied at the end for the classification task. The proposed model is evaluated on accuracy, precision, and recall and is found to perform crime classification without backpropagation, making it faster than traditional neural networks. The model could help law enforcement identify crime hotspots and adjust policing strategies based on the predicted crime rates at different locations and times.
A Survey on Data Mining Techniques for Crime Hotspots PredictionIJSRD
A crime is an act which is against the laws of a country or region. The technique which is used to find areas on a map which have high crime intensity is known as crime hotspot prediction. The technique uses the crime data which includes the area with crime rate and predict the future location with high crime intensity. The motivation of crime hotspot prediction is to raise people’s awareness regarding the dangerous location in certain time period. It can help for police resource allocation for creating a safe environment. The paper presents survey of different types of data mining techniques for crime hotspots prediction.
Crime analysis mapping, intrusion detection using data miningVenkat Projects
Crime analysis mapping, intrusion detection using data mining
Data Mining plays a key role in Crime Analysis. There are many different algorithms mentioned in previous research papers, among them are the virtual identifier, pruning strategy, support vector machines, and apriori algorithms. VID is to find relation between record and vid. The apriori algorithm helps the fuzzy association rules algorithm and it takes around six hundred seconds to detect a mail bomb attack. In this research paper, we identified Crime mapping analysis based on KNN (K – Nearest Neighbor) and ANN (Artificial Neural Network) algorithms to simplify this process. Crime Mapping is conducted and Funded by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS). Evidence based research helps in analyzing the crimes. We calculate the crime rate based on the previous data using data mining techniques. Crime Analysis uses quantitative and qualitative data in combination with analytic techniques in resolving the cases. For public safety purposes, the crime mapping is an essential research area to concentrate on. We can identity the most frequently crime occurring zones with the help of data mining techniques. In Crime Analysis Mapping, we follow the following steps in order to reduce the crime rate: 1) Collect crime data 2) Group data 3) Clustering 4) Forecasting the data. Crime Analysis with crime mapping helps in understanding the concepts and practice of Crime Analysis in assisting police and helps in reduction and prevention of crimes and crime disorders.
As per studies conducted by the University of California, it is observed that crime in any area follows the same pattern as that of earthquake aftershocks. It is difficult to predict an earthquake, but once it happens the aftershocks following it are quite predictable. Same is true for the crimes happening in a geographical area.
Crime Analysis & Prediction System is a system to analyze & detect crime hotspots & predict crime.
It collects data from various data sources - crime data from OpenData sites, US census data, social media, traffic & weather data etc.
It leverages Microsoft's Azure Cloud and on premise technologies for back-end processing & desktop based visualization tools.
A Comparative Study of Data Mining Methods to Analyzing Libyan National Crime...Zakaria Zubi
Our proposed model will be able to extract crime patterns by using association rule mining and clustering to classify crime records on the basis of the values of crime attributes.
This document compares the k-means data mining and outlier detection approaches for network-based intrusion detection. It analyzes four datasets capturing network traffic using both approaches. The k-means approach clusters traffic into normal and abnormal flows, while outlier detection calculates an outlier score for each flow. The document finds that k-means was more accurate and precise, with a better classification rate than outlier detection. It requires less computer resources than outlier detection. This comparison of the approaches can help network administrators choose the best intrusion detection method.
Cloud Technologies providing Complete Solution for all
AcademicProjects Final Year/Semester Student Projects
For More Details,
Contact:
Mobile:- +91 8121953811,
whatsapp:- +91 8522991105,
Office:- 040-66411811
Email ID: cloudtechnologiesprojects@gmail.com
Crime rate analysis using k nn in python
This document discusses using data mining techniques for crime analysis and prediction. It describes collecting unstructured crime data from various sources and storing it in a NoSQL database. Classification algorithms like Naive Bayes are used to classify crime reports. Apriori algorithm identifies patterns in past crimes. A decision tree is used for prediction. Visualization tools like heat maps, graphs and Neo4j are used to display crime patterns, rates and profiles over time and locations. Future work involves using these techniques for criminal profiling.
Crime Data Analysis, Visualization and Prediction using Data MiningAnavadya Shibu
This paper presents a general idea about the
model of Data Mining techniques and diverse crimes. It also
provides an inclusive survey of competent and valuable
techniques on data mining for crime data analysis. The
objective of the data mining is to recognize patterns in
criminal manners in order to predict crime anticipate
criminal activity and prevent it. This project implements a
novel data mining techniques like KNN, Text Clustering, IR
tree for investigating the crime data sets and sorts out the
accessible problems. The collective knowledge of various
data mining algorithms tend certainly to afford an
enhanced, incorporated, and precise result over the crime
prediction in the banking sectors Our law enforcement
organizations require to be adequately outfitted to defeat
and prevent the crime. This project is developed using Java
as front-end and MySQL as back-end. Supporting
applications like Sunset, NetBeans are used to make the
portal more interactive.
IRJET - Crime Analysis and Prediction - by using DBSCAN AlgorithmIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using the DBSCAN clustering algorithm and data mining techniques to analyze crime data and predict crime prone areas.
The paper aims to develop a system that can analyze crime data, classify crimes by type, predict high probability areas for future crimes, and visualize crime clusters and predicted regions on a map. It uses a dummy crime dataset and applies the DBSCAN clustering algorithm, which forms effective clusters and is more accurate than K-means clustering. The results include crime cluster maps and maps of predicted crime regions that could help law enforcement agencies take preventative measures.
This document summarizes a study that used data mining techniques to predict crime using real-world crime datasets from Denver and Los Angeles. The goals were to identify crime hotspots and predict future crime types based on location, time, and other attributes. The models tested included the Apriori algorithm to identify frequent crime patterns, a naïve Bayesian classifier to predict crime type based on location/time features, and a decision tree classifier. Key results identified crime hotspots and showed the Bayesian classifier achieved prediction accuracies of 51-54% while the decision tree was more complex and achieved lower accuracy.
Machine Learning Approaches for Crime Pattern DetectionAPNIC
This document discusses machine learning approaches for predicting crime patterns. It begins by stating the large number of violent crimes in the US and explaining that predicting crimes can help avoid them and ensure better resource allocation. It then discusses existing crime prediction systems like PredPol and the general crime prediction process of data gathering, classification/clustering, and prediction. It provides various methods for data gathering, like crime records, social media, IoT devices, and newspapers. It also discusses clustering algorithms like k-means that can be used. Finally, it notes that PredPol has achieved a 22.7% reduction in crimes in one area, but that combining additional techniques like machine learning, big data analysis, and image processing could further improve crime prediction.
Phishing Websites Detection Using Back Propagation Algorithm: A Reviewtheijes
Phishing is an illicit modus operandi employing both societal engineering and technological subterfuge to theft client’s private identity data and monetary account credentials. Influence of phishing is pretty radical as it engrosses the menace of identity larceny and financial losses. This paper elucidates the back propagation paradigm to instruct the neural network for phishing forecast. We execute the root-cause analysis of phishing and incentive for phishing. This analysis is intended at serving developers the effectiveness of neural networks in data mining and provides the grounds proving neural networks in phishing detection.
This paper focuses on finding spatial and temporal criminal hotspots. It analyses two different real-world crimes datasets for Denver, CO and Los Angeles, CA and provides a comparison between the two datasets through a statistical analysis supported by several graphs. Then, it clarifies how we conducted Apriori algorithm to produce interesting frequent patterns for criminal hotspots. In addition, the paper shows how we used Decision Tree classifier and Naïve Bayesian classifier in order to predict potential crime types. To further analyse crimes’ datasets, the paper introduces an analysis study by combining our findings of Denver crimes’ dataset with its demographics information in order to capture the factors that might affect the safety of neighborhoods. The results of this solution could be used to raise people’s awareness regarding the dangerous locations and to help agencies to predict future crimes in a specific location within
a particular time.
IRJET- Crime Analysis using Data Mining and Data AnalyticsIRJET Journal
This document discusses using data mining and analytics techniques to analyze crime data and predict crime rates. It proposes using linear regression on crime data from the Indian government to predict future crime occurrences and identify high-risk regions. The system would analyze factors like crime type, offender age, month, and year to build a regression model. This model could then predict crime rates and indicate whether a region is high or low risk for criminal activity. Graphs and tables would visualize the predictions to help law enforcement allocate resources. The goal is to help reduce crime and increase public safety by identifying patterns in historical crime data.
Crime analysis involves the systematic study of crime and disorder problems using qualitative and quantitative data. It examines sociodemographic, spatial, and temporal factors to assist police in apprehension, reduction, prevention, and evaluation. Crime analysis developed from early uses of pin maps and began professionalizing in the 1980s. It includes administrative, investigative, tactical, and strategic types. Ratcliffe's Hotspot Matrix examines crime concentrations spatially as dispersed, clustered, or a hotpoint and temporally as diffused, focused, or acute to determine appropriate police tactics. Strategic crime analysis uses tactical analysis to identify long-term community problems and generate innovative solutions in partnership with community policing.
Workware Systems Situational Awareness & Predictive Policing Overviewdeppster
Front line and community-based Policing is a high knowledge-based activity. Exploiting organisational knowledge in dynamic front line policing activity key to improving productivity. Productivity and effectiveness can be improved by pushing information to front line officers which is:
- Relevant to their role
- Relevant to their location
- Relevant in time
Our solutions Help Patrol Officers understand their environment and take action. We do this without significant cost and complexity.
GIS aids crime analysis by identifying patterns and trends, supporting intelligence-led policing strategies, and integrating diverse data sources. It enhances crime analysis by highlighting suspicious incidents, supporting cross-jurisdictional pattern analysis, and educating the public. GIS provides tools to capture crime series, forecast crime, and optimize resource allocation to reduce crime and disorder.
- The document proposes a machine learning project using the Chicago Crime dataset to build a web application providing insights into crime patterns.
- It will include geospatial analysis and visualizations of crime hotspots and trends over time using ArcGIS maps, as well as statistical analysis and prediction of future crimes.
- The project involves preprocessing the large dataset, performing feature engineering, dividing Chicago into crime clusters, and building prediction models for each cluster to be deployed via REST API and integrated into the web application. Tools include Python, Docker, Azure ML, ArcGIS, and Java for the frontend.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Probabilistic models for anomaly detection based on usage of network trafficAlexander Decker
This document discusses probabilistic models for anomaly detection based on network traffic usage. It introduces several probabilistic methods and statistical models that can be used for network traffic anomaly detection, including Bayesian theorem, mean and standard deviation models, point and interval estimations, multivariate regression models, Markov processes, and time series models. As an example, it describes modeling the spread of computer worms using epidemiological models such as linear, exponential, logistic, and differential equation models. It also discusses the different possible scenarios an intrusion detection system can encounter and how to calculate probabilities of outcomes using Bayesian theorem.
Inspection of Certain RNN-ELM Algorithms for Societal ApplicationsIRJET Journal
The document proposes a hybrid Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)-Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) model for crime classification using crime data from Philadelphia. The RNN extracts relevant features from the data using a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model and learns patterns over time. The ELM is then applied at the end for the classification task. The proposed model is evaluated on accuracy, precision, and recall and is found to perform crime classification without backpropagation, making it faster than traditional neural networks. The model could help law enforcement identify crime hotspots and adjust policing strategies based on the predicted crime rates at different locations and times.
A Survey on Data Mining Techniques for Crime Hotspots PredictionIJSRD
A crime is an act which is against the laws of a country or region. The technique which is used to find areas on a map which have high crime intensity is known as crime hotspot prediction. The technique uses the crime data which includes the area with crime rate and predict the future location with high crime intensity. The motivation of crime hotspot prediction is to raise people’s awareness regarding the dangerous location in certain time period. It can help for police resource allocation for creating a safe environment. The paper presents survey of different types of data mining techniques for crime hotspots prediction.
The document compares different machine learning algorithms for predicting crime hotspots using historical crime data from 2015-2018 in a large coastal city in China. It finds that an LSTM model outperformed KNN, random forest, SVM, naive Bayes and CNN when using historical crime data alone. The LSTM model was further improved by including additional built environment data on points of interest and road network density as covariates. The study demonstrates that machine learning, especially LSTM, can effectively predict crime hotspots and that incorporating related environmental factors into models enhances predictive power over using crime history alone.
This document provides a survey of data mining techniques for crime prediction. It begins with an introduction to crime prediction and standard techniques like centrography, journey to crime, routine activity theory, and circle theory. It then discusses various data mining techniques used for crime prediction, including support vector machines, multivariate time series clustering, Bayesian networks, artificial neural networks, and fuzzy time series. For each technique, an example paper applying that technique is summarized. A table provides a comparative analysis of the techniques based on predictive accuracy, performance, and disadvantages. The document concludes that the discussed data mining prediction techniques can enhance accuracy and performance of crime prediction by identifying patterns in current and past crime data to predict future values.
Physical and Cyber Crime Detection using Digital Forensic Approach: A Complet...IJARIIT
Criminalization may be a general development that has significantly extended in previous few years. In
order, to create the activity of the work businesses easy, use of technology is important. Crime investigation analysis
is a section records in data mining plays a crucial role in terms of predicting and learning the criminals. In our
paper, we've got planned an incorporated version for physical crime as well as cybercrime analysis. Our approach
uses data mining techniques for crime detection and criminal identity for physical crimes and digitized forensic tools
(DFT) for evaluating cybercrimes. The presented tool named as Comparative Digital Forensic Process tool
(CDFPT) is entirely based on digital forensic model and its stages named as Comparative Digital Forensic Process
Model (CDFPM). The primary step includes accepting the case details, categorizing the crime case as physical crime
or cybercrime and sooner or later storing the data in particular databases. For physical crime analysis we've used kmeans
approach cluster set of rules to make crime clusters. The k-means method effects are a lot advantageous by the
utilization of GMAPI generation. This provides advanced and consumer-friendly visual-aid to k-means approach for
tracing the region of the crime. we have applied KNN for criminal identification with the
help of observing beyond crimes and finding similar ones that suit this crime, if no past document is discovered then
the new crime sample are introduced to the crime data-set. With the advancements of web, the network form has
become much more complicated and attacking methods are further more than that as well. For crime analysis
we're detecting the attacks executed on host system through an outsider the usage of
assorted digitized forensic tools to produce information security with the help of generating reports for an
event which could need any investigation. Our digitized technique aids the development of the society
by helping the investigation businesses to follow a custom-built investigative technique in crime analysis and criminal
identification as opposed to manually looking the database to analyze criminal activities, and as a
result facilitate them in combating crimes.
This document presents a study on crime prediction and analysis using machine learning algorithms. The authors used a crime dataset from Indore, India containing timestamps, crime types, latitude and longitude. They performed data preprocessing, then trained and tested K-nearest neighbor, random forest and decision tree models on the data. The random forest model achieved the highest accuracy. Visualizations including feature selection plots, crime density graphs and heatmaps provided insights into patterns in the crime data. The authors concluded machine learning can help law enforcement predict and solve crimes faster, potentially reducing crime rates.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
An Experimental Study of Crime Investigation using Machine LearningSonali Chawla
Crime Investigation process suffers from various problems. One of the biggest problems is finding crime
offense and suspect. Taking into consideration that the knowledge about crime event may not only enough for
investigator to deduce the crimes, he may check on the crime cases solved previously that have similar ground than that
of current one, finding the generalized information to solve the current case problem. Using this new information would
leads to many deductions including the crime offense and even the murderer. This could possibly make the work of the
investigator much easier in solving the crime case. This paper provides an overview of the system that deploys a
machine learning algorithm which would help in investigating crime scenes. The algorithm would take case evidences,
witnesses and forensic reports as inputs, draws some of the inferences on crime offense and give output. The algorithm
also provides Bayesian network for more clear understanding of the findings.
Survey on Crime Interpretation and Forecasting Using Machine LearningIRJET Journal
This document discusses using machine learning algorithms to analyze crime data and predict crime patterns in Bangalore, India. It first provides background on the increasing issue of crime and importance of understanding crime patterns. It then reviews related work applying clustering, classification, and other algorithms to crime data from various locations. Next, it discusses motivations for using machine learning to predict crimes in advance. The paper then compares different studies that have used techniques like k-means clustering, decision trees, naive bayes, and random forests on crime data. It evaluates these techniques and their limitations in accurately analyzing crime patterns and predicting future crimes. Finally, the document proposes using these machine learning methods and data mining approaches on crime data from Bangalore to help law enforcement agencies
ISSN 2395-650X
The "International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Sciences journal appears to be a valuable resource for those interested in staying updated on the latest developments and research in these important scientific fields of Life and science journal.
Investigating crimes using text mining and network analysisZhongLI28
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This document discusses using machine learning techniques like clustering and decision trees to analyze crime data from Chicago between 2014-2016. It aims to identify crime hot spots and patterns to help police allocate resources more efficiently. The document applies k-means clustering to crime data grouped by location and type, identifying a "vice" cluster with crimes like prostitution and drugs in two adjacent wards. It suggests police could use temporal and hourly crime patterns from the analysis to optimize staff scheduling and deployment. The document also discusses using decision trees and k-nearest neighbors algorithms on the crime data supplemented with temperature and unemployment data to further explore crime patterns.
The document discusses using machine learning algorithms to predict crime type and occurrence based on location and time using crime data. It proposes using linear regression, decision tree, and random forest models which tended to give good accuracy in previous works. The system would take crime types as input and output the areas where crimes are committed. It claims this approach provides high prediction accuracy compared to existing methods.
Predictive Modeling for Topographical Analysis of Crime RateIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system to use machine learning methods to predict crime rates and types of crimes in specific areas based on historical crime data. The system would analyze crime data collected from websites including date, location, and crime type to identify patterns. Machine learning algorithms would be trained on the data to build predictive models. The goal is to help law enforcement agencies more quickly detect, resolve, and prevent crimes by predicting where and what types of crimes may occur based on the characteristics of past crimes.
This document proposes using a network science approach to analyze crime data and forecast crime occurrences. It describes plotting crime incident data from two days as networks and analyzing the networks to understand crime patterns and predict if crime will increase or decrease at certain locations. The document outlines collecting and preprocessing crime datasets, defining nodes and edges to create networks, visualizing the networks in Gephi, analyzing the networks to draw conclusions, and discusses challenges and the potential for future improvement and expansion of the approach.
Dataset from National Institute of justice about the crimes of San Francisco. Apply Network Analysis after calculation of distances between different crime points as nodes of a city and then put the approach.
This document discusses using data mining techniques to help with crime investigation by analyzing large amounts of crime data. It compares the performance of three data mining algorithms (J48, Naive Bayes, JRip) on a sample criminal database to identify the best performing algorithm. The best algorithm would then be used on the criminal database to help identify possible suspects for a crime based on evidence and attributes. The document provides details on each of the three algorithms and evaluates them based on classification accuracy and other metrics to select the best technique for the criminal investigation application.
This document proposes the development of a computer aided crime investigation system for developing countries. It describes an expert system that would store knowledge from human experts in crime investigation and apply intelligent processing to aid in investigations. The goals are to enhance the work of human experts and provide a system for learning crime investigation. It outlines the proposed architecture, including a knowledge base storing facts and experiences, an inference engine to make deductions, and a user interface. The focus is on developing a system to help address challenges with current manual investigation methods.
Predictive Modeling for Topographical Analysis of Crime RateIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using machine learning techniques to predict crime patterns and types based on historical crime data.
2) It proposes using a random forest classification algorithm to analyze crime data and predict the type of crime that may occur in a particular area.
3) The random forest algorithm would be trained on a dataset containing information about past crimes like date, location, and crime type to make predictions about future crimes.
This document proposes a model for cybercrime detection using big data analytics. It discusses using a geographical cybercrime mapping algorithm and the Hadoop platform to identify regions with high cybercrime clusters. The detection algorithm has three stages: 1) geographic analysis of cybercrime data to identify high-risk spatial clusters, 2) use of K-means clustering to analyze cluster quality, 3) prediction of likely future cybercrimes. The model aims to help reduce cybercrime by predicting locations and times of future crimes outside traditional policing capabilities. Key-words discussed include big data properties, analytics techniques like descriptive and predictive analytics, and crime prediction theory involving feature selection and clustering of Egyptian cybercrime data.
Similar to A predictive model for mapping crime using big data analytics (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
A predictive model for mapping crime using big data analytics
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | Apr-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 344
A PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR MAPPING CRIME USING BIG DATA
ANALYTICS
Saoumya1
, Anurag Singh Baghel2
1
Gautam Buddha University, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Gautam Buddha University, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
Crime reduction and prevention challenges in today’s world are becoming increasingly complex and are in need of a new
technique that can handle the vast amount of information that is being generated. Traditional police capabilities mostly fall short
in depicting the original division of criminal activities, thus contribute less in the suitable allocation of police services. In this
paper methods are described for crime event forecasting, using Hadoop, by studying the geographical areas which are at greater
risk and outside the traditional policing limits. The developed method makes the use of a geographical crime mapping algorithm
to identify areas that have relatively high cases of crime. The term used for such places is hot spots. The identified hotspot clusters
give valuable data that can be used to train the artificial neural network which further can model the trends of crime. The
artificial neural network specification and estimation approach is enhanced by processing capability of Hadoop platform.
Keywords— Crime forecasting; Cluster analysis; artificial neural networks; Patrolling; Big data; Hadoop; Gamma
test.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Police will greatly benefit by a software that will be able to
intelligently analyse a constantly updating database of crime
incidences and its description, providing accurate
predictions of where the crime is most likely occur and at
what time . This will help in optimum police resource
allocation. In doing so, one of the drawback is the fact that
crime occurrences are generally sparse with respect to the
type of crime, time and space at which the incidence occurs,
and the randomness subjected to it. Apart from this the
ability to process unstructured data was limited till now but
with the advent of big data we can explore a new approach
for making predictions. A crime analysis tool must be able
to identify crime patterns accurately and efficiently for
future forecasting and accurate crime pattern. However, in
the present scenario, there are few challenges as followed
1) Increasing size of the information that has to be
stored and analysed.
2) Different techniques that can analyse with accuracy
and efficiency of this increasing volume of data on
crime.
3) Varied methods and infrastructure that are used for
recording data on crime.
4) The available data are inconsistent and incomplete
and are making the task increasingly difficult formal
analysis
5) Due to complex nature, it takes more time
This paper delineate a forecasting framework on the Hadoop
platform that will be able to predict the near likely crimes.
This work vary from other previous studies which basically
describes the hot-spot methods and their statistical
significance. Researchers have mainly focused on mapping
and analysing crime divisions but in this paper the identified
hot-spots clusters are used as the foundation for predictive
algorithm. Thus hotspot visualization aids in crime
prediction. Depending on backdated events it is used to
recognise the areas of high occurrences of crime incidences
so that appropriate police resources can be deployed at the
identified locations. The software also harness the capability
of Hadoop to process large amount of data in half the time
as compared to other systems that have been studied till
now.
The approach presented in this paper have three key stages
as shown in Fig 1. The first is the geographic distribution of
crime data analysis which identifies spatial clusters having
greater risk of crime. In the second step a clustering
algorithm is used to determine the quality of each identified
cluster.
Fig. 1. Predictive Process Model
The final step involves the prediction which deploys an
artificial neural network (ANN) model which is based on
classification and regression tree predictive specification.
The paper basically shows how geographical clusters of
crime data can train artificial neural networks to facilitate
predictive modelling and how the same can be done on the
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Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | Apr-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 345
Hadoop platform, which renders the capability to process
more data at a fast rate as well as using varied sources of
data. So firstly the data is collected from the past records
and it is mapped. Kernel density estimation is used to make
the clusters from the mapped data. The Gamma Test (GT) is
used estimate how much potential each cluster has to
facilitate prediction. Then the identified clusters are fed into
the artificial neural network which makes prediction about
the future crime. The paper is concluded with a discussion of
the results obtained and scope for future research.
2. CRIME PREDICTION THEORY
Many researchers have tried explaining why crimes occur in
certain areas or is there any pattern that can be concluded
from the past events. One such theory that answers these
questions is the crime prevention theory [1]. According to it
crime does not happen in random fashion, it is either
opportunistic or planned. It states that any criminal activity
occurs when there is intersection of work space of a target
and the offender. The people’s work space is comprised of
places he/she visits in day to day routine, like workplace,
educational institutes, shopping malls, recreational areas etc.
All these specific locations of the offender or victim are also
called nodes. Personal paths, the routes people takes every
day connects with various nodes creating a circumference of
personal space. This personal area is also person’s
awareness space. Thus Crime Pattern Theory states that a
crime involving two people can only occur when the
personal spaces of both intersects at one point or another.
Thus we can say that crimes are not completely random,
they can be studied and analysed to provide likable
predictions. It may not be as accurate as the ones shown in
the movie minority repot though but to some extent
predictions can be made. Fig 2 depicts this phenomenon.
Simply put if an area provides the opportunity to the
offender for crime and it is within the personal awareness
space of the victim then crime will happen. Thus areas that
are secluded and does not have any proper patrolling
provides greater opportunity for crime.
Fig. 2. Activity and Awareness Space of Criminals
Although places like shopping and recreational areas are the
places where the offender and the victim are likely to meet.
The reason being that a large amount of people visit there
places and the offenders can easily mark their potential
victims. The study of human behaviour is outside the scope
of our study as we are only interested in finding a pattern
that can prevent further crimes. Like one of the example
being identification of places where many people fall victim
to chain snatching or pick pocketing. This is mainly
concentrated in certain areas only. Thus crime pattern theory
provides an organized way to proceed in the direction of
prediction exploring the patterns of crime and analysing
them.
3. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK FOR
CRIME PREDICTION
Designing prediction models with artificial neural networks
is a well-studied area. Many researchers have contributed in
this field. In one study it is concluded that in the crime level
forecasting methods, the models possess the characteristic of
being autoregressive with input and output are generally
Counts of crime: multiple inputs and a single output [2].
These types of models are used in this paper.
In order to test the artificial neural network it is subjected to
a series of input vectors whose result is known to the tester
but not to the corresponding network. So to determine the
robustness of the training process the tester uses the answers
given by the network, describing the determined level of
crime, provided the input. If the tester feels that the
robustness of the network is sufficient, then the network is
said to have true predictive capabilities and is fit to use.
Thus for the prediction we feed those input to the network
for which we do not know the answers and assume that the
provide output by the network is reliable.
4. HADOOP PLATFORM
The system is built on Apache Hadoop which is an open-
source software framework used for storing and large-scale
processing of data-sets on clusters of hardware. It is used as
the basic platform so that large amount of data can be
processed thus leading to more accurate predictions. The
prediction algorithm is written in the mapper and reduce
program which is processed on the multi cluster
environment resulting in faster results [3].
5. THE CRIME OCCURRENCE DATA
The crime data taken into account in this paper are 100,000
criminal incidents spanning 5 year in area which measures
roughly 457, 23400,040 m2. This research uses crime data
that has happened before a particular date, to create hotspot
cluster maps, and to test its robustness for forecasting when
and where the crime are most likely to happen next. Four
crime types are taken into consideration namely-burglary,
street crime, theft from vehicles and theft of vehicles. The
data sets used in the database of crime incidents are
variables like time, day, month, weather, and location which
are mapped as geographical coordinates [4]. In a
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Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | Apr-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 346
comparative study undertaken, KDE was the technique that
consistently outshone the other techniques, amongst the
crime types, street crime hotspot maps are generally found
more accurate at predicting where near likely street crime
would occur as compared to others. Hence KDE is used for
the hotspot mapping.
5.1 Training Data from Crime Clusters
For the analysis of crime clusters, Kernel density estimation
(KDE) was used which is stated as the most appropriate
spatial analysis technique for mapping crime data. KDE is
widely approved method that can be attributed to the fact
that it is growing very rapidly and its availability is
unquestionable (one of the example being MapInfo add-on
Hotspot Detective), others factors include the deduced
efficiency of hotspot mapping and the user friendly layout of
the resulting map in comparison to other techniques. Point
data (offences) are aggregated within a user defined search
radius and a continuous surface that represents the volume
or density of crime events across the needed area is
calculated. A map is a smooth surface, which shows the
variation of the density of crime / point across the study area,
without adhering to geometric shapes like circle or ellipse. It
also provides flexibility in configuring various parameters
such as grid size and radius search, however, despite many
useful recommendations, there is no universal doctrine on
how to use these and in what circumstances. The following
steps are followed.
1) Raw data analysis,
2) cluster analysis and geographic representation,
3) allocation of centroids to clusters,
4) allocation of crime incidents to cluster boundaries
5.2 Raw Data Analysis
A simple search algorithm is used which identifies the small
areas that have higher than average incidence crime [5]. The
algorithm uses a counting function that iterates through
crime data incrementing the counter whenever any incidence
is within the scan range. Clusters of the crime incidences are
shown in Fig 3.
Two coordinates C1 and C2 are used which projects the
coordinates of the crime incidence.
If scan radius <√ (C1-X)2
+(C2-Y)2
Where X and Y are coordinates of centroid.
5.3 Cluster Analysis and Geographic
Representation
A heuristic approach is used in this step to identify the count
of crime occurrences required for a cluster to be considered
as salient. The heuristic rules makes use of the fact that
crime incidents are generally clustered within small
geographical areas known as hotspots. A graphical
representation of dispersion of heuristically generated data is
used to increase the radius of the zone associated with that
centroid [6]. As the density of the centroids sample increases,
so does the radius of influence associated with that centroid.
User interaction and experimentation resulted in the radius
of influence, which are set to count * 45, where count is the
number of crimes related to the centre of gravity during the
first stage of analysis. This leads to the identification of
stakeholders.
Fig. 3. Clusters of crime incidences
5.4 Allocation of Centroids to Clusters
Next, the centroids that are to be grouped together to form
clusters are identified. The gravity and density parameters,
along with a centroid list generated in previous stage, forms
the basis for this iterative procedure.
Fig. 4. Crime incidence by cluster
5.5 Allocating Incidents to Cluster Boundaries
Finally, each group is filled with data ready for a series of
training neural networks, one for each group. Each record
contains a unique identifier crime, the cluster to which it
belongs, the population's economic situation and the day of
the week during which the crime was committed. Fig 4
shows the cluster and its corresponding crime count. In
addition, each group record has a unique identifier, a list of
its member centroids and a total count of crime.
6. GAMMA TEST FOR CLUSTER ANALYSIS
Considering the results of cluster analysis, autoregressive
techniques were used to model the data grouped. The
autoregressive model was selected as the preferred method
for the problem of short-term prediction [7]. Below
associated methodology is discussed.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | Apr-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 347
7. FORECASTING USING ARTIFICIAL
NEURAL NETWORK
The implementation of an ANN model requires
consideration of accurate model parameters that affect the
efficiency and stability of the model. These include
decisions concerning the number of input / output nodes and
hidden layers, training algorithm selection, and volume of
data to be used for training and testing.
7.1 The Neural Network Architecture
Tree-structured prediction is used which is becoming
increasingly popular in a vast domain of applications. A tree
is a graph prediction which is associated with the following
statistical model [8].
A characteristic function of the set is used. The ANN has
two inner layers, with the specified activation functions. The
number of neurons in the first layer is same as the number of
nodes in the tree, it makes functions at the nodes such that
each neuron has output 1 or 0 depending on whether or not
the function defining the branching has yes or no answer.
The second layer contains many neurons as there are leaves
in the tree and the output of each neuron is 1 or 0 depending
on whether the subject with predictor x is assigned or not to
the corresponding leaf. The output layer simply realizes
equation. The best topology of nodes in the hidden layer is
also empirically determined. Previous research indicated that
using a single hidden layer is sufficient to learn any complex
nonlinear function suggest that two hidden layers can
produce more efficient architectures.
Initial large number of nodes in the hidden layer was
incrementally reduced to a minimum while maintaining an
acceptable prediction capabilities. The shallow gradient
(shown for the town centre cluster ) suggested that a
relatively few number of hidden nodes compared to 2 N 11
rule would be sufficient to model the underlying function,
and it turned out to be the case. The standard gradient
descent method for adjusting weights are replaced with
conjugate gradient descent using earlier gradient measures to
improve the error minimization process .
7.2 Terminating the Training Procedure
In the field of artificial neural network overfitting is widely
accepted problem but gamma test can suitably measure and
remove the noise from the data thus determining where
exactly the training should be stopped, which is very useful
for the researchers [9]. Overfitting mainly occurs because
the ANN attempts to fit all data fed into the network,
including the noise present. If we know the measure of noise
which is included in the data sets it will be a lot easier to
determine the point at which the training will be stopped,
because the network will try to fit the useful data before the
noise. Thus, the GT statistic G gives the MSE value at which
training needs to be stopped [10].
7.3 Partitioning the Inputs into Test and Training
Sets
First we need to determine the number of input required to
model the output. Once it is calculated, the data needs to fit
into the designed architecture. This architecture is used and
M-test is performed to determine whether the number of
inputs are sufficient to model the discussed algorithm. An
asymptotic level for the Gamma statistic (which
approximates to the inherent noise of the output) points out
that the data is sufficient and establish a point at which we
can segregate the test data and the training data. It is a very
useful technique because it allows the data to be divided into
two sets rather than three. Consequently, Paris, Ware
Wilson, and Jenkins (2002) has demonstrated that there is no
need of the validation data, whose main use is to determine
at what point the training data will result in overfitting thus
allowing the maximum possible use of data efficiently.
Therefore the choice of appropriate quantity of data required
for modelling is given by the M-Test.
Fig. 5. Forecast and Incidence of crime
8. DISCUSSION OF RESULT
The results commensurate the expectations seeing the
gamma test’s output. Importantly, the noise which represents
the exceptional incidence levels was evidently excluded
giving reliable results. The use of the gamma test was
represented by a pre model evaluation technique. The city
centre cluster offered the best predictive model using the
artificial neural network, cluster seven generated poor
models. The incorporation of the statistical techniques
improved the results. Using the Hadoop multi cluster
platform reduced the time of processing. Now further
experiments can be done which can cover a longer period of
time duration as well as incorporate the diverse nature of
data. Fig 5 represents the accuracy of prediction.
9. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
The paper describes a forecasting framework keeping in
mind the geographical areas of concern that may transcend
traditional policing limits. This paper sheds light upon the
method of developing a practical system which can be used
for an effective operational policing environment which in
turn can decrease the drawbacks of inefficient techniques
and head towards a more dynamic methodology. The
computer created Hadoop procedure will utilise a
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Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | Apr-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 348
geographically mapped crime occurrences-scanning
algorithm to map the clusters with relatively high levels of
crime which are known as hot spots. The mapped clusters
give sufficient data which is analysed by the gamma
procedure to test the fitness of the data required for
predictive modelling. By using the results obtained from the
gamma test, the Hadoop model based on artificial neural
network is implemented. As the previous study states, the
artificial neural network generally displays a superior ability
to model the trends within each cluster.
Further development will extend to the modelling of more
detailed scenarios to facilitate prediction based on detailed
input crime. Thus, the impact on the area for an upcoming
holiday, where the weather is expected to be warm, could be
evaluated. The aim here was to extract an underlying
generalized model of crime incidents. However, specific
locations best modelled independently of the other data on
specific times of the year. Although there considerations can
be modelled separately if sufficient amount of high quality
data is backing it. As well as many statistical tools can study
the exceptional events that will provide greater insight to
how these events change the levels of crime and ultimately
defining the rules that will modify incidence count
significantly.
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