This document outlines the protocol for performing a fetal heart ultrasound, including 10 key views: situs, M-Mode, 4 chamber heart view, interventricular septum, left ventricular outflow tract, right ventricular outflow tract, 3 vessel view, arrowhead, aortic arch, and ductal arch. It provides labeled diagrams and color Doppler images of each view as well as common abbreviations used in fetal heart ultrasounds.
The document discusses imaging of congenital heart diseases, describing the main types of defects such as atrial septal defects (ASD), ventricular septal defects (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). It provides details on the anatomy, classifications, imaging findings, and clinical presentations of each type of defect. Examples of echocardiograms and chest x-rays are shown to illustrate the imaging appearance of various congenital heart abnormalities.
1. The document discusses using ultrasound to evaluate arteriovenous (AV) fistulas before and after hemodialysis access. It provides information on vascular mapping, assessing fistula maturity, and complications.
2. Key points covered include using ultrasound to measure vessel diameters and depths before access creation. Measuring blood flow volume can help predict fistula adequacy, with 500 mL/min or more indicating maturity. Identifying accessory veins or stenoses can help explain immature fistulas.
3. Complications discussed are stenosis, occlusion, aneurysms, infections, arterial steal syndrome, and high output cardiac failure. Ultrasound is useful for diagnosing these issues by measuring velocities and calculating pressure gradients at
Evolution of valves, Identification & Key Features | IACTS SCORE 2020IACTSWeb
This presentation is a guide to the historical evolution, modifications and lessons learned in the development of heart valves. It clearly depicts how clinical indications for valve surgery has changed over the years and illustrates the identification of prosthesis and analysis of key features in images, at a time when patients present with malfunctioning valves for reoperations.
This is courtesy of Dr. Vinayak Shukla, MS, MCh, FIACS. He presently serves as Professor and Unit Chief of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery at Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore - home to one among the first implants in Asia.
This presentation is part of a video which belongs to the lecture series of IACTS SCORE 2020 held at the Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences Whitefield, Bengaluru between 7th and 8th March, 2020.
This document outlines the protocol for performing a fetal heart ultrasound, including 10 key views: situs, M-Mode, 4 chamber heart view, interventricular septum, left ventricular outflow tract, right ventricular outflow tract, 3 vessel view, arrowhead, aortic arch, and ductal arch. It provides labeled diagrams and color Doppler images of each view as well as common abbreviations used in fetal heart ultrasounds.
The document discusses imaging of congenital heart diseases, describing the main types of defects such as atrial septal defects (ASD), ventricular septal defects (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). It provides details on the anatomy, classifications, imaging findings, and clinical presentations of each type of defect. Examples of echocardiograms and chest x-rays are shown to illustrate the imaging appearance of various congenital heart abnormalities.
1. The document discusses using ultrasound to evaluate arteriovenous (AV) fistulas before and after hemodialysis access. It provides information on vascular mapping, assessing fistula maturity, and complications.
2. Key points covered include using ultrasound to measure vessel diameters and depths before access creation. Measuring blood flow volume can help predict fistula adequacy, with 500 mL/min or more indicating maturity. Identifying accessory veins or stenoses can help explain immature fistulas.
3. Complications discussed are stenosis, occlusion, aneurysms, infections, arterial steal syndrome, and high output cardiac failure. Ultrasound is useful for diagnosing these issues by measuring velocities and calculating pressure gradients at
Evolution of valves, Identification & Key Features | IACTS SCORE 2020IACTSWeb
This presentation is a guide to the historical evolution, modifications and lessons learned in the development of heart valves. It clearly depicts how clinical indications for valve surgery has changed over the years and illustrates the identification of prosthesis and analysis of key features in images, at a time when patients present with malfunctioning valves for reoperations.
This is courtesy of Dr. Vinayak Shukla, MS, MCh, FIACS. He presently serves as Professor and Unit Chief of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery at Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore - home to one among the first implants in Asia.
This presentation is part of a video which belongs to the lecture series of IACTS SCORE 2020 held at the Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences Whitefield, Bengaluru between 7th and 8th March, 2020.
Role of mdct angio in management of acute chest pain Dr. Muhammad Bin ZulfiqarDr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
In this presentation we will discuss different techniques of MDCT Cardiac imaging to role out different causes of chest pain to help cardiologist in management of the patient.
We shall discuss it case by case.
This document discusses C.N.S. vascular malformations, specifically arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF). It covers the definition, types, clinical presentation, radiographic features, grading systems, complications and treatment options for each condition. Key points include that AVMs are congenital lesions with direct connections between arteries and veins, while DAVFs are acquired lesions resulting from damage to venous structures. Presentations can include hemorrhage, seizures, and neurological deficits. Diagnosis is made through CT, MRI, and catheter angiography. Management depends on the size, location, and severity of the lesion.
Carotid ultrasound is used to detect plaque buildup in the carotid arteries, which can harden or rupture over time and increase the risk of stroke. Plaque can narrow the arteries and reduce blood flow to the brain. Ruptured plaque can also form blood clots, which may block or partially block the carotid artery and cause a stroke if pieces of plaque or clots break off and travel to the brain. Carotid ultrasound is recommended for those who have had a stroke or mini-stroke, have an abnormal carotid bruit sound, blood clots in the carotid arteries, or a dissection in the carotid artery wall. Ultrasound images show normal versus abnormal carotid arteries, including plaque buildup, ulcerations
Rib notching refers to deformities of the superior or inferior rib surfaces and can be caused by a variety of conditions. Superior rib notching is often seen in osteogenesis imperfecta, rheumatoid arthritis, and SLE due to abnormal bone formation or resorption. Inferior rib notching, also called Roesler's sign, indicates enlarged collateral vessels and is seen in coarctation of the aorta, interrupted aortic arch, subclavian artery obstruction, and Takayasu arteritis. Both superior and inferior rib notching can occur in hyperparathyroidism due to increased osteoclastic activity from elevated parathyroid hormone levels.
The document summarizes the venous drainage of the lower limbs. It describes the three main systems - superficial, deep, and perforating veins. The superficial system includes the great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein. The deep system makes up 80-90% of venous return and includes the femoral and popliteal veins. Perforating veins connect the superficial and deep systems and have roles in varicose veins. The document outlines typical venous anatomy and common anatomic variations seen.
Radiological evaluation of takayasu arteritis Dr. muhammad Bin Zulfiqar Servi...Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
Radiological evaluation of takayasu arteritis Dr. muhammad Bin Zulfiqar Services Institute of Medical Sciences Services Hospital Lahore
In this presentation we will discuss the role of imaging in TA.
TAVR SAVR evolution of a groundbreaking therapyLuisArturo RV
TAVR has evolved from its first human implantation in 2002 to becoming a standard treatment for aortic stenosis. Pivotal clinical trials showed TAVR was superior to medical management for inoperable patients and non-inferior to SAVR for high-risk patients. Later trials found TAVR non-inferior to SAVR for intermediate-risk patients. The latest PARTNER 3 and Evolut trials found TAVR non-inferior and even superior to SAVR for low-risk patients, with lower rates of rehospitalization, stroke, and better functional improvement. Ongoing developments aim to reduce vascular complications, permanent pacemaker rates, and expand TAVR to younger patients. T
This document discusses the embryology, anatomy, clinical presentation, evaluation, and surgical treatment of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PA-VSD). Some key points:
- PA-VSD is characterized by atresia of the pulmonary artery and a ventricular septal defect, with pulmonary blood flow derived from collateral arteries.
- Pulmonary blood supply can be unifocal from sources like a patent ductus arteriosus or multifocal from multiple aortopulmonary collateral arteries.
- Surgical repair aims to connect as many lung segments as possible to right ventricular outflow during infancy to avoid pulmonary vascular changes, with the ultimate goal of complete repair closing all defects and incorporating
Clinical Applications of Chest SonographyGamal Agmy
Ultrasonography is a useful imaging technique for evaluating the chest that has several advantages over other modalities. It can be used to identify normal lung anatomy and visualize the pleura, as well as detect abnormalities. Common ultrasound findings in pneumonia include hypoechoic consolidated lung areas that may contain air or fluid bronchograms. Abscesses typically appear as round anechoic lesions that may form a capsule. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound can demonstrate enhancement of consolidated lung tissue in pneumonia.
INOCA, or ischemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries, affects a large proportion of patients undergoing angiography who do not have obstructive coronary artery disease. INOCA can result from heterogeneous mechanisms like coronary vasospasm and microvascular dysfunction and is not benign, as it is associated with increased cardiovascular events and impaired quality of life. The diagnosis of MINOCA, a type of INOCA, requires meeting criteria for an acute myocardial infarction but having non-obstructive arteries on angiography and no other clear cause identified. Further evaluation is then needed to determine the underlying cause of MINOCA.
The document discusses the history and evolution of bioabsorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS) as the potential fourth revolution in interventional cardiology. It describes the advantages of BVS over drug-eluting stents, including reduced risk of late stent thrombosis, restoration of vessel vasomotion and remodeling, and avoidance of long-term antiplatelet therapy. Various types of BVS are discussed, with the first implanted in humans constructed from poly-L-lactic acid that breaks down into lactic acid. Early clinical trials demonstrated comparable rates of restenosis to bare-metal stents.
This document summarizes various congenital lung lesions seen in neonates and infants. It describes the location, radiographic features on x-ray, CT, and ultrasound of conditions such as congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, pulmonary sequestration, bronchogenic cyst, congenital lobar emphysema, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, bronchial atresia, and scimitar syndrome. For each condition, it provides details on appearance on different imaging modalities and pathological features.
This document provides an overview of normal liver anatomy and imaging characteristics, as well as common liver lesions. It describes that the liver normally enhances homogeneously in all phases. Common benign liver lesions include cysts, hemangiomas and focal nodular hyperplasia. Malignant lesions discussed are hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Cirrhosis causes an atrophic right lobe and hypertrophic left lobe. The gallbladder and bile ducts are also reviewed.
Coronary CTO is characterized by heavy atherosclerotic plaque burden within the artery, resulting in complete (or nearly complete) occlusion of the vessel. Although the duration of the occlusion is difficult to determine on clinical grounds, a total occlusion must be present for at least 3 months to be considered a true CTO. Patients with CTO typically have collateralization of the distal vessel on coronary angiography, but these collaterals may not provide sufficient blood flow to the myocardial bed, resulting in ischemia and anginal symptoms. CTO is clinically distinct from acute coronary occlusion, which occurs in the setting of ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction, or subacute coronary occlusion, discovered with delayed presentation after ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction. Clinical features and treatment considerations of these entities differ considerably from CTO.
Among patients who have a clinical indication for coronary angiography, the incidence of CTO has been reported to be as high as 15% to 30%. Patients with CTO are referred for angiography because of anginal symptoms or significant ischemia on noninvasive ischemia testing. Patients who are symptomatic will have stable exertional angina resulting from a limitation of collateral vessel flow to meet myocardial oxygen demand with stress. Of patients referred for PCI in clinical trials of CTO PCI, only 10% to 15% of patients are asymptomatic. It is likewise uncommon for patients with CTO to present with an acute coronary syndrome caused by the CTO itself.
Describes parts of the mediastinum and anatomical landmarks and common mediastinal pathologies and there radiological features and differentiation in a simple educational way with multiple CT examples of different cases .
The document discusses various pediatric mediastinal masses including lymphoma, thymic hyperplasia, thymoma, germ cell tumors, and cysts. Hodgkin's lymphoma typically presents as a primary mediastinal lesion while non-Hodgkin's lymphoma usually manifests as generalised disease. Thymic hyperplasia appears as diffuse enlargement of the thymus on imaging. Thymoma is the most common primary tumor and appears as a well-defined anterior mediastinal mass. Teratomas often contain fat, soft tissue, and calcium. Cystic lesions include bronchogenic cysts which are usually located near the trachea or bronchi, and pericardial cysts which abut
Development of inf venacava and pulmonary veinsanuppslides
1. The inferior vena cava forms from remnants of the right posterior cardinal vein, right supracardinal vein, and connections between the right subcardinal and hepatocardiac veins.
2. The suprarenal veins are derived from remnants of the subcardinal veins above the inter-subcardinal anastomosis, and the gonadal veins are derived from remnants below the inter-subcardinal anastomosis.
3. The termination of the right suprarenal vein in the inferior vena cava and the left suprarenal vein in the left renal vein results from their developmental origins in the subcardinal veins.
Initially, the pulmonary vein opens as a single vessel into
Role of mdct angio in management of acute chest pain Dr. Muhammad Bin ZulfiqarDr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
In this presentation we will discuss different techniques of MDCT Cardiac imaging to role out different causes of chest pain to help cardiologist in management of the patient.
We shall discuss it case by case.
This document discusses C.N.S. vascular malformations, specifically arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF). It covers the definition, types, clinical presentation, radiographic features, grading systems, complications and treatment options for each condition. Key points include that AVMs are congenital lesions with direct connections between arteries and veins, while DAVFs are acquired lesions resulting from damage to venous structures. Presentations can include hemorrhage, seizures, and neurological deficits. Diagnosis is made through CT, MRI, and catheter angiography. Management depends on the size, location, and severity of the lesion.
Carotid ultrasound is used to detect plaque buildup in the carotid arteries, which can harden or rupture over time and increase the risk of stroke. Plaque can narrow the arteries and reduce blood flow to the brain. Ruptured plaque can also form blood clots, which may block or partially block the carotid artery and cause a stroke if pieces of plaque or clots break off and travel to the brain. Carotid ultrasound is recommended for those who have had a stroke or mini-stroke, have an abnormal carotid bruit sound, blood clots in the carotid arteries, or a dissection in the carotid artery wall. Ultrasound images show normal versus abnormal carotid arteries, including plaque buildup, ulcerations
Rib notching refers to deformities of the superior or inferior rib surfaces and can be caused by a variety of conditions. Superior rib notching is often seen in osteogenesis imperfecta, rheumatoid arthritis, and SLE due to abnormal bone formation or resorption. Inferior rib notching, also called Roesler's sign, indicates enlarged collateral vessels and is seen in coarctation of the aorta, interrupted aortic arch, subclavian artery obstruction, and Takayasu arteritis. Both superior and inferior rib notching can occur in hyperparathyroidism due to increased osteoclastic activity from elevated parathyroid hormone levels.
The document summarizes the venous drainage of the lower limbs. It describes the three main systems - superficial, deep, and perforating veins. The superficial system includes the great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein. The deep system makes up 80-90% of venous return and includes the femoral and popliteal veins. Perforating veins connect the superficial and deep systems and have roles in varicose veins. The document outlines typical venous anatomy and common anatomic variations seen.
Radiological evaluation of takayasu arteritis Dr. muhammad Bin Zulfiqar Servi...Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
Radiological evaluation of takayasu arteritis Dr. muhammad Bin Zulfiqar Services Institute of Medical Sciences Services Hospital Lahore
In this presentation we will discuss the role of imaging in TA.
TAVR SAVR evolution of a groundbreaking therapyLuisArturo RV
TAVR has evolved from its first human implantation in 2002 to becoming a standard treatment for aortic stenosis. Pivotal clinical trials showed TAVR was superior to medical management for inoperable patients and non-inferior to SAVR for high-risk patients. Later trials found TAVR non-inferior to SAVR for intermediate-risk patients. The latest PARTNER 3 and Evolut trials found TAVR non-inferior and even superior to SAVR for low-risk patients, with lower rates of rehospitalization, stroke, and better functional improvement. Ongoing developments aim to reduce vascular complications, permanent pacemaker rates, and expand TAVR to younger patients. T
This document discusses the embryology, anatomy, clinical presentation, evaluation, and surgical treatment of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PA-VSD). Some key points:
- PA-VSD is characterized by atresia of the pulmonary artery and a ventricular septal defect, with pulmonary blood flow derived from collateral arteries.
- Pulmonary blood supply can be unifocal from sources like a patent ductus arteriosus or multifocal from multiple aortopulmonary collateral arteries.
- Surgical repair aims to connect as many lung segments as possible to right ventricular outflow during infancy to avoid pulmonary vascular changes, with the ultimate goal of complete repair closing all defects and incorporating
Clinical Applications of Chest SonographyGamal Agmy
Ultrasonography is a useful imaging technique for evaluating the chest that has several advantages over other modalities. It can be used to identify normal lung anatomy and visualize the pleura, as well as detect abnormalities. Common ultrasound findings in pneumonia include hypoechoic consolidated lung areas that may contain air or fluid bronchograms. Abscesses typically appear as round anechoic lesions that may form a capsule. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound can demonstrate enhancement of consolidated lung tissue in pneumonia.
INOCA, or ischemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries, affects a large proportion of patients undergoing angiography who do not have obstructive coronary artery disease. INOCA can result from heterogeneous mechanisms like coronary vasospasm and microvascular dysfunction and is not benign, as it is associated with increased cardiovascular events and impaired quality of life. The diagnosis of MINOCA, a type of INOCA, requires meeting criteria for an acute myocardial infarction but having non-obstructive arteries on angiography and no other clear cause identified. Further evaluation is then needed to determine the underlying cause of MINOCA.
The document discusses the history and evolution of bioabsorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS) as the potential fourth revolution in interventional cardiology. It describes the advantages of BVS over drug-eluting stents, including reduced risk of late stent thrombosis, restoration of vessel vasomotion and remodeling, and avoidance of long-term antiplatelet therapy. Various types of BVS are discussed, with the first implanted in humans constructed from poly-L-lactic acid that breaks down into lactic acid. Early clinical trials demonstrated comparable rates of restenosis to bare-metal stents.
This document summarizes various congenital lung lesions seen in neonates and infants. It describes the location, radiographic features on x-ray, CT, and ultrasound of conditions such as congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, pulmonary sequestration, bronchogenic cyst, congenital lobar emphysema, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, bronchial atresia, and scimitar syndrome. For each condition, it provides details on appearance on different imaging modalities and pathological features.
This document provides an overview of normal liver anatomy and imaging characteristics, as well as common liver lesions. It describes that the liver normally enhances homogeneously in all phases. Common benign liver lesions include cysts, hemangiomas and focal nodular hyperplasia. Malignant lesions discussed are hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Cirrhosis causes an atrophic right lobe and hypertrophic left lobe. The gallbladder and bile ducts are also reviewed.
Coronary CTO is characterized by heavy atherosclerotic plaque burden within the artery, resulting in complete (or nearly complete) occlusion of the vessel. Although the duration of the occlusion is difficult to determine on clinical grounds, a total occlusion must be present for at least 3 months to be considered a true CTO. Patients with CTO typically have collateralization of the distal vessel on coronary angiography, but these collaterals may not provide sufficient blood flow to the myocardial bed, resulting in ischemia and anginal symptoms. CTO is clinically distinct from acute coronary occlusion, which occurs in the setting of ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction, or subacute coronary occlusion, discovered with delayed presentation after ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction. Clinical features and treatment considerations of these entities differ considerably from CTO.
Among patients who have a clinical indication for coronary angiography, the incidence of CTO has been reported to be as high as 15% to 30%. Patients with CTO are referred for angiography because of anginal symptoms or significant ischemia on noninvasive ischemia testing. Patients who are symptomatic will have stable exertional angina resulting from a limitation of collateral vessel flow to meet myocardial oxygen demand with stress. Of patients referred for PCI in clinical trials of CTO PCI, only 10% to 15% of patients are asymptomatic. It is likewise uncommon for patients with CTO to present with an acute coronary syndrome caused by the CTO itself.
Describes parts of the mediastinum and anatomical landmarks and common mediastinal pathologies and there radiological features and differentiation in a simple educational way with multiple CT examples of different cases .
The document discusses various pediatric mediastinal masses including lymphoma, thymic hyperplasia, thymoma, germ cell tumors, and cysts. Hodgkin's lymphoma typically presents as a primary mediastinal lesion while non-Hodgkin's lymphoma usually manifests as generalised disease. Thymic hyperplasia appears as diffuse enlargement of the thymus on imaging. Thymoma is the most common primary tumor and appears as a well-defined anterior mediastinal mass. Teratomas often contain fat, soft tissue, and calcium. Cystic lesions include bronchogenic cysts which are usually located near the trachea or bronchi, and pericardial cysts which abut
Development of inf venacava and pulmonary veinsanuppslides
1. The inferior vena cava forms from remnants of the right posterior cardinal vein, right supracardinal vein, and connections between the right subcardinal and hepatocardiac veins.
2. The suprarenal veins are derived from remnants of the subcardinal veins above the inter-subcardinal anastomosis, and the gonadal veins are derived from remnants below the inter-subcardinal anastomosis.
3. The termination of the right suprarenal vein in the inferior vena cava and the left suprarenal vein in the left renal vein results from their developmental origins in the subcardinal veins.
Initially, the pulmonary vein opens as a single vessel into
This document discusses the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), including:
- Approved PAH therapies such as endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, and prostanoids.
- The three main pathways involved in PAH pathogenesis.
- Treatment recommendations for PAH associated with congenital heart disease, including the use of PAH-specific therapies.
- Evidence that PAH-specific therapies can reduce mortality in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome.
- Lung transplantation is an option for patients with inadequate response to maximal PAH therapy.
H trattamento dell’ipertensione arteriosa polmonareguch-piemonte
This document discusses the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulmonary arterial hypertension has several underlying causes, with the most common being idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension at around 50% of cases. Medications are the primary treatment and work to dilate blood vessels and improve heart function. These include endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors, prostanoids, and soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be considered.
6. Quando non si sceglie….
Isomerismo dx: Assenza di strutture sx
• 2 polmoni dx
• 2 bronchi dx
• 2 auricole tozze
• Assenza di milza
• Fegato mediano
• Malrotazione intestinale
• Le VPs non sanno dove andare….
7. Quando non si sceglie….
Isomerismo sx: Assenza di strutture dx
• 2 polmoni sx
• 2 bronchi sx
• 2 auricole digitiformi
• Polisplenia
• Fegato mediano
• Malrotazione intestinale
• Le VPs? 2 a dx, 2 a sx…
• Le cave non sanno dove
andare….
11. Situs addominale
Isomerismo sx
The linked image cannot be displayed. The file may have been moved, renamed, or deleted. Verify that the link points to the correct file and location.
Fegato mediano
sx
continuazione azygos sx
14. Situs cardiaco - atriale
• AS a sx, AD a dx
• L’atrio che riceve le VPs e’ a sx
• L’atrio che riceve la VCI e’ a dx
Destro in?
• Levocardia- destrocardia in SVS, SVI etc
15. Situs atriale
AD a dx, AS a sx
Come?
• AD a dx se SVS
toracico
• AD (VCI)
• AS a sx se SVS
toracico
• AS (VPs)