This document presents a controller design for a photovoltaic (PV) experimental bench using an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) strategy supervised by a Labview created interface. A boost converter circuit is modeled, simulated in Power Simulator and Matlab Simulink, and implemented on an Arduino microcontroller board to maximize power extraction from a PV panel. Current and voltage sensors provide feedback to the ADRC controller, which adjusts the boost converter duty cycle. Simulation results show good agreement with experimental performance in terms of efficiency and robustness to changing conditions. A graphical user interface created in Labview allows real-time operation and supervision of the system.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The emerging of inductive wireless power transfer (IWPT) technology provides more opportunities for the electric vehicle (EV) battery to have a better recharging process. With the development of IWPT technology, various way of wireless charging of the EV battery is proposed in order to find the best solution. To further understand the fundamentals of the IWPT system itself, an ample review is done. There are different ways of EV charging which are static charging (wired), static wireless charging (SWC) and dynamic wireless charging (DWC). The review starts with a brief comparison of static charging, SWC and DWC. Then, in detailed discussion on the fundamental concepts, related laws and equations that govern the IWPT principle are also included. In this review, the focus is more on the DWC with a little discussion on static charging and SWC to ensure in-depth understanding before one can do further research about the EV charging process. The in-depth perception regarding the development of DWC is elaborated together with the system architecture of the IWPT and DWC system and the different track versions of DWC, which is installable to the road lane.
This paper presents a novel shunt active power filter (SAPF). The power converter that is used in this SAPF is constructed from a four-leg asymmetric multi-level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter that is fed from a photovoltaic source. A three-dimensional space vector modulation (3D-SVPWM) technique is adopted in this work. The multi-level inverter can generate 27-level output with harmonic content is almost zero. In addition to the capability to inject reactive power and mitigating the harmonics, the proposed SAPF has also, the ability to inject real power as it is fed from a PV source. Moreover, it has a fault-tolerant capability that makes the SAPF maintaining its operation under a loss of one leg of the multi-level inverter due to an open-circuit fault without any degradation in the performance. The proposed SAPF is designed and simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK using a single nonlinear load and the results have shown a significant reduction in total harmonics distortion (THD) of the source current under the normal operating condition and post a failure in one phase of the SAPF. Also, similar results are obtained when IEEE 15 bus network is used.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
An improved luo converter for high power applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract
Power conversion is one of the major requirements in various industries and in daily life. Among various types of power
conversion, DC-DC conversion has greater importance. DC-DC conversion can be reliably performed using luo converter. It
employs voltage lift technique so that output voltage is increased stage by stage, in arithmetic progression. Luo converter can be
incorporated with the Z network or impedance network so as to ensure simple start up and smooth power conversion. An
impedance network consist of two identical inductors and two identical capacitors connected in ‘X’ shape. Besides power
conversion it also offers filtering operation. The luo converter in this scheme is of switched capacitor type. It helps to provide
regulated output voltage from an unregulated source of power supply. The major benefits of this proposed scheme is that it
combines the advantages of the switched capacitor, voltage lift technique and the impedance network. Hence the proposed scheme
has various advantages such as high power density, larger range of output DC voltage, lower or no inrush current, lower
harmonic injection, simple circuit, high voltage transfer gain, can process upto several tens of watts of power. The simulation
analysis and the hardware implementation shows that the output voltage obtained is higher than the expected theoretical value.
i.e, it is the highly boosted voltage output.
Keywords: Z-network, boost voltage, voltage lift technique
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
Transmission lines react to an unexpected increase in power, and if these power changes are not controlled, some lines will become overloaded on certain routes. Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices can change the voltage range and phase angle and thus control the power flow. This paper presents suitable mathematical modeling of FACTS
devices including static var compensator (SVC) as a parallel compensator and high voltage direct current (HVDC) bonding. A comprehensive modeling of SVC and HVDC bonding in the form of simultaneous applications for power flow is also performed, and the effects of compensations are compared. The comprehensive model obtained was implemented on the 5-bus test system in MATLAB software using the Newton-Raphson method, revealed that generators have to produce more power. Also, the addition of these devices stabilizes the voltage and controls active and reactive power in the network.
Recently, LCL has become amongst the most attractive filter used for grid-connected flyback inverters. Nonetheless, the switching of power devices in the inverter configuration creates harmonics that affect the end application behavior and might shorten its lifetime. Furthermore, the resonance frequencies produced by the LCL network contribute to the system instability. This paper proposes a step-by-step guide to designing an LCL filter by considering several key aspects such as the resonance frequency and maximum current ripple. A single-phase grid-connected flyback microinverter with an LCL filter was designed then constructed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Several different parameter variations and damping solutions were used to analyze the performance of the circuit. The simulation result shows a promising total harmonic distortion (THD) value below 5% and harmonic suppression up to 14%.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The emerging of inductive wireless power transfer (IWPT) technology provides more opportunities for the electric vehicle (EV) battery to have a better recharging process. With the development of IWPT technology, various way of wireless charging of the EV battery is proposed in order to find the best solution. To further understand the fundamentals of the IWPT system itself, an ample review is done. There are different ways of EV charging which are static charging (wired), static wireless charging (SWC) and dynamic wireless charging (DWC). The review starts with a brief comparison of static charging, SWC and DWC. Then, in detailed discussion on the fundamental concepts, related laws and equations that govern the IWPT principle are also included. In this review, the focus is more on the DWC with a little discussion on static charging and SWC to ensure in-depth understanding before one can do further research about the EV charging process. The in-depth perception regarding the development of DWC is elaborated together with the system architecture of the IWPT and DWC system and the different track versions of DWC, which is installable to the road lane.
This paper presents a novel shunt active power filter (SAPF). The power converter that is used in this SAPF is constructed from a four-leg asymmetric multi-level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter that is fed from a photovoltaic source. A three-dimensional space vector modulation (3D-SVPWM) technique is adopted in this work. The multi-level inverter can generate 27-level output with harmonic content is almost zero. In addition to the capability to inject reactive power and mitigating the harmonics, the proposed SAPF has also, the ability to inject real power as it is fed from a PV source. Moreover, it has a fault-tolerant capability that makes the SAPF maintaining its operation under a loss of one leg of the multi-level inverter due to an open-circuit fault without any degradation in the performance. The proposed SAPF is designed and simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK using a single nonlinear load and the results have shown a significant reduction in total harmonics distortion (THD) of the source current under the normal operating condition and post a failure in one phase of the SAPF. Also, similar results are obtained when IEEE 15 bus network is used.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
An improved luo converter for high power applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract
Power conversion is one of the major requirements in various industries and in daily life. Among various types of power
conversion, DC-DC conversion has greater importance. DC-DC conversion can be reliably performed using luo converter. It
employs voltage lift technique so that output voltage is increased stage by stage, in arithmetic progression. Luo converter can be
incorporated with the Z network or impedance network so as to ensure simple start up and smooth power conversion. An
impedance network consist of two identical inductors and two identical capacitors connected in ‘X’ shape. Besides power
conversion it also offers filtering operation. The luo converter in this scheme is of switched capacitor type. It helps to provide
regulated output voltage from an unregulated source of power supply. The major benefits of this proposed scheme is that it
combines the advantages of the switched capacitor, voltage lift technique and the impedance network. Hence the proposed scheme
has various advantages such as high power density, larger range of output DC voltage, lower or no inrush current, lower
harmonic injection, simple circuit, high voltage transfer gain, can process upto several tens of watts of power. The simulation
analysis and the hardware implementation shows that the output voltage obtained is higher than the expected theoretical value.
i.e, it is the highly boosted voltage output.
Keywords: Z-network, boost voltage, voltage lift technique
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
Transmission lines react to an unexpected increase in power, and if these power changes are not controlled, some lines will become overloaded on certain routes. Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices can change the voltage range and phase angle and thus control the power flow. This paper presents suitable mathematical modeling of FACTS
devices including static var compensator (SVC) as a parallel compensator and high voltage direct current (HVDC) bonding. A comprehensive modeling of SVC and HVDC bonding in the form of simultaneous applications for power flow is also performed, and the effects of compensations are compared. The comprehensive model obtained was implemented on the 5-bus test system in MATLAB software using the Newton-Raphson method, revealed that generators have to produce more power. Also, the addition of these devices stabilizes the voltage and controls active and reactive power in the network.
Recently, LCL has become amongst the most attractive filter used for grid-connected flyback inverters. Nonetheless, the switching of power devices in the inverter configuration creates harmonics that affect the end application behavior and might shorten its lifetime. Furthermore, the resonance frequencies produced by the LCL network contribute to the system instability. This paper proposes a step-by-step guide to designing an LCL filter by considering several key aspects such as the resonance frequency and maximum current ripple. A single-phase grid-connected flyback microinverter with an LCL filter was designed then constructed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Several different parameter variations and damping solutions were used to analyze the performance of the circuit. The simulation result shows a promising total harmonic distortion (THD) value below 5% and harmonic suppression up to 14%.
This paper presents a real-time emulator of a dual permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board for supervision and observation purposes. In order to increase the reliability of the drive, a sensorless speed control method is proposed. This method allows replacing the physical sensor while guaranteeing a satisfactory operation even in faulty conditions. The novelty of the proposed approach consists of an FPGA implementation of an emulator to control the actual system. Hence, this emulator operates in real-time with actual system control in healthy or faulty mode. It gives an observation of the speed rotation in case of fault for the sake of continuity of service. The observation of the rotor position and the speed are achieved using the dSPACE DS52030D digital platform with a digital signal processor (DSP) associated with a Xilinx FPGA.
An inverter system applied with the PV source typically has a problem of lower input voltage due to constraint in the PV strings connection. As a countermeasure a DC-DC boost converter is placed in between to achieve a higher voltage at the inverter DC link for connection to the grid and to realize the MPPT operation. This additional stage contributes to losses and complexity in control thus reducing the overall system efficiency. This work discussed on the design and development of a grid-connected quasi-Z-source PV inverter which has different topology and control method compared to the conventional voltage source inverter and able to overcome the above disadvantages. Modelling and performance analysis of the voltage and current controller to achieve a good power transfer from the PV source, as well sycnchronization with the grid are presented in detail. Results from both simulation and experimental verification demonstrate the designed and developed grid-connected qZSI PV inverter works successfully equivalent to the conventional voltage source inverter system.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
Mainly the DC motors are employed in most of the application. The main objective is to Regulate the DC motor system. A motor which displays the appearances of a DC motor but there is no commutator and brushes is called as brushless DC motor. These motors are widespread to their compensations than other motors in relationships of dependability, sound, efficiency, preliminary torque and longevity. To achieve the operation more reliable and less noisy, brushless dc motors are employed. In the proposed work, dissimilar methods of speed control are analysed. In real time submission of speed control of BLDC motor, numerous strategies are executed for the speed control singularity. The modified approaches are the employment of PI controller, use of PID controller and proposed current controller.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
The growing demand for electricity and the increasing integration of clean energies into the electrical grids requires the multiplication and reinforcement of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) projects throughout the world and demonstrates the interest in this electricity transmission technology. The transmitting system of the voltage source converter-high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) consists primarily of two converter stations that are connected by a dc cable. In this paper, a nonlinear control based on the backstepping approach is proposed to improve the dynamic performance of a VSC-HVDC transmission system, these transport systems are characterized by different complexities such as parametric uncertainties, coupled state variables, neglected dynamics, presents a very interesting research topic. Our contribution through adaptive control based on the backstepping approach allows regulating the direct current (DC) bus voltage and the active and reactive powers of the converter stations. Finally, the validity of the proposed control has been verified under various operating conditions by simulation in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Impact of hybrid FACTS devices on the stability of the Kenyan power system IJECEIAES
Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices are deployed for improving power system’s stability either singly or as a combination. This research investigates hybrid FACTS devices and studies their impact on voltage, small-signal and transient stability simultaneously under various system disturbances. The simulations were done using five FACTS devices-static var compensator (SVC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series compensators (SSSC), thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and unified power flow controller (UPFC) in MATLAB’s power system analysis toolbox (PSAT). These five devices were grouped into ten pairs and tested on Kenya’s transmission network under specific contingencies: the loss of a major generating machine and/or transmission line. The UPFC-STATCOM pair performed the best in all the three aspects under study. The settling times were 3 seconds and 3.05 seconds respectively for voltage and rotor angle improvement on the loss of a major generator at normal operation. The same pair gave settling times of 2.11 seconds and 3.12 seconds for voltage and rotor angle stability improvement respectively on the loss of a major transmission line at 140% system loading. From the study, two novel techniques were developed: A performance-based ranking system and classification for FACTS devices.
The electrical distribution network is undergoing tremendous modifications with the introduction of distributed generation technologies which have led to an increase in fault current levels in the distribution network. Fault current limiters have been developed as a promising technology to limit fault current levels in power systems. Though, quite a number of fault current limiters have been developed; the most common are the superconducting fault current limiters, solid-state fault current limiters, and saturated core fault current limiters. These fault current limiters present potential fault current limiting solutions in power systems. Nevertheless, they encounter various challenges hindering their deployment and commercialization. This research aimed at designing a bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter with a novel topology for distribution network applications. The proposed bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter was designed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed design in fault current limiting, voltage sag compensation during fault conditions, and its ability not to affect the load voltage and current during normal conditions as well as in suppressing the source powers during fault conditions. Simulation results also showed very minimal power loss by the fault current limiter during normal conditions.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
This paper presents simulation and experimental results of anti-windup PI controller to improve induction machine speed control based on direct torque control (DTC) strategy. Problems like rollover can arise in conventional PI controller due to saturation effect. In order to avoid such problems anti-windup PI controller is presented. This controller is simple for implementation in practice. The proposed anti-windup PI controller demonstrates better dynamic step changes response in speed in terms of overshoots. All simulation work was done using Simulink in the MATLAB software. The experimental results were obtained by practical implementation on a dSPACE 1104 board for a 1.5 KW induction machine. Simulation and experimental results have proven a good performance and verified the validity of the presented control strategy.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
With the dominating utility of the internet, it becomes critical to manage the efficiency and reliability of telecom and datacenter, as the power consumption of the involved equipment also increases. Much power being wasted through the power conversion stages by converting AC voltage to DC voltage and then stepping down to lower voltages to connect to information and communication technology (ICT) equipment. 48/12 VDC is the standard DC bus architecture to serve the end utility equipment. This voltage level is further processed to multiple lower voltages to power up the internal auxiliary circuits. Power losses are involved when it is converted from higher voltage to lower voltages. Therefore, the efficiency of power conversion is lower. There is a need to increase the efficiency by minimizing the power losses which occur due to the conversion stages. Different methods are available to increase the efficiency of a system by optimizing the converter topologies, semiconductor materials and control methods. There is another possibility of increasing the efficiency by changing the architecture of a system by increasing the DC bus voltage to higher voltages to optimize the losses. This paper presents a review of available high voltage options for telecom power distribution and developments, implementations and challenges across the world.
This paper presents a fuzzy logic controller for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic system with reduced number of rules instead of conventional 25 rules to make the system lighter which will improve the tracking speed and reduce the static error, engendering a global performance improvements. in this work the proposed system use the power variation and current variation as inputs to simplify the calculation, the introduced controller is connected to a conventional grid and simulated with MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation results shows a promising indication to adopt the introduced controller as an a good alternative to traditional MPPT system for further practical applications.
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
The hardware implementation of sensorless brushless direct current motor drive incorporating H-infinity control strategy with optimized weights by particle swarm optimization in the speed control is carried out in this work. The methodology involved in the design of brushless direct current (BLDC) motor control with sensorless position detection technique, the design of H-infinity speed controller, steps involved in particle swarm optimization for optimizing coefficients of its weights and the hardware implementation is discussed in detail in this paper. Texas Instruments microcontroller board C2000 Delfino Launchpad LAUNCHXL F28377S and driver BOOSTXL DRV8301 are used for realization of the speed controller. The code is developed using C2000 hardware support package in MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. A comprehensive performance analysis is accomplished during starting of the motor and during the fast application and removal of load. This strategy is found to be robust resulting in faster load disturbance rejection and better reference speed tracking. The experimental results of the proposed strategy are compared with that of conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller. The time domain parameters are also compared. It is found that the proposed strategy exhibits better performance characteristics during transients and sudden disturbances in load.
This paper presents a real-time emulator of a dual permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board for supervision and observation purposes. In order to increase the reliability of the drive, a sensorless speed control method is proposed. This method allows replacing the physical sensor while guaranteeing a satisfactory operation even in faulty conditions. The novelty of the proposed approach consists of an FPGA implementation of an emulator to control the actual system. Hence, this emulator operates in real-time with actual system control in healthy or faulty mode. It gives an observation of the speed rotation in case of fault for the sake of continuity of service. The observation of the rotor position and the speed are achieved using the dSPACE DS52030D digital platform with a digital signal processor (DSP) associated with a Xilinx FPGA.
An inverter system applied with the PV source typically has a problem of lower input voltage due to constraint in the PV strings connection. As a countermeasure a DC-DC boost converter is placed in between to achieve a higher voltage at the inverter DC link for connection to the grid and to realize the MPPT operation. This additional stage contributes to losses and complexity in control thus reducing the overall system efficiency. This work discussed on the design and development of a grid-connected quasi-Z-source PV inverter which has different topology and control method compared to the conventional voltage source inverter and able to overcome the above disadvantages. Modelling and performance analysis of the voltage and current controller to achieve a good power transfer from the PV source, as well sycnchronization with the grid are presented in detail. Results from both simulation and experimental verification demonstrate the designed and developed grid-connected qZSI PV inverter works successfully equivalent to the conventional voltage source inverter system.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
Mainly the DC motors are employed in most of the application. The main objective is to Regulate the DC motor system. A motor which displays the appearances of a DC motor but there is no commutator and brushes is called as brushless DC motor. These motors are widespread to their compensations than other motors in relationships of dependability, sound, efficiency, preliminary torque and longevity. To achieve the operation more reliable and less noisy, brushless dc motors are employed. In the proposed work, dissimilar methods of speed control are analysed. In real time submission of speed control of BLDC motor, numerous strategies are executed for the speed control singularity. The modified approaches are the employment of PI controller, use of PID controller and proposed current controller.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
The growing demand for electricity and the increasing integration of clean energies into the electrical grids requires the multiplication and reinforcement of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) projects throughout the world and demonstrates the interest in this electricity transmission technology. The transmitting system of the voltage source converter-high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) consists primarily of two converter stations that are connected by a dc cable. In this paper, a nonlinear control based on the backstepping approach is proposed to improve the dynamic performance of a VSC-HVDC transmission system, these transport systems are characterized by different complexities such as parametric uncertainties, coupled state variables, neglected dynamics, presents a very interesting research topic. Our contribution through adaptive control based on the backstepping approach allows regulating the direct current (DC) bus voltage and the active and reactive powers of the converter stations. Finally, the validity of the proposed control has been verified under various operating conditions by simulation in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Impact of hybrid FACTS devices on the stability of the Kenyan power system IJECEIAES
Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices are deployed for improving power system’s stability either singly or as a combination. This research investigates hybrid FACTS devices and studies their impact on voltage, small-signal and transient stability simultaneously under various system disturbances. The simulations were done using five FACTS devices-static var compensator (SVC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series compensators (SSSC), thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and unified power flow controller (UPFC) in MATLAB’s power system analysis toolbox (PSAT). These five devices were grouped into ten pairs and tested on Kenya’s transmission network under specific contingencies: the loss of a major generating machine and/or transmission line. The UPFC-STATCOM pair performed the best in all the three aspects under study. The settling times were 3 seconds and 3.05 seconds respectively for voltage and rotor angle improvement on the loss of a major generator at normal operation. The same pair gave settling times of 2.11 seconds and 3.12 seconds for voltage and rotor angle stability improvement respectively on the loss of a major transmission line at 140% system loading. From the study, two novel techniques were developed: A performance-based ranking system and classification for FACTS devices.
The electrical distribution network is undergoing tremendous modifications with the introduction of distributed generation technologies which have led to an increase in fault current levels in the distribution network. Fault current limiters have been developed as a promising technology to limit fault current levels in power systems. Though, quite a number of fault current limiters have been developed; the most common are the superconducting fault current limiters, solid-state fault current limiters, and saturated core fault current limiters. These fault current limiters present potential fault current limiting solutions in power systems. Nevertheless, they encounter various challenges hindering their deployment and commercialization. This research aimed at designing a bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter with a novel topology for distribution network applications. The proposed bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter was designed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed design in fault current limiting, voltage sag compensation during fault conditions, and its ability not to affect the load voltage and current during normal conditions as well as in suppressing the source powers during fault conditions. Simulation results also showed very minimal power loss by the fault current limiter during normal conditions.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
This paper presents simulation and experimental results of anti-windup PI controller to improve induction machine speed control based on direct torque control (DTC) strategy. Problems like rollover can arise in conventional PI controller due to saturation effect. In order to avoid such problems anti-windup PI controller is presented. This controller is simple for implementation in practice. The proposed anti-windup PI controller demonstrates better dynamic step changes response in speed in terms of overshoots. All simulation work was done using Simulink in the MATLAB software. The experimental results were obtained by practical implementation on a dSPACE 1104 board for a 1.5 KW induction machine. Simulation and experimental results have proven a good performance and verified the validity of the presented control strategy.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
With the dominating utility of the internet, it becomes critical to manage the efficiency and reliability of telecom and datacenter, as the power consumption of the involved equipment also increases. Much power being wasted through the power conversion stages by converting AC voltage to DC voltage and then stepping down to lower voltages to connect to information and communication technology (ICT) equipment. 48/12 VDC is the standard DC bus architecture to serve the end utility equipment. This voltage level is further processed to multiple lower voltages to power up the internal auxiliary circuits. Power losses are involved when it is converted from higher voltage to lower voltages. Therefore, the efficiency of power conversion is lower. There is a need to increase the efficiency by minimizing the power losses which occur due to the conversion stages. Different methods are available to increase the efficiency of a system by optimizing the converter topologies, semiconductor materials and control methods. There is another possibility of increasing the efficiency by changing the architecture of a system by increasing the DC bus voltage to higher voltages to optimize the losses. This paper presents a review of available high voltage options for telecom power distribution and developments, implementations and challenges across the world.
This paper presents a fuzzy logic controller for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic system with reduced number of rules instead of conventional 25 rules to make the system lighter which will improve the tracking speed and reduce the static error, engendering a global performance improvements. in this work the proposed system use the power variation and current variation as inputs to simplify the calculation, the introduced controller is connected to a conventional grid and simulated with MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation results shows a promising indication to adopt the introduced controller as an a good alternative to traditional MPPT system for further practical applications.
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
The hardware implementation of sensorless brushless direct current motor drive incorporating H-infinity control strategy with optimized weights by particle swarm optimization in the speed control is carried out in this work. The methodology involved in the design of brushless direct current (BLDC) motor control with sensorless position detection technique, the design of H-infinity speed controller, steps involved in particle swarm optimization for optimizing coefficients of its weights and the hardware implementation is discussed in detail in this paper. Texas Instruments microcontroller board C2000 Delfino Launchpad LAUNCHXL F28377S and driver BOOSTXL DRV8301 are used for realization of the speed controller. The code is developed using C2000 hardware support package in MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. A comprehensive performance analysis is accomplished during starting of the motor and during the fast application and removal of load. This strategy is found to be robust resulting in faster load disturbance rejection and better reference speed tracking. The experimental results of the proposed strategy are compared with that of conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller. The time domain parameters are also compared. It is found that the proposed strategy exhibits better performance characteristics during transients and sudden disturbances in load.
Modeling Simulation and Design of Photovoltaic Array with MPPT Control Techni...IJAPEJOURNAL
The Renewable energy is important part of power generation system due to diminution of fossils fuel. Energy production from photovoltaic (PV) is widely accepted as it is clean, available in abundance, & free of cost. This paper deals with modeling of PV array including the effects of temperature and irradiation. The DC-DC converter is used for boosting low voltage of the PV array to high DC voltage. Since the efficiency of a PV array is around 13% which is low, it is desirable to operate the module at the peak power point to improve the utilization of the PV array. A maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is used for extracting the maximum power from the solar PV array and transferring that power to the load. To track maximum power point (MPP) Perturb & Observe (P & O) algorithm is used which periodically perturbs the array voltage or current and compare PV output power with that of previous perturbation cycle which controls duty cycle of DC-DC converter. The entire system is simulated in MATLAB /SIMULINK and simulation results are presented.
This paper proposes a new voltage frequency converter (VFC) that converts both voltage and frequency to the required level of voltage and frequency in low voltage networks used in various countries. The proposed converter could be used as a universal power supply for sensitive AC loads. The converter is composed of, input voltage and frequency detection circuitry, full bridge boost rectifier and a DC to AC inverter. In addition, to improve the feasibility and performance of the converter, synchronous reference based PI (SRFPI) controller is adopted, where the system behaves similar to a DC-DC converter. The parameter selection of PI controller is done using a recent optimisation technique called Lightning Search Algorithm (LSA). The simulation of VFC is conducted in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The simulation results shows that LSA based PI controller provides better output voltage regulation with respect to the reference value under various load and input conditions.
An Experimental Study of P&O MPPT Control for Photovoltaic SystemsIJPEDS-IAES
Tracking the maximum power point plays an important role for the optimization of the solar energy. The objective here is to study experimentally optimizing photovoltaic (PV) systems connected to a DC-DC converter (Boost) and a resistive load. For this, tests were conducted to determine the law of open loop control (power versus the duty cycle) for different solar irradiance values and load with an approximately constant cell temperature. The obtained results showed that the power passes through a maximum point. In order to extract the maximum power, for different values of solar irradiance and load, an MPPT control "Perturb and Observe" P & O has been implemented on a DSPACE 1104. The experimental results showed the performance of the method suggested.
simulation and hardware implementation of grid connected solar charge control...editor1knowledgecuddle
A renewable energy source plays an important role in electricity generation. Various renewable energy sources like
wind, solar, geothermal, ocean thermal, and biomass can be used for generation of electricity and for meeting our daily energy
needs. Energy from the sun is the best option for electricity generation as it is available everywhere and is free to harness. On an
average the sunshine hour in India is about 6hrs annually also the sun shine shines in India for about 9 months in a year.
Electricity from the sun can be generated through the solar photovoltaic modules (SPV). The SPV comes in various power
output to meet the load requirement [1]. Maximization of power from a solar photo voltaic module (SPV) is of special interest as
the efficiency of the SPV module is very low. A peak power tracker and DC-DC Boost Converter is used for Extracting the
maximum power from the SPV module. And simulation in PSIM software and hardware result is compare and solar panel
maximum efficiencies is increase nearby 85% using dither routine algorithm method use.
In order to maximize the electric energy production of a photovoltaic generator (PVG), the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods are usually used in photovoltaic systems. The principle of these techniques is to operate the PVG to the maximum power point (MPP), which depends on the environmental factors, such as solar irradiance and ambient temperature, ensuring the optimal power transfer between PVG and load. In this paper, we present the implementation of two digital MPPT commands using the Arduino Mega type. The two proposed MPPT controls are based on the algorithm of perturb and observe (P&O), the first one with fixed perturbation step and the second one with two perturbations step varying with some conditions. The experimental results show that the P&O algorithm with variable step perturbation gives good results compared to the P&O algorithm with fixed perturbation step in terms of the time response and the oscillations around the MPP.
The proposed work comprises of an MPPT controlled Photovoltaic (PV) source, in conjunction with a supercapacitor, cascaded with a Sliding Mode Controlled (SMC) Inverter, supplying variable linear and nonlinear loads. The effects of varying solar irradiation and its intermittency have been effectively managed by the MPPT controlled boost converter and charge controlled supercapacitor respectively. The charge controller bucks and boosts the terminal voltage and realizes the power flow in a bidirectional manner. Seamless action has been obtained by the proposed model under varying irradiation and for varying load conditions. The performance of the SMC controlled Inverter, when compared with a PI controlled Inverter, has been found to be superior in terms of power quality and robustness of the supply system.
Dynamic solar powered robot using dc dc sepic topologyeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper provides an idea to maintain constant voltage to the charging battery at both low and high level light intensity by using SEPIC topology in solar powered robot. Here two batteries are used, one is for charging and another is for discharging. When battery 1 get charged in mean time the battery 2 which is already charged is used to run the robot, Switching will be controlled by ARM processor using DPDT relay, and also voltage and current levels are monitored. Maximum Power Point tracking of solar will be done by single axis tracking system. Keywords: Battery system, Solar MPPT, Robot model, SEPIC topology
MPPT for PV System Based on Variable Step Size P&O AlgorithmTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents some improvements on the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method to overcome the common drawbacks of conventional P&O method. The main advantage of this modified algorithm is its simplicity with higher accuracy results, compared to the conventional methods. The operation of the entire solar Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) system was observed through two different approaches, which are through MATLAB/Simulink simulation and hardware implementation. A small scale of hardware design, which consists of solar PV cell, boost converter and Arduino Mega2560 microcontroller, had been utilized for further verification on the simulation results. The simulation results that was carried out by this modified P&O algorithm showed improvement and a promising performance: faster convergence speed of 0.67s, small oscillation at steady state region and promising efficiency of 95.23%. Besides, from the hardware results, the convergence time of the power curve was able to maintain at 0.2s and give almost zero oscillation during steady state. It is envisaged that the method is useful in future research of Photovoltaic (PV) system.
Integrated energy management converter based on maximum power point tracking...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an integrated power control system for photovoltaic systems based on maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The architecture presented in this paper is designed to extract more power from photovoltaic panels under different partial obscuring conditions. To control the MPPT block, the integrated system used the ripple correlation control algorithm (RCC), as well as a high-efficiency synchronous direct current (DC-DC) boost power converter. Using 180 nm complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) technology, the proposed MPPT was designed, simulated, and layout in virtuoso cadence. The system is attached to a twocell in series that generates a 5.2 V average output voltage, 656.6 mA average output current, and power efficiency of 95%. The final design occupies only 1.68 mm2 .
3 ijaems nov-2015-9-microcontroller based constant voltage maximum power poin...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Microcontroller based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) has been presented for single phase stand alone or grid connected solar inverter applications. The PV array consists of only 12V cell arrangement, thereafter, Discrete Comparator Circuit, The PIC microcontroller P16F676 controls the high power switching devices in the proposed MPPT scheme. The Constant Voltage (CV) algorithm continuously searches for the PV voltages in the rapidly changing weather conditions. The less pin and housing microcontroller does it all for the proposed Constant Voltage (CV) MPPT algorithm. The MPAB Simulation proves a very good agreement with the discrete comparator and switching devices for grid voltage, back-up battery charging and temporary load shedding operation. Therefore, until and unless MPPT voltages are in the operating region, the scheme allows grid voltage and back-up battery charging.
Real Time Implementation of Variable Step Size Based P&O MPPT for PV Systems ...IJPEDS-IAES
Nowadays Solar energy is an important energy source due to the energy crisis and environment pollution. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm improves the utilization efficiency of a photovoltaic systems. In this paper an improved P&O MPPT algorithm is developed and simulated using MATLAB / SIMULINK to control the DC/DC buck converter. The obtained simulink model is also verified using dspace tool. Both the simulated and experimental results are validated by also comparing them with conventional MPPT methods. The performance measures show the increase in the efficiency of PV system by the proposed model.
Improved dynamic performance of photovoltaic panel using fuzzy logic-MPPT alg...nooriasukmaningtyas
The nonlinear characteristics and intense credence dependence of
photovoltaic (PV) panel on the solar irradiance and ambient temperature
demonstrate important challenges for researchers in the PV panel topic. To
overcome these problems, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
controller is needed which can improve the PV panel efficiency. In other
words, for maximum efficiency, the MPPT controller can help to extract the
optimal and overall available output power from the PV panel at different
output load conditions. Fuzzy logic (FL) is one of the strongest techniques in
the extracting of MPP in the PV panel since it has several advantages; robust;
no requirement to have an accurate mathematical model, and works with
imprecise inputs. Therefore, in this paper, fuzzy logic (FL-MPPT) has been
designed and simulated to improve dynamic performance PV panel at
different solar irradiance and then increased the efficiency. Therefore,
"MATLAB/Simulink software" has been used to build the proposed
algorithm and the simulation results have been adequate as well. Besides, a
robust FL-MPPT algorithm has been presented with high dynamic
performance under different weather conditions. Finally, the proposed
algorithm has a quicker response and less oscillatory comparison of the
conventional algorithms in the subject of extracting the maximum PV power.
Similar to Controller design for PV experimental bench with ADRC strategy supervised by Labview created interface (20)
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
This paper presents a fast and accurate fault detection, classification and direction discrimination algorithm of transmission lines using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) that have ingrained adaptive model to avoid the feature extraction difficulties and fault classification into one learning algorithm. A proposed algorithm is directly usable with raw data and this deletes the need of a discrete feature extraction method resulting in more effective protective system. The proposed approach based on the three-phase voltages and currents signals of one end at the relay location in the transmission line system are taken as input to the proposed 1D-CNN algorithm. A 132kV power transmission line is simulated by Matlab simulink to prepare the training and testing data for the proposed 1D- CNN algorithm. The testing accuracy of the proposed algorithm is compared with other two conventional methods which are neural network and fuzzy neural network. The results of test explain that the new proposed detection system is efficient and fast for classifying and direction discrimination of fault in transmission line with high accuracy as compared with other conventional methods under various conditions of faults.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
Large-scale grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) station are increasing rapidly. However, this large penetration of PV system creates frequency fluctuation in the grid due to the intermittency of solar irradiance. Therefore, in this paper, a robust droop control mechanism of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is developed in order to damp the frequency fluctuation of the multi-machine grid system due to variable active power injected from the PV panel. The proposed droop control strategy incorporates frequency error signal and dead-band for effective minimization of frequency fluctuation. The BESS system is used to consume/inject an effective amount of active power based upon the frequency oscillation of the grid system. The simulation analysis is carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC software to prove the effectiveness of the proposed droop control-based BESS system. The simulation result implies that the proposed scheme can efficiently curtail the frequency oscillation.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
This paper presents a new simplified cascade multiphase DC-DC buck power converter suitable for low voltage and large current applications. Cascade connection enables very low voltage ratio without using very small duty cycles nor transformers. Large current with very low ripple content is achieved by using the multiphase technique. The proposed converter needs smaller number of components compared to conventional cascade multiphase DC-DC buck power converters. This paper also presents useful analysis of the proposed DC-DC buck power converter with a method to optimize the phase and cascade number. Simulation and experimental results are included to verify the basic performance of the proposed DC-DC buck power converter.
A new bidirectional multilevel inverter topology with a high number of voltage levels with a very reduced number of power components is proposed in this paper. Only TEN power switches and four asymmetric DC voltage sources are used to generate 25 voltage levels in this new topology. The proposed multilevel converter is more suitable for e-mobility and photovoltaic applications where the overall energy source can be composed of a few units/associations of several basic source modules. Several benefits are provided by this new topology: Highly sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms, low Total Harmonic Distortion, very low switching losses, and minimum cost and size of the device. For optimum control of this 25-level voltage inverter, a special Modified Hybrid Modulation technique is performed. The proposed 25-level inverter is compared to various topologies published recently in terms of cost, the number of active power switches, clamped diodes, flying capacitors, DC floating capacitors, and the number of DC voltage sources. This comparison clearly shows that the proposed topology is cost-effective, compact, and very efficient. The effectiveness and the good performance of the proposed multilevel power converter (with and without PWM control) are verified and checked by computational simulations.
Environmental factors such as air pollution and increase in global warming by using polluting fuels are the most important reasons of using renewable and clean energy that runs in global community. Wind energy is one of the most suitable and widely used kind of renewable energy which had been in consideration so well. This paper introduces an electric power generation
system of wind based on Y-source and improved Y-source inverter to deliver optimal electrical power to the network. This new converter is from impedance source converters family. This presented converter has more degrees of freedom to adjust voltage gain and modulation. Also, by limiting the range of simultaneous control (shooting through) while it maintains the
highest power of maximizer, it can operate in higher modulation range. This causes the reduce of stress in switching and thus it will improve the quality of output. Recommended system had been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and shown results indicate accurate functionality.
A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
This paper presents an analytical comparison between two-level inverter and three-level neutral point diode clamped inverters for electric vehicle traction purposes. The main objective of the research is to declare the main differences in the performance of the two inverter schemes in terms of the switching and conduction losses over an entire domain of the modulation index and the phase angle distribution, steady-state operation, transient operation at a wide range of speed variation, and the total harmonic distortion THD% of the line voltage output waveform. It also declares the analysis of the three-level neutral point diode clamped inverter (NPCI) obstacle and the unbalance of the DC-link capacitor voltages. The introduced scheme presents an Induction Motor (IM) drive for electric vehicle (EV) applications. Considering the dynamic operation of the EV, the speed of the three-phase induction motor is controlled using a scalar V/Hz control for the full range of the IM power factor (PF). A comprehensive MATLAB/Simulink model for the proposed scheme is established.
The study made in this paper concerns the use of the voltage-oriented control (VOC) of three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier with constant switching frequency. This control method, called voltage-oriented controlwith space vector modulation (VOC-SVM). The proposed control scheme has been founded on the transformation between stationary (α-β) and and synchronously rotating (d-q) coordinate system, it is based on two cascaded control loops so that a fast inner loop controls the grid current and an external loop DC-link voltage, while the DC-bus voltage is maintained at the desired level and ansured the unity power factor operation. So, the stable state performance and robustness against the load’s disturbance of PWM rectifiers are boths improved. The proposed scheme has been implemented and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The control system of the VOC-SVM strategy has been built based on dSPACE system with DS1104 controller board. The results obtained show the validity of the model and its control method. Compared with the conventional SPWM method, the VOC-SVM ensures high performance and fast transient response.
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Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
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Controller design for PV experimental bench with ADRC strategy supervised by Labview created interface
1. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)
Vol. 12, No. 2, Jun 2021, pp. 1162~1176
ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i2.pp1162-1176 1162
Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com
Controller design for PV experimental bench with ADRC
strategy supervised by Labview created interface
Naoufel Khaldi1
, Youssef Barradi2
, Khalida Zazi3
, Malika Zazi4
1
Energy and Sustainable Development Research Team, High School of Technology, Ibn Zohr University, Guelmim,
Morocco
2,3,4
Electrical Engineering Department in National School of Arts and Crafts (ENSAM), Mohammed V University, Rabat,
Morocco
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Feb 20, 2021
Revised Apr 3, 2021
Accepted Apr 15, 2021
The converter control scheme plays an important role in the performance of
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. In this work, a model
has been analysed, designed and simulatedon Power Simulator software and
in Matlab Simulink.A hardware implementation using a microcontroller
(Arduino Mega 2560 based on ATmega2560) is provided, that operateson
feedback from a PV panel voltage and current to control the operation of DC-
DC converter in order to draw maximum power. Newactive disturbance
rejection control (ADRC) algorithm is required to extract the maximum
power of the solar energy. This MPPT controller incorporates a boost
topology that ensuresa two continuous battery in series (12V, 5Ah) charging
in various conditions. The whole of the results shows in one hand that the
converter efficiency is very satisfactory, and in the other hand a very good
agreement between the results simulated and those experimental in terms of
performance. The proposed system is designed in Proteus, and implemented
on hardware with a graphical user interface built throughout Labview
software.
Keywords:
ADRC strategy
Arduino board
Boost converter
Labview
MPPT
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Khaldi Naoufel
Energy and Sustainable Development Research Team
High School of Technology
Ibn Zohr University, 81000, Guelmim, Morocco
Email: n.khaldi@uiz.ac.ma
1. INTRODUCTION
In Demand for electrical energy has remarkably increased during the recent years with growing
population and industrial progress [1]. Since long time ago, fossil fuels have served as the major source of
generating electrical energy. However Solar PV based applications are generally most pertinent to distributed
generation in locations where the grid is unavailable or unreliable, also the global installed capacity for solar
PV is incresead especially by China, India and United States [2]. However, the key to the success of applying
small PV energy systems is a simple, low cost and high-performance converter. So, a boost converter is
designed that it provides an output of 24V DC, which is the battery input. The transfer of energy resulting
from photovoltaic conversion remains relatively weak. Therefore, many tracking control strategies have been
proposed in existing literatures, such as perturb and observe [3], fuzzy logic [4], parasite capacitance, and
other methods [5]-[6]. Some of them are even implemented. In this paper, the role of MPPT strategy is to
attain the MPP of the PV panel even with variation of the atmospheric conditions. The designed system
controls the duty cycle of the converter and ensure the opening and the closing of the Mosfet using a
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designed driver which deliver a high pulse with modulation (PWM) frequency [7]. The current and the
voltage needed as inputs for the controller are obtained through a designed current and voltage sensors.
The system was designed by Proteus, simulated by Pspice simulator and Matlab Simulink using a
new ADRC strategy to extract the maximum power from the PV panel [8]-[9]. The proposed method is a new
technology for estimating and compensating uncertainties and disturbances, which have been explored and
used recently as an alternative over classical techniques and especially PID controller [10]-[11]. Unlike many
existing control methods, the ADRC does not require the accurate mathematical model of the plant.
Moreover, selecting the plant order n of the ADRC is quite flexible which make this control more convenient
to apply in many control systems [10]-[12]. The method involves three blocks: differentiator trackers (DT),
feedback controller (FC), and extended state observer (ESO) which is the main part of the command [12]-
[13]. An implementation is ensured under an electronic platform board (Arduino Mega) with a novel control
application developed in Labview environment which provided a real time operation and supervision, a
practical user interface, and more other abilities. Results shows good performance, high accuracy and
robustness comparing simulation and implementation.
The sequential work flow of this paper is as follows: In section 2, complete working procedure of
the system has been described. Section 3 covers the design of boost DC-DC converter, followed by the
design of current sensor, voltage sensor, after that the driver and a discussion about a MPPT command, in
Section 4. Simulation results and experimental works are discussed in Section 5 and 6 respectively. Lastly, in
section 7, a precise conclusion has been added to finalize the work.
2. COMPLETE SYSTEM OVERVIEW
A photovoltaic cell is basically a PN semiconductor junction diode which is converting sun energy
into electrical energy [14]. DC-DC converter is widely used as an intermediary between the PV and load or
battery. Solar panel’s current and voltage are fed to the microcontroller which deliver a suitable duty cycle to
the boost converter on the basis of an algorithm. The whole system is given in Figure 1.
Figure 1. PV System adapted by Boost converter
2.1. Solar panels characteristics
Parameters of solar panel are shown in Table 1. PV module is made by solar company and product
name is MLP-020P. Numerical method called Newton-Raphson is used to determine the operational point
[14]. The system is described by (1)-(3) below, meaning of the parameters expressed can be consulted in [6],
[14].
Table 1. Parameters of mlp-020P
Parameters Values
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 21.7Volt
Short Circuit Current (Isc) 1.26Amp
Voltage at Pmax (Vmpp) 17.3Volt
Current at Pmax (Impp) 1.17Amp
Maximum Power (Pmpp) 20Watt
𝑖𝑝𝑣 = 𝑛𝑝𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝑛𝑝𝐼𝑟𝑠 [𝑒𝑥𝑝
(
𝑞
𝑝𝑘𝑛𝑠
×
𝑣𝑝𝑣
𝑇
)
− 1] (1)
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𝐼𝑟𝑠 = 𝐼𝑟(𝑇/𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓)3
𝑒𝑥𝑝
{(
𝑞𝐸𝑔
𝑝𝑘
)(
1
𝑇
−
1
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
)}
(2)
𝐼𝑝ℎ = [(𝐼𝑠𝑐 + 𝐾(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑟)] × (
𝐸
𝐸𝑟
) (3)
Figure 2. Temperature variation effect in PV
Figure 3. Irradiation variation effect in PV
3. DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER
DC-DC converters can be used as switching mode regulators to convert an unregulated DC voltage
to a regulated DC output voltage [14]-[15]. The regulation is normally achieved by PWM and the controlled
switch is normally MOSFET or IGBT [16].
Figure 4 below shows a step up or boost converter. It consists of a PV voltage 𝑉
𝑝𝑣 as input; boost
inductor L, input capacitor 𝐶𝑖𝑛, transistor Mosfet, Diode D, output capacitor 𝐶𝑜, and a Load or battery.
Maximum power is reached when the MPPT algorithm changes and adjusts the duty cycle of the switched
device [17].
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Figure 4. Boost DC-DC converter with PV as input
3.1. Duty cycle
The relation between input and output voltage included a factor of efficiency which contribute to
calculate a more reasonable duty cycle d:
Vout=
η
1−d
Vin (4)
where 𝜂 called efficiency of the converter, is about 80%, then 𝑑 = 0.43.
3.2. Inductor Selection
The given parameters are required to calculate the power stage (inductance and capacitance). We
have input voltage 𝑉
𝑝𝑣 = 17𝑉, desired output voltage 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑡= 25V (slightly higher than the rated voltage of the
two batteries series which is 24V), and the output current I𝑜𝑢𝑡= 1A.
In order to calculate the estimated inductance value L of converter, we need to calculate first the
estimated current ripple ΔI𝐿 :
ΔI𝐿= 0.3 × I𝑜𝑢𝑡 ×
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑡
𝑉
(5)
ΔI𝐿= 0.45A
A smaller ripple reduces the magnetic hysteresis losses in the inductor component. The switching
frequency for this project is taken to be f=62.5Khz.
The inductor value L, according to varied parameters, is given below:
𝐿 =
𝑉𝑝𝑣
f.ΔI𝐿
. 𝑑 (6)
We take L= 200 𝜇𝐻.
3.3. Input capacitor Selection
The equation of the input capacitor is given as:
𝐶𝑖𝑛 =
𝑉𝑝𝑣
𝐿.f².ΔV𝑝𝑣
. 𝐷 (7)
We take 𝐶𝑖𝑛 = 100 𝜇𝐹 with ΔV𝑝𝑣 an input voltage ripple ΔV𝑝𝑣<100mV.
If the input ripple is high then it will require a large value of capacitance, and that result an increase
in losses caused by the ESR.
3.4. Output capacitor Selection
The output capacitor is:
𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝐼𝑂𝑢𝑡
f.ΔV𝑜𝑢𝑡
. 𝐷 (8)
we take 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡= 800 𝜇𝐹. Where ΔV𝑜𝑢𝑡<10mV is the output ripple voltage, a large value can cause a fluctuation
up to the limits where the output voltage crosses the limits of battery ratings.
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4. ADRC CONTROLLER DESIGN
4.1. ADRC Algorithm
To improve the response speed and control adaptability of the power system [18], the applied
ADRC method design is shown in Figure 6. The main idea of this technology is to estimate and compensate
the unmeasured state of the system or the total disturbance, in real time, even without an explicit model of the
plant and only from the input-output information [19]-[20]. To ensure that, the controller contains three
blocks: differentiator trackers (DT), feedback controller (FC), and extended state observer (ESO). It involves
also an inner loop to reject the total disturbance and an outer one to deliver the desired signal [21]-[22]. This
proposed algorithm is implemented in an Arduino board to control the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter in
order to track the MPP even with climatic variations.
Figure 5. ADRC controller structure
As shown in Figure 6, to extract the maximum power from the PV System, the ADRC controller is
designed to set the following signal error at 0.
𝑒 =
𝐼
𝑉
+
𝑑𝐼
𝑑𝑉
(9)
DT is used to arrange the transient process, and to get the differential signals of current dI and
voltage dV with two differentiators’ trackers.
Figure 6. MPPT based in ADRC controller
It overcomes the drawback in the classical theory such as an amplificatory effect on the noise.
Mathematical form is expressed by:
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{
𝑋̇1 = 𝑋2
𝑋̇2 = 𝑚 𝜓 (𝑋1 − 𝑋 +
𝑋2|𝑋2|
2𝑚
)
(10)
Where m is the speed factor, 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 are respectively the tracking and differential output, X is the
input signal and 𝜓(. ) is a nonlinear function.
ESO is the core part of ADRC, it contributes to get the model uncertainty and to deal with total
disturbance affecting PV Power system. Mathematical structure is given by:
{
𝑒 = 𝑧1 − 𝑦
𝑧̇1 = 𝑧2 − 𝜃1𝑒
𝑧̇2 = 𝑧3 − 𝜃2𝑒
𝑧̇3 = −𝜃3𝑒
(11)
where y is the output of the system. 𝑧1, 𝑧2and𝑧3 are respectively the estimation of the output, the estimation
of the derivative of the output and the estimation of the disturbance in system. Referring to [23], the observer
gains 𝜃𝑖(𝑖 = 1,2,3) are 3𝜔0, 3𝜔0², 𝜔0
3
. 𝐾𝑃 = 𝜔𝑐² , 𝐾𝑑 = 2𝜔𝑐 parameters of the feedback controller (FC)
are used to generate the control input 𝑢0.
𝜔0 is denoted as the bandwidth of the observer and 𝜔𝑐 the bandwidth of the feedback control.
Finally, the control law is:
𝑢 =
𝑢0−𝑧3
𝑏
(12)
b is the disturbance compensation factor
4.2. Inputs sensors
The PV panel output is followed by a circuitry for sensing the current and voltage needed as inputs
for the MPPT algorithm as shown in Figure 7. A voltage divider which converts the voltage of PV panel in
range that is 0-5V, so that the Arduino board can interpret the voltage level. The combination of resistor in
voltage divider is high almost 10KΩ in order to minimize the power losses.
Direct current sensing is based on Ohm’s law. A current sensing module named as ACS712 can be
used [24], but we designed our proper sensor by placing a high shunt resistor 𝑅1 in series with the system
load, a voltage is generated across the shunt resistor that is proportional to the system load current. The
voltage across the shunt can be measured by differential amplifier LM324 and deliver a readable current
value to the Arduino board.
Figure 7. current and voltage sensors
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Figure 8 shows the driver designed to transmit the signal PWM to MOSFET transistor of the boost
converter. It has capability of operating at high PWM frequency 62.5KHz that the boost converter gets, with
a specific duty cycle for its MOSFET, from the Arduino board. There is a level shifting circuitry using a
push-pullamplifier as an output stage between Arduino board and converter. It increases the level of PWM
from Arduino board according to the gate to source voltage of MOSFET (from 5V to12V).
Figure 8. Driver for boost converter
5. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
In order to investigate the performance of our system, we have implemented the complete circuit, as
shown by Figure 4, in first time in Pspice simulator environment and then in MATLAB/Simulink using for
both simulation an ADRC algorithm.
In the first simulation, the PV panel and the MPPT algorithm were modeled respectively by a solar
panel bloc and microcontroller bloc. The PV panel is connected to a resistive load through a boost converter
whose duty cycle was adjusted by MPPT algorithm based on the value of current and voltage sensors (Fig 9).
Figure 9. The whole system
In Figure 10, the output power curve by using MPPT algorithm which produce a suitable duty cycle
used to reach the MPP, has an excellent characteristic with high accuracy and good stability. The results
concerning the input (output) voltage and input (output) current of the converter was presented respectively
in Figure 11 and 12. They show that the electric quantitie soscillate around the optimal values under the
optimal conditions.
Finally, Figure 13 shows that the MPPT algorithm can quickly track the MPP (t=10ms) with good
efficiency and low oscillation even with the variation of irradiation.
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Figure 10. Output Power with MPPT algorithm Figure 11. Input & Output voltage of the converter
Figure 12. Input & Output Current of the converter Figure 13. Output Power with variation of irradiation
In the second simulation, the power system was carried out in MATLAB Simulink as shown in
Figure 13. Parameters used in ADRC algorithm for the boost converter are𝜔0 = 440, 𝜔0 = 110 and b=600.
Performances and design results of the control system are illustrated throughout two cases. In the first
scenario, realistic ramp up/down radiation from 1000w/m² to 300w/m² are applied while the temperature is
kept constant at 298K. In the second case, the temperature changes its values as follows: 323K to 298K at
𝑡 = 1.2𝑠 and from 298K returning to 323K at 1.8s meanwhile the radiation is maintained at 1000w/m².
Figure 14. Power system simulation
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The resulting control performances of the first case is illustrated by Figure 14 to Figure 17 and for
the second one is illustrated by Figure 18 to Figure 21. Figures 14 and 18 shows that the ADRC technique
deliver a control signal which drive the boost converter to track the MPP very quickly. As illustrated in
Figure 14, the PV output power is 20w, 6w, corresponding to the MPP P1 and P3 in Figure 3. Moreover,
noting that the output voltage is regulated to its desired value 25𝑣 with good performance. Finally, the
control inputs of converter dis clearly bounded. Sequentially all these figures coincide with theoretical
prediction and company specified value which ensures the validity of the system.
According to figures, the ADRC command present excellent characteristics and good performances
even withsomeremarkable oscillation and high overshoot at the first 500ms, which due to the time taken by
the approach to transform the data of the problem using Simulink into a set of results. Otherwise, for an
implementation, ADRC method is generally cheaper and less complex because it requires only two tuning
parameters to adjust.
Figure 14. Output Power with irradiation change
Figure 15. Input & output voltage converter
Figure 16. Input & inductor current of the converter
Figure 17. Duty cycle of the converter
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Figure 18. Output Power with temperature change
Figure 19. Input & output voltage converter
Figure 20. Input & inductor current of the converter
Figure 21. Duty cycle of the converter
6. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
The MPPT algorithm was been implemented by using an Arduino board and Labview application
which are designed in such way that can perform with any other research MPPT algorithm. For our MPPT
algorithm, the analog signals 𝑣𝑝𝑣 and 𝑖𝑝𝑣 obtained by the designed sensors is a means of two pins A0 and A1
of the Arduino device.
6.1. System design and simulation on ISIS
Figure 22 presents the design of the whole system on ISIS Proteus. In view of a minimization of
losses, the boost converter is designed around a Mosfet IRFP250 which present a small𝑅𝑑𝑠(on)=0.085Ω, and
around a low voltage diode such as Schottky diode whose well adapted for this application due to its low
voltage drop and short switching time.
A voltage and current sensors are needed. The first one to detect voltage of the PV panel by using a
divider:
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑅16
𝑅16+𝑅9+𝑅5+𝑅15
𝑣𝑝𝑣 (13)
which must be < 5V because the analog input in Arduino is limited to 5V. The second one to measure the
output panel current and they transmitted to the analog pin A1.
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Two Zener diodes (1N4733A) and two capacitors 𝐶3, 𝐶4 mounted on the sensors, are used to protect
the Arduino board and charge controller against abnormal and extreme operating conditions such us over
voltage or overload.
The driver increases the amplitude of its input PWM signal (pin5) in order to deliver a suitable duty
cycle to gate to source voltage 𝑉𝐺𝑆 (from 5V to 12V) to control the opening and the closing of the Mosfet
with a switching frequency 62.5Khz.
In order to create an embedded system, a location is designed for the input/output of the Arduino
board to mount it under our electronic card.
Figure 22. Design of whole system
6.2. Hardware application
As told before, the Arduino board is mounted under the designed converter as shown in Figure 23.
The fabricated converter along with voltage and current sensors are shown in Figure 24. A support with
variable size location is designed in order to control any PV panel. It’s equipped with a light source imitating
solar energy as shown in Figure 25 which indicate also MPPT’s implementation that is used as battery
charger.
Figure 23. Location of the Arduino board
Figure 24. Designed boost converter
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Figure 25. Support PV & experimental system Figure 26 shows the input voltage of the driver with
different value of duty cycle
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 26. Input & output of the driver, (a) 25% of duty cycle, (b) 50% of duty cycle, (c) 75% of duty cycle
6.3. Software application
In order to control and visualize the performance and the evolution of our system in real-time, a
serial communication with a computer containing a graphical user interface is developed by exploiting
Labview software [25].
Figure 27. Graphical interface
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The interface gives flexibility for users to control the system throughout diverse indicators listed
below:
- A switch indictor defines which mode is used: manual or automatic.
- A measurements indicator allowing information to be viewed at real-time (current, voltage, power
signals and values).
- A performance indicator is displayed as a scale to show the efficiency.
To test our system and verify its performances, an incandescent lamp (24V, 5W) is used as a charge. 20 Watt
is the maximum power can generate from conversion of sun energy to electrical energy by PV.
Figure 28(a) shows that in the first 3s the power value is closing to 5 Watt (4.126watt). The MPPT
algorithm trying to find the maximum point, the PV panel voltage is decrementing from 17.47V to 14.45 at
t=4s, and the new power output obtained 4.377 Watt (Figure 28(b)), is compared with the previous value and
the algorithm is repeated in order to achieve the MPP and deliver the power needed for the charge.
From Figure 28(c), we note that the value of the duty cycle is about 0.44 at t=5s which present a
good concordance with value obtained by theoretical calculation, and the value of the power is almost 5 watt
(4.97 watt) which means that the system presents very high efficiency.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 28. Labview user interface
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7. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a low-cost PV system has been designed and supervised in real time. It consists of a
power and control card where the proposed ADRC MPPT strategy has been implemented to achieve the MPP
even with climatic change. In the first part, The PV system has been performed using Pspice environment
and Matlab Simulink to validate the developed model. In the second part, a test bench has been realized using
a PV panel, Boost converter, driver, voltage and current sensors and an Arduino board. Finally, a graphical
user interface built in Labview is used to offer a various ability which show that the proposed system gives
very satisfactory results with a very good efficiency. The author strongly believes that this work is expected
to provide more ideas for the researchers to apply the ADRC in a real prototype for power electronic
converters control. The study indicates a promising prospect of ADRC in the future industry.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Khaldi Naoufel was born in Rabat, Morocco. He received his PhD degree in electrical
engineering from University Mohammed V in 2019. His research interests include
solar energy conversion, neural network and robust backstepping for control,
simulation and supervision in real time. Having worked as a professor at Moroccan
Science school of engineering Casa for 4 years. Presently, he is professor at High
School of Technology, Ibn Zohr University, Guelmim, Morocco since 2019.
Barradi Youssef was born in Kenitra, Morocco. He ireceived PhD degree in electrical
engineering from University Mohammed V in 2021. His research interests include
Solar and Wind Energy Conversion System, hybrid system, Backstepping and ADRC
control, genetic algorithm and grid optimisation. he is the WINNER in INPEX 2017
USA for his Innovative autonomous honey extraction system, and winner of the
DANISH grand prize in the category for demonstrating excellence in all categories:
innovation, impact for development, desirability, feasibility, pitch and gender
perspective. (INNOVATION LAB 2019).
Zazi Khalida received the degree of engineer in electromechanical in 1988 fromRabat
Higher School of Mines (ESMR), and preparatory certificate of research in 1997 from
School Mohammedia of Engineering and a doctoral thesis in photovoltaics in 2017
from Faculty of Science and Technology Mohanmmadia, University Hassan II
Casablanca. Having worked as a researcher at the National Center for Scientific and
Technical Research of Rabat (CNRST) in different laboratories: laboratory of scientific
instrumentation and the laboratory of geophysics and in the unit of technologies and
economy of renewable energies. Currently she is a teacher at the higher normal school
of Technical Education of Rabat (ENSET)University Mohammed V Rabat since 2014.
Zazi Malika received the degree of engineer in automatics and industrial informatics
in 1984 from School Mohammedia of Engineering, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering in 2006 from Mohammadia School of engineering, University
Mohammedia V Rabat. She has specialized in the linear and nonlinear control systems.
Presently, she is serving as is director of pedagogical affairs and head of Electro
Technical Robotic and Automatic Research Team ERERA. She has over 30years of
teaching experience. She is guiding some doctorate students in Renewable Energy,
Diagnostic, Robust Control and Electrical Engineering.