A young male of 28 yrs was involved with road traffic accident while crosslng road. The
victim expired on the spot. Police sub inspector from shabag thana made the inquest
report & brought the dead body to the Dhaka Medical College morgue. Post mortem
examination was done.
Although the road transport sector is crucial for the overall development of a country, if it is not managed in an organized manner, it can have a negative impact. In Ethiopia, fatalities due to traffic accidents is very high compared to the SSA.
Data play a critical role in reducing road traffic accident by identifying the right causes. Ethiopia can use Transport Management System mobile application to empower citizens, acquire real-time data regarding misconduct of drives, overloading of taxis, and traffic accidents. This will help to design policies and strategies to tackle major causes of traffic accidents.
Although Bangladesh is one of the lowest motorised countries in the world, it has, however, the worst road fatality rates in world. The estimated number of road traffic accident fatalities per 10,000 on road motor vehicle for Bangladesh is very high by international standards, as the fatality rates for motorized countries is usually less than 2 (2 in the United States of America and 1.4 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland).
Although the road transport sector is crucial for the overall development of a country, if it is not managed in an organized manner, it can have a negative impact. In Ethiopia, fatalities due to traffic accidents is very high compared to the SSA.
Data play a critical role in reducing road traffic accident by identifying the right causes. Ethiopia can use Transport Management System mobile application to empower citizens, acquire real-time data regarding misconduct of drives, overloading of taxis, and traffic accidents. This will help to design policies and strategies to tackle major causes of traffic accidents.
Although Bangladesh is one of the lowest motorised countries in the world, it has, however, the worst road fatality rates in world. The estimated number of road traffic accident fatalities per 10,000 on road motor vehicle for Bangladesh is very high by international standards, as the fatality rates for motorized countries is usually less than 2 (2 in the United States of America and 1.4 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland).
Types of accidents in urban and national highwaysNabaraj Poudel
As its name indicates,This presentation explains about the types of accidents which can happen in urban and national highways.It was presented in master of transportation engineering and management class among the teachers and students.It also shows about the trends of accidents in Nepal that are taking place at various roads.Nepal government needs to take an immediate action for reducing the growing severe accident rates.
Some Reasons Why Road Accidents Happen, number of Accident happened. Driver Safety measures to be taken in order to atlest reduce the numbers.
Presented by: www.driversafetycourse-texas.com
ROAD ACCIDENTS ANALYSIS REPORT FOR BANGALORE CITY, DTD 31.1.2014.bangaloretrpolice
DG & IGP of karnataka state released a report of Road Accident analysis for Bangalore City Traffic on 31.01.2014 at Traffic Head Quarters, Infantry road, Bangalore.
It contents a brief descriptions about road accident statistics for Bangalore city traffic:
Epidemiology, prevention and control of road traffic accidentsDr.Hemant Kumar
Road Traffic Accidents(RTAs)are Major Global Health problems and 8th leading cause of death leading to more than 1.2 million deaths and 20-50 million injuries annually.While the situation in many countries in now improving, India still holds the dubious distinction of being only country who faces more than 14 fatalities and 53 injuries every hour due to RTA.
Road safety and accident prevention in IndiaRohit Sharma
Road accidents are a human tragedy. They involve high human suffering and monetary costs in terms of untimely deaths, injuries and loss of potential income. Although we have undertaken many initiatives and are implementing various road safety improvement program the overall situation as revealed by data is far from satisfactory. During the calendar year 2010, there were close to 5 lakh road accidents in India, which resulted in more than 1.3 lakh persons. These numbers translate intone road accident every minute, and one road accident death every 4 minutes. Unfortunately, more than half the victims are in the economically active age group of 25-65 years. The loss of the main bread winner can be catastrophic.
Road traffic accidents are amenable to remedial action. Many a countries have curbed the menace of road accidents by
adopting a multipronged approach to road safety that encompasses broad range of measures, such as, traffic management, design and quality of road infrastructure, application of intelligent transport system, safer vehicles, law enforcement, effective and quick accident response and care etc. The Government alone cannot tackle road safety problems. There is a need for active involvement of all stake- holders to promote policy reform and implementation of road safety measures.
Addressing road safety is comprehensive manner underscores the need to involve multiple agencies and sectors like health, transport and police. The present study provides the magnitude and various dimensions of road accident in India. The analysis on road accidents in this study will help to create awareness, guidelines and assist in informed decision making on road safety.
Prevalence of Psychiatric Morbidity among Road Traffic Accident Victims at th...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Road traffic accidents a major teen killerCPBansal
To bring awareness about this major cause of teen deaths, RTA have many predisposing factors - like road conditions, poor licencing, poor condition of vehicles apart from speed and distracted driving.
Types of accidents in urban and national highwaysNabaraj Poudel
As its name indicates,This presentation explains about the types of accidents which can happen in urban and national highways.It was presented in master of transportation engineering and management class among the teachers and students.It also shows about the trends of accidents in Nepal that are taking place at various roads.Nepal government needs to take an immediate action for reducing the growing severe accident rates.
Some Reasons Why Road Accidents Happen, number of Accident happened. Driver Safety measures to be taken in order to atlest reduce the numbers.
Presented by: www.driversafetycourse-texas.com
ROAD ACCIDENTS ANALYSIS REPORT FOR BANGALORE CITY, DTD 31.1.2014.bangaloretrpolice
DG & IGP of karnataka state released a report of Road Accident analysis for Bangalore City Traffic on 31.01.2014 at Traffic Head Quarters, Infantry road, Bangalore.
It contents a brief descriptions about road accident statistics for Bangalore city traffic:
Epidemiology, prevention and control of road traffic accidentsDr.Hemant Kumar
Road Traffic Accidents(RTAs)are Major Global Health problems and 8th leading cause of death leading to more than 1.2 million deaths and 20-50 million injuries annually.While the situation in many countries in now improving, India still holds the dubious distinction of being only country who faces more than 14 fatalities and 53 injuries every hour due to RTA.
Road safety and accident prevention in IndiaRohit Sharma
Road accidents are a human tragedy. They involve high human suffering and monetary costs in terms of untimely deaths, injuries and loss of potential income. Although we have undertaken many initiatives and are implementing various road safety improvement program the overall situation as revealed by data is far from satisfactory. During the calendar year 2010, there were close to 5 lakh road accidents in India, which resulted in more than 1.3 lakh persons. These numbers translate intone road accident every minute, and one road accident death every 4 minutes. Unfortunately, more than half the victims are in the economically active age group of 25-65 years. The loss of the main bread winner can be catastrophic.
Road traffic accidents are amenable to remedial action. Many a countries have curbed the menace of road accidents by
adopting a multipronged approach to road safety that encompasses broad range of measures, such as, traffic management, design and quality of road infrastructure, application of intelligent transport system, safer vehicles, law enforcement, effective and quick accident response and care etc. The Government alone cannot tackle road safety problems. There is a need for active involvement of all stake- holders to promote policy reform and implementation of road safety measures.
Addressing road safety is comprehensive manner underscores the need to involve multiple agencies and sectors like health, transport and police. The present study provides the magnitude and various dimensions of road accident in India. The analysis on road accidents in this study will help to create awareness, guidelines and assist in informed decision making on road safety.
Prevalence of Psychiatric Morbidity among Road Traffic Accident Victims at th...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Road traffic accidents a major teen killerCPBansal
To bring awareness about this major cause of teen deaths, RTA have many predisposing factors - like road conditions, poor licencing, poor condition of vehicles apart from speed and distracted driving.
The world as suffered from a consistent source of accidents and there by increasing the level of death rate, In this article I elaborated on the causes and some ways of avoiding/reducing road accidents and thereby increasing road safety.
ABSTRACT- Road traffic accidents (RTA) are a continuing endemic occurrence both in the developed and developing
countries leading to one of the highest causes of mortality and morbidity. A Road Traffic Accident (RTA) can be defined
as, 'An event that occurs on a way or street open to public traffic; resulting in one or more persons being injured or killed,
where at least one moving vehicle is involved. The current study is a cross sectional study seen the pattern of injuries
occurred by RTA. Total numbers of 384 RTA victims were undertaken in this study at Lord Buddha Koshi Medical
College, Saharsa, Bihar, India from Jan 2016 to June 2016. Total numbers of 384 RTA victims were undertaken in this
study. Age & sex wise distribution were analyzed. Types of injury, causes, and outcome were also analyzed. In this study
we were concluded that the age and sex distribution is independent of accident occurrence. It is clear that fractures on
head & face are common in RTA. Fractures in lower limb & upper limb are also common in road traffic accidents. Present
study showed that the motorcyclist is at more risk. Various reports in India have shown that the outcome of RTA is not
only a health hazard but also an economic burden.
Key-words- Road Traffic Accident, World Health Organization, Public Health Issue
45 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 333
EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAINING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE REGARDING FIRST AID MANAGEMENT ON ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT AMONG AUTO RICKSHAW DRIVERS, BANGALORE.
This is presentation of road accident for college submit.
We all that day by day accident increase on road for only.
A traffic collision, also called a motor vehicle collision, occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other moving or stationary obstruction, such as a tree, pole or building.
serum Bilirubin and some Hematological parameters in Patients with Presenile ...MatiaAhmed
Cataract is the leading cause of reversible blindness and visual impairment.
It may be associated with G6PD deficiency and can produce hemotytic manifestations.
Eosinophils and Eosinophil Products in Bronchial AsthmaMatiaAhmed
Eosinophits are known to be an indirect marker of airway inflammation in asthma. tt is
known since long that the total eosinophil count reflects asthmatic activity and is useful for
regulating steroid dosage and for early detection of exacerbations.
Wife baftering is known all over the world among all state of the society. lt is an impact in the
civilized progressive society of the Western world as in the society of ours.
Efficacy of AST/ALT Ratio for Assessment of Liver Fibrosis in chronic Hepatit...MatiaAhmed
chronic liver disease due to hepatitis B infection is a common problem in our country' The
sole method of accurate diagnosis is liver biopsy, which is an invasive technique associated
with complications, and is expensive
Allergen Skin Test Reactivity and Eosinophilia in Adult Bronchial Asthmatic P...MatiaAhmed
Asthma affects more than 100 million people worldwide. lncreased morbidrty
include increased exposure to indoor allergens and environmental pollutants
agonist, under-use of anti-inflammatory mediators and limited education about healu' care
Knowledge and Perception on Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) among Health Prof...MatiaAhmed
The rapid rise of Noncommunicable diseases represents one of the major
health challenges to global development in the 21st century. Among the 20 Grand
Challenges in Chronic NCDs the priority focuses of area is to explore the level of knowledge
and perception among health professionals and its determinants
Comparative Study of Serum Electrolytes among Treated Diabetic SubjectsMatiaAhmed
This study was designed to investigate the measurements of serum levels of Na+
, K+
, Mg2+
and Ca2+ and their changes with serum glucose levels. Thirty treated diabetic patients (diet
/ OHA), aged between 23 to 27 years and having BMI of 17.9 to 22.54 kg/m2
were selected
randomly from the outpatient department of BIRDEM.
Faculty Development Strategy is An Essential Element for Quality TeachingMatiaAhmed
Faculty Development Strategy is An Essential Element
for Quality Teaching
Quality teacher is an essential commodity for production of quality graduates, and quality
graduates contribute to health standard of a community as such of a country.
Lesson Plan
Basics and Principles
Lesson Planning is a large part of being organized and a key feature of a competent
teacher. It is a special skill that is learnt in much the same way as other skills. Careful
lesson planning can help to ensure the successful running of courses. Incorporating best
practices in teaching and learning into the design process will help students to meet their
learning objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
A Gase of Road Traffic Accident in the Perspective of Forensic Medicine
1.
2. Case Report
A Gase of Road Traffic Accident in the Perspective of
Forensic Medicine
Rehana Yusufl, Matia Ahmed2
Abstract:
A young male of 28 yrs was involved with road traffic accident while crosslng road. The
victim expired on the spot. Police sub inspector from shabag thana made the inquest
report & brought the dead body to the Dhaka Medical College morgue. Post mortem
examination was done.
Keyword: Road Traffic Accident, expired, inquest repoft, post mortem examination.
(J Uftara Adhunik Med Coll. 2013; 3(2) : 203-207).
lntroduction:
Road Traffic deaths are a major global health &
development problem. Each year, nearly '1.3 million
people die as a result of a road traffic accident, more
than 3500 death each day in the world. Road traffic
injuries are among the three leading causes of death
for young people aged 5 to 44 yrs1.
Road trafficaccidents in Bangladesh have been rapidly
increasing with huge mortality. Road traffic injuries
will become the third leading contributor to the global
burden of disease & injury, by 2020 which is reported
by WHO2. Injuries & death due to road traffic accident
are a major public health problem in ourcountry. More
than 85% of all death & 90% of disability from road
traffic accident occur in developing countries. Due to
rapid modernization and urbanization vehicles are the
1st requirement for transport whtch are expanding
rapidly & resulting in injuries & death in our country3.
Accident is an unexpected event, an unforeseen
occurrence of an unfortunate nature. lt is an event
which is neither expected nor desired.
Accident occurring suddenly, unexpectedly,
uneventfully under unforeseen circumstances.
Numerically road traffic accident, account for the great
majority worldwide, through injuries & fatalities occur
in all form of transportation. ln developing countries
RTA is the most common cause of death below the
1. Department of Forensic Medicine, Uttara Adhunik Medical
College, Uttara, Dhaka
2. Department of Physiology, Uttara Adhunik Medical College,
Uttara, Dhaka
Address for correspondence: Dr. Rehana Yusuf, Department
of Forensic Medicine, Uttara Adhunik Medical College, Uttara, Dhaka
age of 50 & in young aged group, this trend is more
marked. Road traffic accident injuries account for high
medical care costs & loss of productivity in our
countrya. There has been an alarming rise in road
accidents, significantly high way accidents, in
Bangladesh over the past few years. According to a
study conducted by the Accident Research Center
(ARC) of BUET, road accidents claim on average
12,000 lives annually & lead to about 35,000 injuries.
According to World Bank Statistics, annual fatality
rate from road accidents is found to be 85.6 fatalities
per 10,000 vehicles. Hence, the road in Bangladesh
have become deadly. A high groMh in urbanization &
motorization can be identified as one of the factors
leading to the higher number of road accidentss'
Unfortunately the likelihood of being in a road traffic
accident at some point in peoples life is quite high.
Most people travel in cars or motorbikes everyday to
go to work or take children to school. Being in a road
traffic accident is a frightening experience & one that
the people would not like to repeat. A moderate road
traffic accident can result in damage to the parties,
vehicles & some minor bodily injuries6.
Cause of road traffic accident:
There are many causes of road traffic accidents. The
accidents may occur due to the following causes fault
of the victim, fault of the driver, fault of the vehicle,
fault of the another vehicle, not involving in the accident,
Bad road condition, wrong signaling, bad weather etc'
ln Bangladesh everyyeara large portion of totaldeath,
is due to road traffic accident. Most faults are
negligence of controlling authority. They do not survey
thefitness of the vehicle & skillness of the diver propedy.
Most of the vehicles are unfit & most of the drivers
3. r
J Uttara Adhunik Med. College
have no properdriving training & driving licenceT. Most
of the drivers are unskilled more over Bangladesh is a
highly populated developing country. Roads & bridges
are not developed. Overloading of the vehicle by
passenger or by goods causes the driver to lose the
control of the vehicle during turning or slowing the
speed. Besides this, the pedestrians do not follow
the traffic rule. Because most of them are illiterate
they have no idea about traffic rule. Above all these
reasons road trafficaccidents are more in Bangladesh.
The pattern of injuries is fatal & other wise varies
considerably depending upon whetherthe victim is a
vehicle occupant, a motor cyclist, a pedal cyclist or a
pedestrian. Pedestrians suffer most often, the
proportion of these walking victims varies greatly
according to the traffic patterns of different countries.
For instance, Bangladesh has a high rate pedestrians
accidentss. Victims of RTA are pedestrian victims,
while walking or crossing the road. Occupant victims
of the offender vehicle, driver, front seat occupant, rear
seat occupant, occupant victim of the offended vehicle
60-80% vehicular accidents are frontal collision; other
forms are side swiping, rolling over & rear impacts. ln
countries, where the use of seat belts has been made
compulsory, a drop in fatality rate of up to 25% has
been record€d, with similar large reductions in serious
injuries, specially maxillo fascial trauma. The most
common seat belts used are diagonal pus lap strap.
It is also called "Three points' attachment belts".
Simple lap strap is dangerous to aortas. ln developing
countries driver impairment is an important component
of road traffic accidents. Driving at excess speeds,
while under the influence of alcohol or drug, while
spleepy or tired, when visibility is compromised, or
without protective gear for all vehicle occupants are
major factors in crashes deaths & serious injuriesl0.
Alcohol is a contributorfactor in the causation of road
traffic accident. Both the drunken drivers &
pedestrians are responsible for road traffic accident.
The alcoholics driver experiences & increase in
boldness & impulsiveness. This results tendency to
drive faster & more erratically. Road traffic accidents
cause death of the victims on the road or soon after
wards, where there are organ damage, severe
haemorrhage, blockage of air passage from blood or
traumatic asphyxia from fixation of the chest cage by
crushing by some part of vehicle. Delayed death can
be caused by continuing bleeding, intracranial
haemorrhage, renal failure, fat embolism, local
infeclion, chest & other systemic infection, myocardial
Vol. 03, No, 02, July 2013
or cerebral infarction etc. defect in sight or hearing
may have contributed to the RTA11.
The cause of death in car occupants following an
accident are most commonly related to head, neck
or chest injury. ln a series of 1000 consecutive death
of car driver, 42o/ohave skullfracture, 30% have bony
neck injuries, 69% have bony chest injuries, 53% have
brain damage,3To/o rupture aorta & 16% traumatic
rupture of the heart & 50% has some form of other
organ injuries4. The problem grew overtime & has been
regarded as a massive outbreak of a fatal disease.
Road fatalities are said to be correlated with a number
of factors, number of population & increasing numbers
of vehicles, length of roads, weather condition,
mechanical condition of vehicles, drivers, consideration
of traffic laws, commuter safety skills & mores.
The case presented here is a male of 28 yrs involved
with road traffic accident. He died on the spot. The
dead body was sent to the mortuary of Dhaka Medical
College by Shahabag Thana police for medico legal
autopsy.
History
A man aged about 28 yrs was involved with road traffic
accident on27.04.08 at'10:30 a.m. while crossing
road. Hewas run over by a bus. Thevictim expired on
the spot. Police sub inspector from Shahbag Thana
made the inquest report & brought the dead body to
Dhaka Medical College morgue on27.04.08 at 1:00
p.m. the escorting police constable ldentified the dead
body. Post mortem examination was done on 27.04.08
at 1:20 p.m.
On External Examination
Body build -Average, Complexion-Fair, Rigor mortis
- Present all over the body, Mouth - Partially Opened.
Eyes - Closed. Hand were clenched.
Multiple abrasions of different size & shape on different
parts of the body.
lnternal Examination
On dissection - Examination of clotted blood were
found in chest & abdominal cavities. All organ in chest
& abdominal cavities were pale.
Head - Scalp - Haematoma in Rt half.
Skull - Fracture of Rt temporal bone mening as -
were torned.
Brain - Haemorrhage all over the brain that is
intracranial haemorrhage.
204
4. A Case of Road Traffic Accident in the Perspective of Forensic Medic.ine
Neck structure were healthy
ln chest
Bruise in Lt Chestwhich was 5'X4'
Heart - was ruptured
Rib fracture - Lt Side 2nd 1s 7th
Lungs - Lt Lung rupture & Rt Lung pale
ln abdomen
Stomach - pale & contained liqutd food
Urinary bladder @ healthy & full with urine
All organs were pale.
Rt Femurwas fractured.
Opinion - ln my opinion death was due to haemor,rhaEe
followed by shock resulting from above mentronec
injuries in RTA which was antemortem & accidena
in nature.
Discussion:
ldentification of the deceased:
ln any case of road traffic accident the important role
of the Forensic specialist is to the victims. lf the face
is not grossly distorted, the dead body can be easily
identifled by the relatives. lf not possible due to gross
disfiguration, then wearing, birth mark, tattoo mark,
scar mark, occupational mark, keys etc, may help in
identification of the dead body. Following observation
of the type & the nature of the injuries inflicted the
body of the victim. lt is essential to identify whether
the victim was a pedestrian, driver, front-seat or rear
seat occupants
The cause & mechanism of death:
The post mortem exar ^a';o''l ihere was no evidence
of natural disease. 3-i -ac scre'atal injuries to head,
chest & abdomer So :-e :'3ss . ly of death due to
natural cause cos c l€ -- 3: 3-: As the coronary
arteries & its brarc'es ,'.e'e -e€ :-.' &'.rere was no
narrowing of the ate' z --e' :-e - 'ocardrum of
heart valves were l'ea:-., s: :e.::- :-e :c cardiac
pathology could be exr-:3:
Purpose of post mortem erarnination in road
traffic accident:
The investigation of roac ]!=rl l$rlr-: :- - .':t ':
the following PurPose: -
. To identifY the cause 3' z:t'=+-'
Rehana Yusuf & Matia Ahmed
. To allow adequate compensation to the victim, if
he is aliveorthe next-of-kin, if thevictim is dead.
. To punish the offender, if any offence involved
. To search guidelines toward prevention of future
accidents
. ldentification of pedestrian, driver, front seat
occupants & rare seat occuPants
For these purpose, road traffic accidents should be
rnvestigated by a team of expert which, in addition to
ar: experienced investigating police officer, should also
-cr;Ce automobile expert & medico legal expert.
Motor traffic act
i:cc'c nc to BPC 279; whoever drives any vehicles
r' 'ces o' any publrc way tn a manner so, rash or
^e! ge': as io endanger human Iife, or to be likely to
csuSe --1 o' ^.Jry to any other person, shall be
our s-ec ,'. :' -l-sonment of either description for a
terrr ..,^ c' -a) ex:e^C 3 yrs or vrith fine which may
sublect:o :ne n rrr'rluT of one thousand taka. extend
to five thousanc taka. or vrith both.
Studies on Road Traffic Accident:
A WHO advisory group in '1956 defined accident as
an "unpremeditated event resulting in recognizable
damage". The term RTAis defined as any person who
was killed out might or who died within 30 day as a
result of accidents. Accidents constitute a variable
epidemic. They mark now fourth in order among the
leading causes of death, and are responsible for
approximately 8% of all death in the world, 7.9% in
the developing countries & 7.5% in developed
countries. Accidental death are caused by a wide
varietyof road, rail, air, shipping, industrial& domestic
tragedies. An estimated 4 million people die in every
year from injuries globally. About one million people
die of intentional injuries or violence & about 3 million
die of unintentional injuries including those result in
from accident on road,, domestic accident, industrial
accidents, fire arm, drowning, poisoning, fallfrom hight
& naturaldisasters.
About l.2million lives are lost in every year by road
traffic accident around the world of which 8,00000 lakh
mortality is in developing country. Motor vehicle
accidents account for around 22o/o o'f reported
-o-tality.
3a-g'aCesh have a fatality rate in road accident that
s 2l : -es higher than that in the developed countries
a-;
5. J tJEaAdrunik Med. College
& il has one of the highest accident rate in the world.
Studies done by WHO, shows that road traffic
accidents account for 2.5% of the total deaths. These
deaths are largely preventable through the concerted
efforts of institutions & civil society & by implementing
effective road safely measures that tackle leading risk
factors & enable a comprehensive & safe road traffic
system all over the world12. Considering the
importance of the road traffic accident (RTA) issu"e,
world health organization had taken the "Road safety
ls NoAccident"As a themeforworld health Day-2004.
First united Nation road safety week was observed
from 23rd to 29th April 2007 & the United Nations
general assembly resolution in March 2010,
proclaimed period from2011lo2020 as a "Decade of
action for road safety" with the goat to stabilize &
reduce the fatalities due to road traffic accidentsl3.
Preventive measure for Road Traffic Accident
(RrA):
I n Bangladesh, the primary contributin g factors lead ing
to road traffic accidents has been both identified of
course neglected for the longest time adverse road
ways, road side environment, poorly designed
junctions & road sections, reckless driving, drunk
driving, vehicles driven by helpers without proper driving
training & driving license, excessive speeding,
dangerous overtaking, failure to obey mandatory traffic
regulation by pedestrians, mechanized & non
mechanized vehicles playing on the same streets for
example a slow moving rickshaw as opposed to a
very fast moving truck & defective vehicles of course
unsafe driving practice, not using helmets & seatbelt
while driving & using mobile phone by drivers during
driving. Other includes very low level of awareness &
traffic sense among the citizens, mainly illiterate
because of inadequate education, severe loopholes
in traffic law enforcement rules etc14. Here the traffic
police department has a crucial role to play in
identifying & holding accountable reckless driving,
speeding, overtaking & unstable or overloaded vichles.
The maintenance, repair & expansion of road coupled
with setting up drivers on national high ways,
cautioning signals for hazardous locations,
disseminating information on driving & road safety to
massages through media &exemplary punishmentfor
violating traffic laws allthese are needful measure to
decrease road traffic accidents.
As citizens, we too have a role to play in ensuring
road safety, while travelling in public transport,
Vol. 03, No. 02, July 2013
passagers should protest & stop speeding & reckless
driving by bus & taxidrivers. Owners of motorvehicles
should ensure that employed drivers have genuine
licenses, are properly trained & skill in driving & drive
responsibly. Road safety education to pedestrians,
especially children & old people with in communities
by community leaders is also a good way to promote
road safety & to reduce road traffic accidentsE.
Legislation, law enforcing & traffic management
agencies are one side of the solution to the problem
of safe road - no accidents. The other side in the
users of roads, drivers, pedestrians & city dwellers,
all of them should abide by the traffic rules & properly
use of the road then there is possibility to reduce
road traffic accident. The most alarming phenomenon
is when pedestrians cross roads where & when they
are not supposed to do this. lt is very difficult for drivers
in these situations to control their vehicle & save the
life of the pedestrian. So, if the pedestrian cross the
road carefully & use over bridge or underpass during
crossing the road, road traffic accident are decreased.
To reduce occunence of RTA, people should be awared
by using television & radio as effective toolss. The
BRTA has an important role to reduce RTA. The
authorities don't survey the vehicles regularly. lf the
authorities survey the vehicles regularly & give the
fitness certificate of the vehicles properly, it also
reduces RTA. lmproving vehicular visibility is also
important. Two wheeled vehicles such as motor cycle,
which are not easily visible to larger vehicle operators.
lmproving the visibility of cirivers in night or during fog
can reduce RTA. Mandatory using of seat belt, helmet
reduce traffic injuries. Restriction of use of mobile
phone by driver during driving reduces RTA. Restriction
of slow moving vehicle such as rickshaw, cart wheel
in the road where high speed vehicles move, reduce
the RTA.
Recommendations:
School based road safety awareness programmes
should be periodically conducted. Traffic rules & speed
limit should be strictly followed by all the drivers.
Vigilant watch & punishment system should be
established by BRTA & traffic police department for
violation of the rules.
United Nation has proclaimed year 2011 to 2020 as
"Decade of action for road safety; 2011-2020" &
activities all over the world has been launched since
'11h May, 2011 . As a part of the global initiatives, action
206
6. A Case of Road Traffic Accident in the Perspective of Forensic Medicine
should be taken to make young people aware about
their "Major kille/' all over the world & to take preventive
steps against it1a.
Conclusion:
RTA occurs as a result of the interaction of a number
of factors, the drivers, the vehicle & the environment
all play critical roles in the occunence & outcome of
road traffic injuries. Defining the problem & its
contribution factors is a vital step in establishing
preventive measures to ameliorate road ffic safty
problem. A lot of our traffic & road accilent & safety
problems can be solved if drivers & pedestriars ae
both more responsible. There is hol,Iet€r rrys catEge
on the horizon. Bangladesh has impressive records
of family planning, primary school enrollment
especially girls & immunization. A lot d Utese have
been possi ble through usi rB tdevbim, raf,o & pifi€
media to create awareness, tiru.Eh state hEnrcntirn
. The state needs to come fumad uilh iruralive ktec
on how to make the other skle of the cclin - drivers,
pedestrians & city dwdlers dance on the safe road -
no accidents.
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1. World Health Report 2002 M-lO Geneva.
Rehana Yusuf & Matia Ahmed
Peden M. Scurfield R. Steel D et al, World report on road
traffic injury prevention, Geneva, World Health
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Michael M & Claude J. Romer, Accident in Children,
Adolescent & Young adults. A major public health problem,
World Health Statistics Quarterly. Vol 39, No 3, 1986.
Davis F.A. Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. 4b edition
P.O. Asian Economic Edition, 1994.
My Bangladesh, Road Accidents in Bangladesh - The
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Road TraftAc.cident compensation claims, 2012. Page 1
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Road Accidents in Bangladesh - The neglected social
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frEht Bernad: Sirnpson's Forensac iredidrc: 'l1th edition.
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lErota V-M- Pnarcrrtrrt d red accident ,ole d Healfl
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