This document presents a novel research paper recommendation system using collaborative filtering approaches. It proposes both user-based and item-based collaborative filtering to implement a recommender system. Users create profiles with their details and interests. The system then recommends different research papers to users based on similarities between the user's profile and other users' profiles (user-based) or similarities between items the user has interacted with (item-based). Four algorithms are implemented in each category and evaluated based on recommendation accuracy metrics like precision and recall. The goal is to help researchers find relevant papers more efficiently by leveraging patterns in user interests and behaviors.
with current projections regarding the growth of
Internet sales, online retailing raises many questions about how
to market on the Net. A Recommender System (RS) is a
composition of software tools that provides valuable piece of
advice for items or services chosen by a user. Recommender
systems are currently useful in both the research and in the
commercial areas. Recommender systems are a means of
personalizing a site and a solution to the customer’s information
overload problem. Recommender Systems (RS) are software
tools and techniques providing suggestions for items and/or
services to be of use to a user. These systems are achieving
widespread success in ecommerce applications now a days, with
the advent of internet. This paper presents a categorical review
of the field of recommender systems and describes the state-ofthe-
art of the recommendation methods that are usually
classified into four categories: Content based Collaborative,
Demographic and Hybrid systems. To build our recommender
system we will use fuzzy logic and Markov chain algorithm.
Recommender systems provide suggestions for items to users based on their preferences. They analyze data on items, users, and transactions between users and items. Common data sources include item metadata, user profiles and ratings, and records of users' purchases or ratings of items. Recommender systems aim to provide personalized recommendations to increase sales, suggest diverse items, improve user satisfaction and loyalty, and help users find relevant items. Collaborative filtering analyzes similarities between users to provide recommendations for items liked by similar users.
Recommender System (RS) has emerged as a significant research interest that aims to assist users to seek out items online by providing suggestions that closely match their interests. Recommender system, an information filtering technology employed in many items is presented in internet sites as per the interest of users, and is implemented in applications like movies, music, venue, books, research articles, tourism and social media normally. Recommender systems research is usually supported comparisons of predictive accuracy: the higher the evaluation scores, the higher the recommender. One amongst the leading approaches was the utilization of advice systems to proactively recommend scholarly papers to individual researchers. In today's world, time has more value and therefore the researchers haven't any much time to spend on trying to find the proper articles in line with their research domain. Recommender Systems are designed to suggest users the things that best fit the user needs and preferences. Recommender systems typically produce an inventory of recommendations in one among two ways -through collaborative or content-based filtering. Additionally, both the general public and also the non-public used descriptive metadata are used. The scope of the advice is therefore limited to variety of documents which are either publicly available or which are granted copyright permits. Recommendation systems (RS) support users and developers of varied computer and software systems to beat information overload, perform information discovery tasks and approximate computation, among others.
This document summarizes and discusses recommender systems. It begins by defining recommender systems and their purpose of presenting personalized recommendations of items likely to interest users based on their profiles and preferences. It then outlines three main recommendation techniques: content-based filtering which uses item attributes to make recommendations; collaborative filtering which identifies similar users to make recommendations; and hybrid filtering which combines the two approaches. Finally, it discusses challenges for non-personalized recommendation systems in serving diverse user groups and notes that personalized approaches may help address this.
This document provides an overview of recommender systems. It discusses how recommender systems aim to help users find items online that match their interests. It describes two main approaches for recommender systems - collaborative filtering and content-based filtering. Collaborative filtering looks at users' past behaviors and items to find similarities between users and make recommendations. Content-based filtering uses item attributes and properties to recommend similar items to users. The document also discusses challenges with existing recommender systems and how different techniques can be combined in hybrid systems.
Recommendation System Using Social Networking ijcseit
With the proliferation of electronic commerce and knowledge economy environment both organizations and
individuals generate and consume a large amount of online information. With the huge availability of
product information on website, many times it becomes difficult for a consumer to locate item he wants to
buy. Recommendation Systems [RS] provide a solution to this. Many websites such as YouTube, e-Bay,
Amazon have come up with their own versions of Recommendation Systems. However Issues like lack of
data, changing data, changing user preferences and unpredictable items are faced by these
recommendation systems. In this paper we propose a model of Recommendation systems in e-commerce
domain which will address issues of cold start problem and change in user preference problem. Our work
proposes a novel recommendation system which incorporates user profile parameters obtained from Social
Networking website. Our proposed model SNetRS is a collaborative filtering based algorithm, which
focuses on user preferences obtained from FaceBook. We have taken domain of books to illustrate our
model.
IRJET- Analysis on Existing Methodologies of User Service Rating Prediction S...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and analyzes existing methodologies for user service rating prediction systems. It discusses recommendation systems including collaborative filtering, content-based filtering, and hybrid approaches. Collaborative filtering predicts user ratings based on opinions of other similar users but faces challenges of cold start, scalability, and sparsity. Content-based filtering relies on item profiles and user preferences to recommend similar items but requires detailed item information. Hybrid systems combine collaborative and content-based filtering to address their individual limitations. The document also examines social recommender systems and how they can account for relationship strength, expertise, and user similarity within social networks.
This document summarizes a research paper published in the International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology. The paper proposes a novel product recommendation system that performs meta-searching of online opinion resources to provide recommendations. It analyzes limitations of existing recommendation techniques and develops a system that searches user reviews, blogs, and other sources to find opinions on different products. The system obtains user feedback on the opinion data and applies a rank aggregation method to generate a consensus ranking of products, which are then recommended in that order. The document provides background on related work in product recommendation, opinion mining, meta-searching, and rank aggregation techniques.
with current projections regarding the growth of
Internet sales, online retailing raises many questions about how
to market on the Net. A Recommender System (RS) is a
composition of software tools that provides valuable piece of
advice for items or services chosen by a user. Recommender
systems are currently useful in both the research and in the
commercial areas. Recommender systems are a means of
personalizing a site and a solution to the customer’s information
overload problem. Recommender Systems (RS) are software
tools and techniques providing suggestions for items and/or
services to be of use to a user. These systems are achieving
widespread success in ecommerce applications now a days, with
the advent of internet. This paper presents a categorical review
of the field of recommender systems and describes the state-ofthe-
art of the recommendation methods that are usually
classified into four categories: Content based Collaborative,
Demographic and Hybrid systems. To build our recommender
system we will use fuzzy logic and Markov chain algorithm.
Recommender systems provide suggestions for items to users based on their preferences. They analyze data on items, users, and transactions between users and items. Common data sources include item metadata, user profiles and ratings, and records of users' purchases or ratings of items. Recommender systems aim to provide personalized recommendations to increase sales, suggest diverse items, improve user satisfaction and loyalty, and help users find relevant items. Collaborative filtering analyzes similarities between users to provide recommendations for items liked by similar users.
Recommender System (RS) has emerged as a significant research interest that aims to assist users to seek out items online by providing suggestions that closely match their interests. Recommender system, an information filtering technology employed in many items is presented in internet sites as per the interest of users, and is implemented in applications like movies, music, venue, books, research articles, tourism and social media normally. Recommender systems research is usually supported comparisons of predictive accuracy: the higher the evaluation scores, the higher the recommender. One amongst the leading approaches was the utilization of advice systems to proactively recommend scholarly papers to individual researchers. In today's world, time has more value and therefore the researchers haven't any much time to spend on trying to find the proper articles in line with their research domain. Recommender Systems are designed to suggest users the things that best fit the user needs and preferences. Recommender systems typically produce an inventory of recommendations in one among two ways -through collaborative or content-based filtering. Additionally, both the general public and also the non-public used descriptive metadata are used. The scope of the advice is therefore limited to variety of documents which are either publicly available or which are granted copyright permits. Recommendation systems (RS) support users and developers of varied computer and software systems to beat information overload, perform information discovery tasks and approximate computation, among others.
This document summarizes and discusses recommender systems. It begins by defining recommender systems and their purpose of presenting personalized recommendations of items likely to interest users based on their profiles and preferences. It then outlines three main recommendation techniques: content-based filtering which uses item attributes to make recommendations; collaborative filtering which identifies similar users to make recommendations; and hybrid filtering which combines the two approaches. Finally, it discusses challenges for non-personalized recommendation systems in serving diverse user groups and notes that personalized approaches may help address this.
This document provides an overview of recommender systems. It discusses how recommender systems aim to help users find items online that match their interests. It describes two main approaches for recommender systems - collaborative filtering and content-based filtering. Collaborative filtering looks at users' past behaviors and items to find similarities between users and make recommendations. Content-based filtering uses item attributes and properties to recommend similar items to users. The document also discusses challenges with existing recommender systems and how different techniques can be combined in hybrid systems.
Recommendation System Using Social Networking ijcseit
With the proliferation of electronic commerce and knowledge economy environment both organizations and
individuals generate and consume a large amount of online information. With the huge availability of
product information on website, many times it becomes difficult for a consumer to locate item he wants to
buy. Recommendation Systems [RS] provide a solution to this. Many websites such as YouTube, e-Bay,
Amazon have come up with their own versions of Recommendation Systems. However Issues like lack of
data, changing data, changing user preferences and unpredictable items are faced by these
recommendation systems. In this paper we propose a model of Recommendation systems in e-commerce
domain which will address issues of cold start problem and change in user preference problem. Our work
proposes a novel recommendation system which incorporates user profile parameters obtained from Social
Networking website. Our proposed model SNetRS is a collaborative filtering based algorithm, which
focuses on user preferences obtained from FaceBook. We have taken domain of books to illustrate our
model.
IRJET- Analysis on Existing Methodologies of User Service Rating Prediction S...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and analyzes existing methodologies for user service rating prediction systems. It discusses recommendation systems including collaborative filtering, content-based filtering, and hybrid approaches. Collaborative filtering predicts user ratings based on opinions of other similar users but faces challenges of cold start, scalability, and sparsity. Content-based filtering relies on item profiles and user preferences to recommend similar items but requires detailed item information. Hybrid systems combine collaborative and content-based filtering to address their individual limitations. The document also examines social recommender systems and how they can account for relationship strength, expertise, and user similarity within social networks.
This document summarizes a research paper published in the International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology. The paper proposes a novel product recommendation system that performs meta-searching of online opinion resources to provide recommendations. It analyzes limitations of existing recommendation techniques and develops a system that searches user reviews, blogs, and other sources to find opinions on different products. The system obtains user feedback on the opinion data and applies a rank aggregation method to generate a consensus ranking of products, which are then recommended in that order. The document provides background on related work in product recommendation, opinion mining, meta-searching, and rank aggregation techniques.
Personalized E-commerce based recommendation systems using deep-learning tech...IAESIJAI
As technology is surpassing each day, with the variation of personalized drifts
relevant to the explicit behavior of users using the internet. Recommendation
systems use predictive mechanisms like predicting a rating that a customer
could give on a specific item. This establishes a ranked list of items according
to the preferences each user makes concerning exhibiting personalized
recommendations. The existing recommendation techniques are efficient in
systematically creating recommendation techniques. This approach
encounters many challenges such as determining the accuracy, scalability, and
data sparsity. Recently deep learning attains significant research to enhance
the performance to improvise feature specification in learning the efficiency
of retrieving the necessary information as well as a recommendation system
approach. Here, we provide a thorough review of the deep-learning
mechanism focused on the learning-rates-based prediction approach modeled
to articulate the widespread summary for the state-of-art techniques. The
novel techniques ensure the incorporation of innovative perspectives to
pertain to the unique and exciting growth in this field.
The Internet, which brought the most innovative
improvement on information society, web recommendation
systems based on web usage mining try to mine user’s behavior
patters from web access logs, and recommend pages or
suggestions to the user by matching the user’s browsing behavior
with the mined historical behavior patterns. In this paper we
propose a recommendation framework that considers different
application status and various contexts of each user. We
successfully implemented the proposed framework and show how
this system can improve the overall quality of web
recommendations.
I
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journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJCER, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, research and review articles, IJCER Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathematics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer review journal, indexed journal, research and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijceronline.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Computational Engineering Research, Google journals, hard copy of Certificate,
journal of engineering, online Submission
TOWARDS AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF SENTIMENTS IN CUSTOMER REVIEWSijistjournal
Opinions Play important role in the process of knowledge discovery or information retrieval and can be considered as a sub discipline of Data Mining. A major interest has been received towards the automatic extraction of human opinions from web documents. The sole purpose of Sentiment Analysis is to facilitate online consumers in decision making process of purchasing new products. Opinion Mining deals with searching of sentiments that are expressed by Individuals through on-line reviews,surveys, feedback,personal blogs etc. With the vast increase in the utilization of Internet in today's era a similar increase has been seen in the use of blog's,reviews etc. The person who actually uses these reviews or blog's is mostly a consumer or a manufacturer. As most of the customers of the world are buying & selling product on-line so it becomes company's responsibility to make their product updated. In the current scenario companies are taking product reviews from the customers and on the basis of product reviews they are able to know in which they are lacking or strong this can be accomplished with the help of sentiment analysis. Therefore Our objective of our research is to build a tool which can automatically extract opinion words and find out their polarity by using dictionary,This actually reduces the manual effort of reading these reviews and to evaluate them. The research also illustrates the benefits of using Unstructured text instead of training data which expensive . In this research effort we demonstrate a method which is based on rules where product reviews are extracted from review containing sites and analysis is done, so that a person may know whether a particular product review is positive or negative or neutral. The system will utilize a existing knowledge base for calculate positive and negative scores and on the basis of that decide whether a product is recommended or not. The system will evaluate the utility of Lexical resources over the training data.
TOWARDS AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF SENTIMENTS IN CUSTOMER REVIEWSijistjournal
Opinions Play important role in the process of knowledge discovery or information retrieval and can be considered as a sub discipline of Data Mining. A major interest has been received towards the automatic extraction of human opinions from web documents. The sole purpose of Sentiment Analysis is to facilitate online consumers in decision making process of purchasing new products. Opinion Mining deals with searching of sentiments that are expressed by Individuals through on-line reviews,surveys, feedback,personal blogs etc. With the vast increase in the utilization of Internet in today's era a similar increase has been seen in the use of blog's,reviews etc. The person who actually uses these reviews or blog's is mostly a consumer or a manufacturer. As most of the customers of the world are buying & selling product on-line so it becomes company's responsibility to make their product updated. In the current scenario companies are taking product reviews from the customers and on the basis of product reviews they are able to know in which they are lacking or strong this can be accomplished with the help of sentiment analysis. Therefore Our objective of our research is to build a tool which can automatically extract opinion words and find out their polarity by using dictionary,This actually reduces the manual effort of reading these reviews and to evaluate them. The research also illustrates the benefits of using Unstructured text instead of training data which expensive . In this research effort we demonstrate a method which is based on rules where product reviews are extracted from review containing sites and analysis is done, so that a person may know whether a particular product review is positive or negative or neutral. The system will utilize a existing knowledge base for calculate positive and negative scores and on the basis of that decide whether a product is recommended or not. The system will evaluate the utility of Lexical resources over the training data.
A Systematic Literature Survey On Recommendation SystemGina Rizzo
This document provides a literature review of recommendation systems. It discusses different recommendation models including collaborative filtering, content-based filtering, and hybrid approaches. Collaborative filtering techniques make recommendations based on the ratings and preferences of similar users, while content-based filtering relies on the characteristics of the items. The document also outlines key application areas of recommendation systems like movies, products, jobs, and friends. Overall, the review examines research trends in recommendation techniques and their use across different service industries to improve user experience and business outcomes.
IRJET- Rating based Recommedation System for Web ServiceIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several research papers on recommendation systems for web services. It discusses using rating data from users to recommend web services based on quality of service. Approaches include collaborative filtering to find similar users and services. Dynamic features are designed to describe user preferences and recommendations are made by weighting these features. The document also discusses using content-based filtering and social network data to provide recommendations. Improving recommendation diversity and combining collaborative and content-based filtering is addressed. Experimental results on real world datasets show hybrid approaches can improve performance on metrics like diversity, relevance and quality of service.
A Literature Survey on Recommendation Systems for Scientific Articles.pdfAmber Ford
This document summarizes a literature survey on recommendation systems for scientific articles. It begins by outlining problems faced by researchers, including information overload from searching large amounts of non-structured data. It then reviews different types of recommender systems, including content-based, collaborative, knowledge-based, semantic-based, and hybrid approaches. The objective of the survey is to develop a framework for a semantic-based recommender system that integrates ontologies to help researchers more efficiently find relevant scientific articles.
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document provides a survey of recommendation systems. It discusses the key components of recommendation systems including users, items, and algorithms to match users and items. It describes several common approaches to recommendations like collaborative filtering, content-based, demographic, social, and hybrid methods. It also discusses applications of recommendations in domains like e-commerce, e-learning, and e-government. Finally, it outlines challenges for recommendation systems like scaling algorithms to large datasets and preserving user privacy.
iCTRE: The Informal community Transformer into Recommendation EngineIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes a system called iCTRE (Informal community Transformer into Recommendation Engine) to address the cold start problem in recommendation systems. iCTRE transforms users' actions on general purpose social networks like Facebook and Twitter into domain concepts to build a user-concept matrix and resource-concept matrix, which can then be combined into a user-resource matrix to make recommendations using collaborative filtering. It was tested on Twitter to recommend offers (short life resources) to new users, achieving a 14% click-through rate. The proposed system aims to overcome the cold start problem for new users and items, and leverage large general purpose social networks as a data source for recommendations.
This document discusses contextual computing approaches to personalized search. It describes how contextual computing aims to understand each user, the context, and information being used to actively adapt searches. This allows moving from consensus relevancy for all users to personal relevancy determined for each individual, reducing search times. The document outlines techniques like query augmentation and result processing to personalize searches based on user models and context. It also discusses challenges like accurately modeling changing user interests over time and addressing privacy issues.
A Hypothesis is Placed to Justify the Extendibility of Recommender System/ Re...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Researchers still believe that the information filtering system/ collaborating system is a recommender system or a recommendation system. It is used to predict the "rating" or "preference" of a user to an item. In other words, both predict rating or preference for an item or product on a specific platform. The aim of the paper is to extend the areas of the recommender system/recommendation systems. The basic task of the recommender system mainly is to predict or analyze items/product. If it is possible to include more products in the system, then obviously the system may be extended for other areas also. For example, Medicine is a product and doctors filter the particular medicine for the particular disease. In the medical diagnosis doctors prescribed a medicine and it a product. It depends on the disease of the user/patient so here doctor predicts a medicine or product just like an item is recommended in a recommender system. The main objective of the paper is to extend the Recommender System/Recommendation system in other fields so that the research works can be extended Social Science, Bio-medical Science and many other areas.
Machine learning based recommender system for e-commerceIAESIJAI
Nowadays, e-commerce is becoming an essential part of business for many reasons, including the simplicity, availability, richness and diversity of products and services, flexibility of payment methods and the convenience of shopping remotely without losing time. These benefits have greatly optimized the lives of users, especially with the technological development of mobile devices and the availability of the Internet anytime and anywhere. Because of their direct impact on the revenue of e-commerce companies, recommender systems are considered a must in this field. Recommender systems detect items that match the customer's needs based on the customer's previous actions and make them appear in an interesting way. Such a customized experience helps to increase customer engagement and purchase rates as the suggested items are tailored to the customer's interests. Therefore, perfecting recommendation systems that allow for more personalized and accurate item recommendations is a major challenge in the e-marketing world. In our study, we succeeded in developing an algorithm to suggest personal recommendations to customers using association rules via the Frequent-Pattern-Growth algorithm. Our technique generated good results with a high average probability of purchasing the next product suggested by the recommendation system.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document summarizes a research paper on developing user profiles from search engine queries to enable personalized search results. It discusses how current search engines generally return the same results regardless of individual user interests. The paper proposes methods to construct user profiles capturing both positive and negative preferences from search histories and click-through data. Experimental results showed profiles including both preferences performed best by improving query clustering and separating similar vs. dissimilar queries. Future work aims to use profiles for collaborative filtering and predicting new query intents.
Analysis on Recommended System for Web Information Retrieval Using HMMIJERA Editor
Web is a rich domain of data and knowledge, which is spread over the world in unstructured manner. The
number of users is continuously access the information over the internet. Web mining is an application of data
mining where web related data is extracted and manipulated for extracting knowledge. The data mining is used
in the domain of web information mining is refers as web mining, that is further divided into three major
domains web uses mining, web content mining and web structure mining. The proposed work is intended to
work with web uses mining. The concept of web mining is to improve the user feedbacks and user navigation
pattern discovery for a CRM system. Finally a new algorithm HMM is used for finding the pattern in data,
which method promises to provide much accurate recommendation.
Keyword Based Service Recommendation system for Hotel System using Collaborat...IRJET Journal
This document presents a keyword-based service recommendation system using collaborative filtering to address challenges with traditional recommender systems when dealing with large datasets. The proposed system captures user preferences through keywords selected from a candidate list. It identifies similar users based on keyword similarities in preferences. It then calculates personalized ratings for services for a given user and generates a personalized recommendation list. The system aims to provide more accurate and scalable recommendations compared to existing approaches by incorporating keywords to represent user preferences.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document summarizes and compares different recommender system techniques and graph processing platforms. It discusses five main recommender system categories: collaborative filtering, content-based, demographic, utility-based, and knowledge-based. It also outlines six popular graph processing platforms: Hadoop, YARN, Stratosphere, Giraph, GraphLab, and Neo4j. The document provides an overview of the programming models used by these platforms, particularly MapReduce.
SIMILARITY MEASURES FOR RECOMMENDER SYSTEMS: A COMPARATIVE STUDYJournal For Research
Recommender Systems have the ability to guide the users in a personalized way to interesting items in a large space of possible options. They have fundamental applications in e-commerce and information retrieval, providing suggestion that prune large information spaces so that users are directed towards those items that best meets the needs and preferences. A variety of approaches have been proposed but collaborative filtering has been the most popular and widely used which makes use of various similarity measures to calculate the similarity. Collaborative Filtering takes the user feedback in the form of ratings in an application area and uses it to find similarities and differences between user profiles to generate recommendations. Collaborative Filtering makes use of various similarity measures to calculate the similarity or difference between the users. This paper provides an overview on few important similarity measures that are currently being used. Different similarity measures provide different results against same input parameters. So, to understand how various similarity measures behave when they are put in different contexts but with same input, few observations are made. This paper also provides a comparison graph to help understand the results of different similarity measures.
Review on Opinion Targets and Opinion Words Extraction Techniques from Online...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on techniques for extracting opinion targets and opinion words from online reviews. It discusses how opinion mining is an important part of sentiment analysis and data mining to analyze customer feedback on products. The document reviews different techniques proposed by researchers for identifying opinion targets (features commented on) and opinion words (sentiments expressed), including supervised and unsupervised word alignment models, nearest neighbor identification, and using syntactic patterns. It evaluates the strengths and limitations of different approaches and identifies the most suitable techniques for efficiently mining opinions from large review datasets.
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from a website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund offered for plagiarized work.
Political Science Research Paper Outline. Free PoliticaKarla Adamson
False. Cultural relativism and moral relativism are not exactly the same. Cultural relativism is the view that cultural practices and beliefs should be understood based on the cultural context from which they arise rather than being judged against the standards of another culture. Moral relativism is the view that moral truths are relative to the culture or society holding them rather than being absolute. So cultural relativism focuses on understanding other cultures, while moral relativism focuses on whether moral claims can be objectively true or false.
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Personalized E-commerce based recommendation systems using deep-learning tech...IAESIJAI
As technology is surpassing each day, with the variation of personalized drifts
relevant to the explicit behavior of users using the internet. Recommendation
systems use predictive mechanisms like predicting a rating that a customer
could give on a specific item. This establishes a ranked list of items according
to the preferences each user makes concerning exhibiting personalized
recommendations. The existing recommendation techniques are efficient in
systematically creating recommendation techniques. This approach
encounters many challenges such as determining the accuracy, scalability, and
data sparsity. Recently deep learning attains significant research to enhance
the performance to improvise feature specification in learning the efficiency
of retrieving the necessary information as well as a recommendation system
approach. Here, we provide a thorough review of the deep-learning
mechanism focused on the learning-rates-based prediction approach modeled
to articulate the widespread summary for the state-of-art techniques. The
novel techniques ensure the incorporation of innovative perspectives to
pertain to the unique and exciting growth in this field.
The Internet, which brought the most innovative
improvement on information society, web recommendation
systems based on web usage mining try to mine user’s behavior
patters from web access logs, and recommend pages or
suggestions to the user by matching the user’s browsing behavior
with the mined historical behavior patterns. In this paper we
propose a recommendation framework that considers different
application status and various contexts of each user. We
successfully implemented the proposed framework and show how
this system can improve the overall quality of web
recommendations.
I
Call for paper 2012, hard copy of Certificate, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJCER, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, research and review articles, IJCER Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathematics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer review journal, indexed journal, research and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijceronline.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Computational Engineering Research, Google journals, hard copy of Certificate,
journal of engineering, online Submission
TOWARDS AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF SENTIMENTS IN CUSTOMER REVIEWSijistjournal
Opinions Play important role in the process of knowledge discovery or information retrieval and can be considered as a sub discipline of Data Mining. A major interest has been received towards the automatic extraction of human opinions from web documents. The sole purpose of Sentiment Analysis is to facilitate online consumers in decision making process of purchasing new products. Opinion Mining deals with searching of sentiments that are expressed by Individuals through on-line reviews,surveys, feedback,personal blogs etc. With the vast increase in the utilization of Internet in today's era a similar increase has been seen in the use of blog's,reviews etc. The person who actually uses these reviews or blog's is mostly a consumer or a manufacturer. As most of the customers of the world are buying & selling product on-line so it becomes company's responsibility to make their product updated. In the current scenario companies are taking product reviews from the customers and on the basis of product reviews they are able to know in which they are lacking or strong this can be accomplished with the help of sentiment analysis. Therefore Our objective of our research is to build a tool which can automatically extract opinion words and find out their polarity by using dictionary,This actually reduces the manual effort of reading these reviews and to evaluate them. The research also illustrates the benefits of using Unstructured text instead of training data which expensive . In this research effort we demonstrate a method which is based on rules where product reviews are extracted from review containing sites and analysis is done, so that a person may know whether a particular product review is positive or negative or neutral. The system will utilize a existing knowledge base for calculate positive and negative scores and on the basis of that decide whether a product is recommended or not. The system will evaluate the utility of Lexical resources over the training data.
TOWARDS AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF SENTIMENTS IN CUSTOMER REVIEWSijistjournal
Opinions Play important role in the process of knowledge discovery or information retrieval and can be considered as a sub discipline of Data Mining. A major interest has been received towards the automatic extraction of human opinions from web documents. The sole purpose of Sentiment Analysis is to facilitate online consumers in decision making process of purchasing new products. Opinion Mining deals with searching of sentiments that are expressed by Individuals through on-line reviews,surveys, feedback,personal blogs etc. With the vast increase in the utilization of Internet in today's era a similar increase has been seen in the use of blog's,reviews etc. The person who actually uses these reviews or blog's is mostly a consumer or a manufacturer. As most of the customers of the world are buying & selling product on-line so it becomes company's responsibility to make their product updated. In the current scenario companies are taking product reviews from the customers and on the basis of product reviews they are able to know in which they are lacking or strong this can be accomplished with the help of sentiment analysis. Therefore Our objective of our research is to build a tool which can automatically extract opinion words and find out their polarity by using dictionary,This actually reduces the manual effort of reading these reviews and to evaluate them. The research also illustrates the benefits of using Unstructured text instead of training data which expensive . In this research effort we demonstrate a method which is based on rules where product reviews are extracted from review containing sites and analysis is done, so that a person may know whether a particular product review is positive or negative or neutral. The system will utilize a existing knowledge base for calculate positive and negative scores and on the basis of that decide whether a product is recommended or not. The system will evaluate the utility of Lexical resources over the training data.
A Systematic Literature Survey On Recommendation SystemGina Rizzo
This document provides a literature review of recommendation systems. It discusses different recommendation models including collaborative filtering, content-based filtering, and hybrid approaches. Collaborative filtering techniques make recommendations based on the ratings and preferences of similar users, while content-based filtering relies on the characteristics of the items. The document also outlines key application areas of recommendation systems like movies, products, jobs, and friends. Overall, the review examines research trends in recommendation techniques and their use across different service industries to improve user experience and business outcomes.
IRJET- Rating based Recommedation System for Web ServiceIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several research papers on recommendation systems for web services. It discusses using rating data from users to recommend web services based on quality of service. Approaches include collaborative filtering to find similar users and services. Dynamic features are designed to describe user preferences and recommendations are made by weighting these features. The document also discusses using content-based filtering and social network data to provide recommendations. Improving recommendation diversity and combining collaborative and content-based filtering is addressed. Experimental results on real world datasets show hybrid approaches can improve performance on metrics like diversity, relevance and quality of service.
A Literature Survey on Recommendation Systems for Scientific Articles.pdfAmber Ford
This document summarizes a literature survey on recommendation systems for scientific articles. It begins by outlining problems faced by researchers, including information overload from searching large amounts of non-structured data. It then reviews different types of recommender systems, including content-based, collaborative, knowledge-based, semantic-based, and hybrid approaches. The objective of the survey is to develop a framework for a semantic-based recommender system that integrates ontologies to help researchers more efficiently find relevant scientific articles.
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document provides a survey of recommendation systems. It discusses the key components of recommendation systems including users, items, and algorithms to match users and items. It describes several common approaches to recommendations like collaborative filtering, content-based, demographic, social, and hybrid methods. It also discusses applications of recommendations in domains like e-commerce, e-learning, and e-government. Finally, it outlines challenges for recommendation systems like scaling algorithms to large datasets and preserving user privacy.
iCTRE: The Informal community Transformer into Recommendation EngineIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes a system called iCTRE (Informal community Transformer into Recommendation Engine) to address the cold start problem in recommendation systems. iCTRE transforms users' actions on general purpose social networks like Facebook and Twitter into domain concepts to build a user-concept matrix and resource-concept matrix, which can then be combined into a user-resource matrix to make recommendations using collaborative filtering. It was tested on Twitter to recommend offers (short life resources) to new users, achieving a 14% click-through rate. The proposed system aims to overcome the cold start problem for new users and items, and leverage large general purpose social networks as a data source for recommendations.
This document discusses contextual computing approaches to personalized search. It describes how contextual computing aims to understand each user, the context, and information being used to actively adapt searches. This allows moving from consensus relevancy for all users to personal relevancy determined for each individual, reducing search times. The document outlines techniques like query augmentation and result processing to personalize searches based on user models and context. It also discusses challenges like accurately modeling changing user interests over time and addressing privacy issues.
A Hypothesis is Placed to Justify the Extendibility of Recommender System/ Re...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Researchers still believe that the information filtering system/ collaborating system is a recommender system or a recommendation system. It is used to predict the "rating" or "preference" of a user to an item. In other words, both predict rating or preference for an item or product on a specific platform. The aim of the paper is to extend the areas of the recommender system/recommendation systems. The basic task of the recommender system mainly is to predict or analyze items/product. If it is possible to include more products in the system, then obviously the system may be extended for other areas also. For example, Medicine is a product and doctors filter the particular medicine for the particular disease. In the medical diagnosis doctors prescribed a medicine and it a product. It depends on the disease of the user/patient so here doctor predicts a medicine or product just like an item is recommended in a recommender system. The main objective of the paper is to extend the Recommender System/Recommendation system in other fields so that the research works can be extended Social Science, Bio-medical Science and many other areas.
Machine learning based recommender system for e-commerceIAESIJAI
Nowadays, e-commerce is becoming an essential part of business for many reasons, including the simplicity, availability, richness and diversity of products and services, flexibility of payment methods and the convenience of shopping remotely without losing time. These benefits have greatly optimized the lives of users, especially with the technological development of mobile devices and the availability of the Internet anytime and anywhere. Because of their direct impact on the revenue of e-commerce companies, recommender systems are considered a must in this field. Recommender systems detect items that match the customer's needs based on the customer's previous actions and make them appear in an interesting way. Such a customized experience helps to increase customer engagement and purchase rates as the suggested items are tailored to the customer's interests. Therefore, perfecting recommendation systems that allow for more personalized and accurate item recommendations is a major challenge in the e-marketing world. In our study, we succeeded in developing an algorithm to suggest personal recommendations to customers using association rules via the Frequent-Pattern-Growth algorithm. Our technique generated good results with a high average probability of purchasing the next product suggested by the recommendation system.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document summarizes a research paper on developing user profiles from search engine queries to enable personalized search results. It discusses how current search engines generally return the same results regardless of individual user interests. The paper proposes methods to construct user profiles capturing both positive and negative preferences from search histories and click-through data. Experimental results showed profiles including both preferences performed best by improving query clustering and separating similar vs. dissimilar queries. Future work aims to use profiles for collaborative filtering and predicting new query intents.
Analysis on Recommended System for Web Information Retrieval Using HMMIJERA Editor
Web is a rich domain of data and knowledge, which is spread over the world in unstructured manner. The
number of users is continuously access the information over the internet. Web mining is an application of data
mining where web related data is extracted and manipulated for extracting knowledge. The data mining is used
in the domain of web information mining is refers as web mining, that is further divided into three major
domains web uses mining, web content mining and web structure mining. The proposed work is intended to
work with web uses mining. The concept of web mining is to improve the user feedbacks and user navigation
pattern discovery for a CRM system. Finally a new algorithm HMM is used for finding the pattern in data,
which method promises to provide much accurate recommendation.
Keyword Based Service Recommendation system for Hotel System using Collaborat...IRJET Journal
This document presents a keyword-based service recommendation system using collaborative filtering to address challenges with traditional recommender systems when dealing with large datasets. The proposed system captures user preferences through keywords selected from a candidate list. It identifies similar users based on keyword similarities in preferences. It then calculates personalized ratings for services for a given user and generates a personalized recommendation list. The system aims to provide more accurate and scalable recommendations compared to existing approaches by incorporating keywords to represent user preferences.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document summarizes and compares different recommender system techniques and graph processing platforms. It discusses five main recommender system categories: collaborative filtering, content-based, demographic, utility-based, and knowledge-based. It also outlines six popular graph processing platforms: Hadoop, YARN, Stratosphere, Giraph, GraphLab, and Neo4j. The document provides an overview of the programming models used by these platforms, particularly MapReduce.
SIMILARITY MEASURES FOR RECOMMENDER SYSTEMS: A COMPARATIVE STUDYJournal For Research
Recommender Systems have the ability to guide the users in a personalized way to interesting items in a large space of possible options. They have fundamental applications in e-commerce and information retrieval, providing suggestion that prune large information spaces so that users are directed towards those items that best meets the needs and preferences. A variety of approaches have been proposed but collaborative filtering has been the most popular and widely used which makes use of various similarity measures to calculate the similarity. Collaborative Filtering takes the user feedback in the form of ratings in an application area and uses it to find similarities and differences between user profiles to generate recommendations. Collaborative Filtering makes use of various similarity measures to calculate the similarity or difference between the users. This paper provides an overview on few important similarity measures that are currently being used. Different similarity measures provide different results against same input parameters. So, to understand how various similarity measures behave when they are put in different contexts but with same input, few observations are made. This paper also provides a comparison graph to help understand the results of different similarity measures.
Review on Opinion Targets and Opinion Words Extraction Techniques from Online...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on techniques for extracting opinion targets and opinion words from online reviews. It discusses how opinion mining is an important part of sentiment analysis and data mining to analyze customer feedback on products. The document reviews different techniques proposed by researchers for identifying opinion targets (features commented on) and opinion words (sentiments expressed), including supervised and unsupervised word alignment models, nearest neighbor identification, and using syntactic patterns. It evaluates the strengths and limitations of different approaches and identifies the most suitable techniques for efficiently mining opinions from large review datasets.
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The characters of Romeo and Mercutio in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet serve as foils to each other. While Romeo is a romantic lover who expresses his love through words, Mercutio is cynical about love and sees it as insignificant. He encourages Romeo to have casual sex instead of pursuing a serious relationship. Mercutio also seems jealous of Romeo's love for Juliet. The two characters present contrasting views of love and relationships that underscore major themes in the play.
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THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
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2. Madhushree B
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 8 editor@iaeme.com
from a research curiosity into products and services used every day including
Amazon.com, Facebook, Yahoo!, Music, TiVo and even Apple’s iTunes Music Store.
Yet, with this growing usage, there is a feeling that recommenders are not living
up to their initial promise. Recommenders have mostly been applied to lower-density
information spaces where users are not required to make an intensive effort to
understand and process recommended information (movies, music, and jokes).
Moreover, recommenders have supported a limited number of tasks.
The useful recommendation is one that meets a user’s current, specific need. It is
not a binary measure, but rather a concept for determining how people use a
recommender, what they use one for, and why they are using one. Current systems,
such as e-commerce websites, have predefined a user’s need into their business
agendas-they decide if a system is useful for a user. Users have their own opinions
about the recommendations they receive, and behalf it is recommenders should make
personalized recommendations, they shouldn’t listen to user’s personalized opinions.
There are many recommender pitfalls. These include not building user confidence
(trust failure), not generating any recommendations (knowledge failure), generating
incorrect recommendations (personalization failure), and generating recommendations
to meet the wrong need (context failure), among others. Avoiding these pitfalls id
difficult yet critical for the continued growth and acceptance of recommenders as
knowledge tools.
The key feature of recommender systems is personalization. Unlike search
engines recommenders take into account the personality and past behavior of each
user. A typical recommender wouldn’t present the same set to two different users.
Recommender systems are programs operating on large amount of data in
software systems. Recommender systems try to present items such as books, music,
news, etc. That are likely to be interesting for a given user. These systems may be
helpful for users that are choosing between a large number of items and aren’t willing
to browse information about all available items.
Recommender Systems typically apply techniques and methodologies from other
neighboring areas – such as Human Computer Interaction (HCI) or Information
Retrieval (IR). However, most of these systems bear in their core an algorithm that
can be understood as a particular instance of a Data Mining technique [1].
Recommender Systems will benefit the customer by making to him/her suggestions
on items that he/she is assembly going to like. At the same time, the business will be
benefited by the increase of sales which will normally occur when the customer is
presented with more items he would likely find appealing.
The two basic entities which appear in any Recommender System are the user
(sometimes also referred to as customer) and the item (also referred to as product). A
user is a person who utilizes the Recommender System providing his opinion about
various items and receives recommendations about new items from the system.
Recommendation is based on the preferences of the recommender (and perhaps of the
seeker and other individuals). A preference is an individual mental state concerning a
subset of items from the universe of alternatives. Individuals form preferences based
on their experience with the relevant items, such as listening to music, watching
movies, tasting food, etc. Figure 1 summarizes the concepts and situates them in a
general model of recommendation.
3. A Novel Research Paper Recommendation System
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 9 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 1 Model of the Recommendation Process
For a successful implementation of a recommender system, several conditions
have to be fulfilled.
1. Many items: In the domain there are many items that might be interesting for a
user. It is not possible for the user to browse all of them.
2. Choice based on taste: The choice of the items depends on the taste of each user.
It there were some objective criteria for recommending items to users the
recommender system would not be much helpful.
3. Taste data: In the system there have to be some data about the users interacting
with items that can be interpreted as expressing taste. It does not matter if these
are explicit rating data or implicit capture or user behavior, but there have to be
some.
4. Homogeneous items: The items in the domain have some common attributes,
they can all be covered by taste data, and e.g. they can all be viewed or rated.
Recommender systems are useful for both users and system holders. Nowadays
the amounts of information we are retrieving have become increasingly enormous.
John Naisbitt observed that: “we are drowning in information but starved for
knowledge.” This “starvation” caused by having many ways people pour data into the
Internet but not many techniques to process the data to knowledge. For example,
digital libraries contain tens of thousands of journals and articles. However, it is
difficult for users to pick the valuable resources they want. What we really need is
new technologies that can assist us find resources of interest among the overwhelming
item available. One of the most successful such technologies is the Recommender
system; “a personalized information filtering technology used to either predict
whether a particular user will like a particular item (prediction problem) or to identify
a set of N items that will be of interest to a certain user (top-N recommendation
problem)” [2].
Over the years, various approaches for building recommender systems have been
created; collaborative filtering has been a very successful approach in both research
and practice, and in information filtering and e-commerce applications. Collaborative
filtering works by creating a matrix of all items and users’ preferences. In order to
recommend items for the target user, similarities between him and other users are
computed based on their common taste.
4. Madhushree B
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 10 editor@iaeme.com
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
The term collaborative filtering was first coined by Gold-berg to describe an email
filtering system called Tapestry. Collaborative Filtering is a social environment based
method of recommendation used to propose items which like-minded users favor (and
the active user has not yet seen). These recommendations match a user’s needs based
upon information gathered over time from other people having interests matching that
of the current user. This approach gives recommendations based on correlation
between users. Collaborative Filtering is the pivot of modern day recommender
systems. Collaborative Filtering is effective since people’s tastes are typically not
orthogonal. A Collaborative Filtering scheme aims to make suggestions to users based
upon his/her previous likings and also the preferences of like-minded uses i.e. users
falling into similar categories/groups/communities as the current user [3].
User-based recommendation finds similar users, and sees what they like. Item-
based recommendation sees what the user likes, and then finds similar items. In
general, collaborative filtering methods are currently the most used and the most
successful methods for recommending. When properly used, they provide high
accuracy and scalability for large amount of data. However they have some
drawbacks too.
1. Cold start problem: As for the content-based method, the system doesn’t know
any liked objects for a new subject. For a user being a subject, this problem can
be solved by asking the user to enter some data. This approach is used in the
Netflix system. A new user is given a questionnaire for rating some chosen
movies. Another solution to the problem is using a hybrid recommender that
would use an easier recommender (like giving the most popular objects) when
predictions from collaborative filtering aren’t available.
2. Sparsity: The subject-object matrix is usually very sparse – the number of known
relationships is very small compared to the number of relationships that should be
predicted. Therefore, in most of the collaborative filtering methods, the objects
related to few subjects are seldom recommended. This drawback is overcome by
some of the model-based methods, e.g. matrix factorization.
3. Grey sheep problem: In this system, there might be subjects whose preferences
aren’t consistently similar to other subjects. Therefore they don’t belong to any
preference subject group and they can’t get any accurate recommendations [4].
Amazon: King of Recommendations. Unsurprisingly, Amazon used all 3
approaches (personalized, social and item) [5]. Amazon’s system is very
sophisticated, but at heart all of its recommendations “are based on individual
behavior, plus either the item itself or behavior of other people on Amazon.” What’s
more, the aim of it all is to get you to add more things to your shopping cart. Other
newer Internet companies have tended to focus on specific methods of
recommendation.
Google: Focus on Personalized Recommendations. The most successful internet
company of this era has without a doubt been Google. It too has been using
recommendation technologies to improve its core search product [6]
There are two ways that George does this:
1. Google customizes search results “when possible” based on our location and/or
recent search activity.
2. When were signed in to your Google Account, we “may see even more relevant
useful results based on your web history.”
5. A Novel Research Paper Recommendation System
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 11 editor@iaeme.com
So Google is using both our location and our personal search history to make its
search results supposedly stronger. This is very much the ‘personalized
recommendation’ approach – and indeed personalization has been a buzzword for
Google in recent years. However, the two other types of recommendation are also
present in Google’s core search product:
1. Google’s search algorithm PageRank is basically dependent on social
recommendations – ie. Who links to a webpage?
2. Google also does item recommendations with its “Did you mean” feature.
There are surely other ways recommendations technologies are being deployed in
Google search – not to mention the range of other products Google has. Google News,
its start page iGoogle, and its commerce site Froogle all have recommendation
features.
You Tube: Uses Amazon’s Algorithm for Recommendation Engine. This is an
interesting move being that Google has the man power and smarts to build a fairly
good recommendation on their own. But here they opt to use an algorithm designed
by Amazon. Of course, the best algorithms are enhancements on top of previous
algorithms. Google’s own algorithm is light-years beyond where they first were with
their original PageRank patent. Recommending interesting and personally relevant
videos to YouTube users is a unique challenge: Videos as they are uploaded by users
often have no or very poor metadata. The video corpus size is roughly on the same
order or magnitude as the number of active users. Furthermore, videos on YouTube
are mostly short form (under10 minutes in length). User interactions are thus
relatively short and noisy unlike Netflix or Amazon where renting a movie or
purchasing an item are very clear declarations of intent. In addition, many of the
interesting videos on YouTube have a short life cycle going from upload to viral in
the order of days requiring constant freshness of recommendation.
To compute personalized recommendations YouTube combine the related videos
association rules with a user’s personal activity on the site: This can include both
videos that were watched (potentially beyond a certain threshold), as well as videos
that were explicitly favorited, “liked”, rated, or added to playlists. Recommendations
are the related videos, for each video the user has watched or liked after they are
ranked by video quality, user’s unique taste and preferences and filtered to further
increase diversity. To evaluate recommendation quality they use a combination of
different metrics. The primary metrics they consider include click through rate (CTR),
long CTR (only counting clicks that led to watches of a substantial fraction of the
video), session length, time until first long watch, and recommendation coverage (the
fraction of logged in users with recommendations). They use these metrics to both
track performance of the system at an ongoing basis as well as for evaluating system
changes on live traffic [7]
3. PROPOSED APPROACH
One approach to the design of recommender systems that has seen wide use is
collaborative filtering. Collaborative filtering methods are based on collecting and
analyzing a large amount of information on users’ behaviors, activities or preferences
and predicting what users will like based on their similarity to other users. User-based
collaborative filtering attempts to model the social process of asking a friend for a
recommendation. A key advantage of the collaborative filtering approach is that it
does not rely on machine analyzable content and therefore it is capable of accurately
recommending complex items such as movies without requiring an “understanding”
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of the item itself. One of the most famous examples of Collaborative Filtering is item-
to-item collaborative filtering (people who buy x also buy y), an algorithm
popularized by Amazon’s recommender system.
User based algorithms are CF algorithms that work on the assumption that each
user belongs to a group of similar behaving users. The basis for the recommendation
is composed by items that are liked by users. Items are recommended based on users’
tastes (in term of their preference on items). The algorithm considers that users who
are similar (have similar attributes) will be interested on same items [8]. User based
algorithms are three steps algorithm;
For every item I that u has no preference for yet
For every other user v that has a preference for i
Compute a similarity s between u and v
Incorporate v’s preference for I, weighted by s, into a running average
Return the top items, ranked by weighted average
1. Profile every user in order to find which ones are similar to the target user.
2. Compute the union of the items selected by these users and associate a weight
with each item based o its importance in the set and
3. Select and recommend items that have the highest weight and have not been
already selected by the active user
The most important step is the first one; creating the union of items liked by
others or selecting the most important of them is easily done when the set of similar
users is known. Thus the overall performance of the algorithm will depend on the
method used to find users that are similar to the target user. There are many methods
by which it can be done. The k-Nearest Neighbors algorithm is the most used because
of its efficiency
It would be terribly slow to examine every item. In reality, a neighborhood of
most similar users is computed first, and only items known to those users are
considered:
for every other user w
Compute a similarity s between u and w
Retain the top users, ranked by similarity, as a neighborhood n
for every item I that some user in n has a preference for,
but that u has no preference for yet
for every other user v in n that has a preference for i
compute a similarity s between u and v
incorporate v’s preference for I, weighted by s, into a running average
The primary difference is that similar users are found first, before seeing what
those most-similar users are interested in. Those items become the candidates for
recommendation. The rest is the same. This is the standard user-based recommender
algorithm.
User-Based Recommender System in Mahout
DataModel model = new FileDataModel (new File (“intro.csv”));
userSimilarity similarity = new PearsonCorrelationSimilarity (model);
UserNeighborhood neighborhood =
New NearestNUserNeighborhood (2, similarity, model);
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Recommender recommender =
New GenericUserBasedRecommender (model, neighborhood, similarity);
User Similarity encapsulates some notion of similarity among users, and User-
Neighborhood encapsulates some notion of a group of most-similar users. These are
necessary components of the standard user-based recommender algorithm.
Item-based recommender are a type of collaboration filtering (CF) algorithms that
look at the similarity between items to make a prediction. The idea is that a user is
most likely to purchase items that are similar to the one he already bought in the past;
so by analyzing the purchasing information we can have an idea about what the may
want in the future (Deshpande, Karpis 2004). Analyzing the historical information can
be done explicitly (by looking at the explicit ratings users made on the items) or
implicitly (for example through the user browsing information or the rating on
categories of item).
Item-based algorithms are two steps algorithms:
1. Scan the past information of the users; the ratings they gave to items are collected
during this step. From these ratings, similarities between items are built and
inserted into an item-to-item matrix M. The element xi; j of the matrix M
represents the similarity between the item in row I and the item in column j.
2. Selects items that are most similar to the particular item a user is rating.
for’ every item I that u has no preference for yet
For every item j that u has a preference for
Compute a similarity s between I and j
Return the top items, ranked by weighted average
Pearson Correlation Similarity still works here because it also implements the
Item Similarity interface, which is entirely analogous to the User Similarity interface.
It implements the same notion of similarity, based on the Pearson correlation, but
between items instead of users. That is, it compares series of preferences expressed by
many users, for one item, rather than by one user for many items. Generic Item Based
Recommender is simpler. It only needs a Data Model and Item-Similarity-there’s no
Item Neighborhood.
4. IMPLEMENTATION
A recommender that could predict all our preferences exactly would present all items
ranked by us future preference and he done. These would be the best possible
recommendations. Training data and scoring nobody knows for sure how we’ll like
some new item in the future. In the context of a recommender engine, this can be
simulated by setting aside a small part of the real data set as test data. These test
preferences aren’t present in the training data fed into a recommender engine under
evaluation. Instead, the recommender is asked to estimate preferences for the missing
test data, and estimates are compared to the actual values.
Evaluating precision and recall: Precision and Recall are two popular decision
support metrics from information retrieval. In recommender systems, they judge
relevance by counting recommendation ‘hits’: if a withheld item appears in a top-n
recommendation list. These measures are also done per user and averaged over all
users. For one user, recall measures how many of the withheld items appeared in the
recommendation list:
Precision = Correctly recommended items/ total recommended items = d/b+d
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Precision, on the other hand, measures how many of the recommended items
appear in the list of withheld items.
Recall= Correctly recommended items/ total recommended items = d/c+d
These two measures complement each other’s by measuring the relevance from
both the point of view of the items being recommended and the items known to be
good.
The proposed algorithms should implements fall under the broad umbrella of
machine learning or collective intelligence.
The quality of recommendations is largely determined by the quantity and quality
of data. Recommender algorithms are data-intensive by nature; their computations
access a great deal of information. Runtime performance is therefore greatly affected
by the quantity of data and its representation. Intelligently choosing data structures
can affect performance by orders of magnitude, and, at scale, it matters a lot. The
abstraction encapsulates recommender input data.
The input to a recommender engine is preference data – who likes what, and how
much. That means the input to the recommender is simply a set of user ID, item ID,
and preference value tuples – large set, of course. Sometimes, even preference values
are omitted. A preference is the most basic abstraction, representing a single user ID,
item ID, and preference value. One object represents one user’s preference for one
item.
Another important part of user-based recommenders is the User Similarity
implementation. A user-based recommender relies most of all on this component.
Without a reliable and effective notion of which users are similar to others, this
approach falls apart. Various similarity models are used based on types of Dataset.
Separate similarity models are explored for dataset with item preferences, without
item preferences and Boolean preferences.
A neighborhood of the n most similar users, but rather try to pick the pretty
similar users and ignore everyone else. It’s possible to pick a similarity threshold and
take any users that are at least that similar. Figure 2 illustrates a threshold-based
definition of user neighborhood.
Figure 2 Defining a neighborhood of most similar users with a similarity threshold
The threshold should be between -1 and 1, because all similarity metrics return
similarity values in this range. The notation used for the system is:
UserNeighborhood neighborhood = New ThresholdUserNeighborhood (0.1,
userSimilarity, model);
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A recommender engine is a tool, a means to answer the question, “What are the
best recommendations for a user?” A recommender that could predict all our
preferences exactly would present all items ranked by us future preference and be
done. These would be the best possible recommendations.
To generate an aggregated score, we use for the example a weight of 1 for all
users. Thus the ones in the selected users are just summed up. Then items known to
the active user are removed and the N items with the highest score (greater than zero)
form the top-N recommendations. In the example in Figure 7 only two items are
recommended.
The top-10 recommendation items recommended by each algorithm are described
by User Based Recommender and Item Based Recommender on above datasets.
Based on the general recommendations all similarity models are compared based on
Precision and Recall
Here, also recommender accuracy is higher when we consider the User Based
Recommender for the dataset where only presence of Paper preferences are consider
and the explicate value of paper preferences are impractical. But here LogLike
Similarity is better than Tanimoto Similarity.
It is clear that the recommendations are more accurate then preferences are not
considered. Both LogLike and Tanimoto Similarities are superior than similarities
with Paper preferences are considered. Based on Precision and recall values the
Recommender with Tanimoto Coeffiecient Similarity is good choice for
recommending research Papers.
5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
Recommender system have developed in response to a manifest need: helping people
deal with the world of information abundance and overload. Further it has become
clear that they can link people with other people who share their interests, not just
with relevant information. A set of four major issues for recommender systems were
identified: how preferences data is obtained and used, the roles played by people and
by computation, and the types of communication involved, algorithms for linking
people and computing recommendations, and presentation of recommendations to
users. Then it is identified four major approaches to recommender systems, which can
be distinguished in large part by which of the issues they address, and how they
address them. For research paper domain where only presence of paper preferences
are important rather than content of the research paper or their explicate ratings. There
is a number of directions for future work, including evaluating the methods, exploring
indexing methods to speed up.
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AUTHOR PROFILE
MADHUSHREE B is an Assistant Professor in L. J. Institute of Technology,
Ahmedabad. She has completed her B.E. and M.E. degrees from Bangalore
University. Her areas of interest include Computer Networks and Machine learning.