EVENT DRIVEN ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK- A SURVEYijcsa
Advances in embedded systems have resulted in the development of wireless sensor networks, which not
only provide unique opportunities for monitoring but also controlling homes, cities and the environments.
Recent advancements in wireless sensor network have resulted into many new protocols some of them are
specifically designed for sensor network for detecting the event and routing the event related information to
the base station in efficient manner. This paper surveys recent event driven routing protocols for wireless
sensor network. We have compared various event driven routing protocols using different parameters like
Sink Centric, Node Centric, Reliability, Congestion control, Energy Efficiency, Loss reliability and loss
recovery. We have also described LEACH and MECN protocols but as they are not e
The development of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various applications like Defense, Health,
Environment monitoring, Industry etc. always attract many researchers in this field. WSN is the network
which consists of collection of tiny devices called sensor nodes. Sensor node typically combines wireless
radio transmitter-receiver and limited energy, restricted computational processing capacity and
communication band width. These sensor node sense some physical phenomenon using different
transduces. The current improvement in sensor technology has made possible WSNs that have wide and
varied applications. While selecting the right sensor for application a number of characteristics are
important. This paper provides the basics of WSNs including the node characteristics. It also throws light
on the different routing protocols.
Design Issues and Applications of Wireless Sensor Networkijtsrd
Efficient design and implementation of wireless sensor networks has become a hot area of research in recent years, due to the vast potential of sensor networks to enable applications that connect the physical world to the virtual world. By networking large numbers of tiny sensor nodes, it is possible to obtain data about physical phenomena that was difficult or impossible to obtain in more conventional ways. In future as advances in micro-fabrication technology allow the cost of manufacturing sensor nodes to continue to drop, increasing deployments of wireless sensor networks are expected, with the networks eventually growing to large numbers of nodes.Potential applications for such large-scale wireless sensor networks exist in a variety of fields, including medical monitoring, environmental monitoring, surveillance, home security, military operations, and industrial machine monitoring etc. G. Swarnalatha | R. Srilalitha"Design Issues and Applications of Wireless Sensor Network" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd4688.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/4688/design-issues-and-applications-of-wireless-sensor-network/g-swarnalatha
Comprehensive Review on Base Energy Efficient Routing ProtocolIJRES Journal
With the faster growing in electronics industry, small inexpensive battery powered wireless sensors have made an impact on the communications with the physical world. The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of hundreds of sensor nodes which are resource constrained. WSN nodes monitor various physical and environmental conditions very cooperatively. WSN uses various nodes for the communication. WSN has become one of the interested areas in the field of research from last few years. To enhance the lifetime of the whole networks energy reduction is the necessary consideration for design and analyse of the clustering and routing protocols. This paper describes the study of various energy efficient routing protocols in WSNs which are important for their designing purpose so as to meet the various resource constraints.
Concepts and evolution of research in the field of wireless sensor networksIJCNCJournal
The field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is experiencing a resurgence of interest and a continuous evolution in the scientific and industrial community. The use of this particular type of ad hoc network is becoming increasingly important in many contexts, regardless of geographical position and so, according to a set of possible application. WSNs offer interesting low cost and easily deployable solutions to perform a remote real time monitoring, target tracking and recognition of physical phenomenon. The uses of these sensors organized into a network continue to reveal a set of research questions according to particularities target applications. Despite difficulties introduced by sensor resources constraints, research contributions in this field are growing day by day. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of most recent literature of WSNs and outline open research issues in this field.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
EVENT DRIVEN ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK- A SURVEYijcsa
Advances in embedded systems have resulted in the development of wireless sensor networks, which not
only provide unique opportunities for monitoring but also controlling homes, cities and the environments.
Recent advancements in wireless sensor network have resulted into many new protocols some of them are
specifically designed for sensor network for detecting the event and routing the event related information to
the base station in efficient manner. This paper surveys recent event driven routing protocols for wireless
sensor network. We have compared various event driven routing protocols using different parameters like
Sink Centric, Node Centric, Reliability, Congestion control, Energy Efficiency, Loss reliability and loss
recovery. We have also described LEACH and MECN protocols but as they are not e
The development of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various applications like Defense, Health,
Environment monitoring, Industry etc. always attract many researchers in this field. WSN is the network
which consists of collection of tiny devices called sensor nodes. Sensor node typically combines wireless
radio transmitter-receiver and limited energy, restricted computational processing capacity and
communication band width. These sensor node sense some physical phenomenon using different
transduces. The current improvement in sensor technology has made possible WSNs that have wide and
varied applications. While selecting the right sensor for application a number of characteristics are
important. This paper provides the basics of WSNs including the node characteristics. It also throws light
on the different routing protocols.
Design Issues and Applications of Wireless Sensor Networkijtsrd
Efficient design and implementation of wireless sensor networks has become a hot area of research in recent years, due to the vast potential of sensor networks to enable applications that connect the physical world to the virtual world. By networking large numbers of tiny sensor nodes, it is possible to obtain data about physical phenomena that was difficult or impossible to obtain in more conventional ways. In future as advances in micro-fabrication technology allow the cost of manufacturing sensor nodes to continue to drop, increasing deployments of wireless sensor networks are expected, with the networks eventually growing to large numbers of nodes.Potential applications for such large-scale wireless sensor networks exist in a variety of fields, including medical monitoring, environmental monitoring, surveillance, home security, military operations, and industrial machine monitoring etc. G. Swarnalatha | R. Srilalitha"Design Issues and Applications of Wireless Sensor Network" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd4688.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/4688/design-issues-and-applications-of-wireless-sensor-network/g-swarnalatha
Comprehensive Review on Base Energy Efficient Routing ProtocolIJRES Journal
With the faster growing in electronics industry, small inexpensive battery powered wireless sensors have made an impact on the communications with the physical world. The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of hundreds of sensor nodes which are resource constrained. WSN nodes monitor various physical and environmental conditions very cooperatively. WSN uses various nodes for the communication. WSN has become one of the interested areas in the field of research from last few years. To enhance the lifetime of the whole networks energy reduction is the necessary consideration for design and analyse of the clustering and routing protocols. This paper describes the study of various energy efficient routing protocols in WSNs which are important for their designing purpose so as to meet the various resource constraints.
Concepts and evolution of research in the field of wireless sensor networksIJCNCJournal
The field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is experiencing a resurgence of interest and a continuous evolution in the scientific and industrial community. The use of this particular type of ad hoc network is becoming increasingly important in many contexts, regardless of geographical position and so, according to a set of possible application. WSNs offer interesting low cost and easily deployable solutions to perform a remote real time monitoring, target tracking and recognition of physical phenomenon. The uses of these sensors organized into a network continue to reveal a set of research questions according to particularities target applications. Despite difficulties introduced by sensor resources constraints, research contributions in this field are growing day by day. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of most recent literature of WSNs and outline open research issues in this field.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Wireless Sensor Network – Theoretical Findings and ApplicationsAshishDPatel1
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consist of tiny sensor nodes scattered on a relatively large geographical area. The nodes are cooperative in nature, that is, they can communication with one another or to a central control unit. The work of each such node is to collect the information from surrounding like pressure, temperature, humidity, magnetic fields, optical fields etc [2]. Actually they are ad hoc network with some additional constraints. The node should be capable enough for power consumption, collection of data, self healing, mobility, self configuration to name a few. These features of WSN node differentiate it from conventional ad hoc networks [14]. This survey paper aims at reporting wireless sensor network, its design, networking of nodes, and security in system. In this paper, fundamentals of wireless sensor network are discussed. Different component like sensor, microcontroller, battery require for sensor networks are explained in detail. We have tried to include all the aspects of WSN. The Protocols, Operating Systems, tools require for WSN node programming and some security issues are also discussed.
Survey of Wireless Sensor Network Applicationijsrd.com
Sensor networks offer a powerful combination of distributed sensing, computing and communication. They lend themselves to countless applications and, at the same time, offer numerous challenges due to their peculiarities, primarily the stringent energy constraints to which sensing nodes are typically subjected. The distinguishing traits of sensor networks have a direct impact on the hardware design of the nodes at least four levels: power source, processor, communication hardware, and sensors. Various hardware platforms have already been designed to test the many ideas spawned by the re-search community and to implement applications to virtually all fields of science and technology. We are convinced that CAS will be able to provide a substantial contribution to the development of this exciting field. A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application's design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) Internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) Communication protocol stack, and (3) Network services, provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges.
A Top-down Hierarchical Multi-hop Secure Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor...ijasuc
This paper proposes a new top-down hierarchical, multi-hop, secure routing protocol for the wireless
sensor network, which is resilient to report fabrication attack. The report fabrication attack tries to
generate bogus reports by compromising the sensor nodes to mislead the environment monitoring
application executed by randomly deployed wireless sensor nodes. The proposed protocol relies on
symmetric key mechanism which is appropriate for random deployment of wireless sensor nodes. In the
proposed protocol, base station initiates the synthesis of secure hierarchical topology using top down
approach. The enquiry phase of the protocol provides assurance for the participation of all the cluster
heads in secure hierarchical topology formation. Further, this methodology takes care of failure of head
node or member node of a cluster. This protocol ensures confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of the
final report of the monitoring application. The simulation results demonstrate the scalability of the
proposed protocol.
A SURVEY OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS IN WSNIAEME Publication
Wireless sensor networks are harshly restricted by storage capacity, energy and computing power. Wireless Sensor Networks have acquired a lot of attention by research community, manufacturer as well as actual users for monitoring remote trades and how to gather data in different environment. The wireless sensor nodes are especially battery powered devices having life can be extended for some times while long lasting and reliable for maintaining consumption of energy and network lifetime while designs applications and protocols. So it is essential to design effective and energy efficient protocol in order to enhance the network lifetime. In this paper we present the study of different energy efficient communication protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).Then some of the communication protocols which are widely used in WSNs to improve network performance are also discussed advantages and disadvantages of each protocols.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Secure and Efficient Hierarchical Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
DATA TRANSMISSION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS FOR EFFECTIVE AND SECURE COMMUN...IJEEE
Data transmission occurs from transmitting node to sink node, which communicate each other via large number of intermediate nodes or directly to an external base station. A network consists of numbers of nodes with one as a source and one or more as a destination node.
Secure and Efficient DiDrip Protocol for Improving Performance of WSNsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Wireless Sensor Networks consists of a set of resource constrained devices called nodes that communicate wirelessly with each other. Wireless Sensor Networks have become a key application in number of technologies. It also measures the unit of vulnerability to security threats. Several Protocols are projected to make them secure. Some of the protocols within the sensor network specialize in securing data. These protocols are named as data discovery and dissemination protocols. The data discovery and dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks are utilized for distributing management commands and altering configuration parameters to the sensor nodes. All existing data discovery and dissemination protocols primarily suffer from two drawbacks. Basically, they are support centralized approach (only single station can distribute data item).This approach is not suitable for multiple owner-multiple users. Second, the protocols are not designed with security in mind. This Paper proposes the first distributed knowledge discovery and dissemination protocol called DiDrip which is safer than the existing one. The protocol permits multiple owners to authorize many network users with altogether totally different priorities to at an equivalent time and directly flow into data items to sensor nodes.
Wireless Sensor Networks UNIT-1
You can watch my lectures at:
Digital electronics playlist in my youtube channel:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_fItK7wBO6zdWHVPIYV8dQ?view_as=subscriber
My Website : https://easyninspire.blogspot.com/
Wireless Sensor Network – Theoretical Findings and ApplicationsAshishDPatel1
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consist of tiny sensor nodes scattered on a relatively large geographical area. The nodes are cooperative in nature, that is, they can communication with one another or to a central control unit. The work of each such node is to collect the information from surrounding like pressure, temperature, humidity, magnetic fields, optical fields etc [2]. Actually they are ad hoc network with some additional constraints. The node should be capable enough for power consumption, collection of data, self healing, mobility, self configuration to name a few. These features of WSN node differentiate it from conventional ad hoc networks [14]. This survey paper aims at reporting wireless sensor network, its design, networking of nodes, and security in system. In this paper, fundamentals of wireless sensor network are discussed. Different component like sensor, microcontroller, battery require for sensor networks are explained in detail. We have tried to include all the aspects of WSN. The Protocols, Operating Systems, tools require for WSN node programming and some security issues are also discussed.
Survey of Wireless Sensor Network Applicationijsrd.com
Sensor networks offer a powerful combination of distributed sensing, computing and communication. They lend themselves to countless applications and, at the same time, offer numerous challenges due to their peculiarities, primarily the stringent energy constraints to which sensing nodes are typically subjected. The distinguishing traits of sensor networks have a direct impact on the hardware design of the nodes at least four levels: power source, processor, communication hardware, and sensors. Various hardware platforms have already been designed to test the many ideas spawned by the re-search community and to implement applications to virtually all fields of science and technology. We are convinced that CAS will be able to provide a substantial contribution to the development of this exciting field. A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application's design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) Internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) Communication protocol stack, and (3) Network services, provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges.
A Top-down Hierarchical Multi-hop Secure Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor...ijasuc
This paper proposes a new top-down hierarchical, multi-hop, secure routing protocol for the wireless
sensor network, which is resilient to report fabrication attack. The report fabrication attack tries to
generate bogus reports by compromising the sensor nodes to mislead the environment monitoring
application executed by randomly deployed wireless sensor nodes. The proposed protocol relies on
symmetric key mechanism which is appropriate for random deployment of wireless sensor nodes. In the
proposed protocol, base station initiates the synthesis of secure hierarchical topology using top down
approach. The enquiry phase of the protocol provides assurance for the participation of all the cluster
heads in secure hierarchical topology formation. Further, this methodology takes care of failure of head
node or member node of a cluster. This protocol ensures confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of the
final report of the monitoring application. The simulation results demonstrate the scalability of the
proposed protocol.
A SURVEY OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS IN WSNIAEME Publication
Wireless sensor networks are harshly restricted by storage capacity, energy and computing power. Wireless Sensor Networks have acquired a lot of attention by research community, manufacturer as well as actual users for monitoring remote trades and how to gather data in different environment. The wireless sensor nodes are especially battery powered devices having life can be extended for some times while long lasting and reliable for maintaining consumption of energy and network lifetime while designs applications and protocols. So it is essential to design effective and energy efficient protocol in order to enhance the network lifetime. In this paper we present the study of different energy efficient communication protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).Then some of the communication protocols which are widely used in WSNs to improve network performance are also discussed advantages and disadvantages of each protocols.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Secure and Efficient Hierarchical Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
DATA TRANSMISSION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS FOR EFFECTIVE AND SECURE COMMUN...IJEEE
Data transmission occurs from transmitting node to sink node, which communicate each other via large number of intermediate nodes or directly to an external base station. A network consists of numbers of nodes with one as a source and one or more as a destination node.
Secure and Efficient DiDrip Protocol for Improving Performance of WSNsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Wireless Sensor Networks consists of a set of resource constrained devices called nodes that communicate wirelessly with each other. Wireless Sensor Networks have become a key application in number of technologies. It also measures the unit of vulnerability to security threats. Several Protocols are projected to make them secure. Some of the protocols within the sensor network specialize in securing data. These protocols are named as data discovery and dissemination protocols. The data discovery and dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks are utilized for distributing management commands and altering configuration parameters to the sensor nodes. All existing data discovery and dissemination protocols primarily suffer from two drawbacks. Basically, they are support centralized approach (only single station can distribute data item).This approach is not suitable for multiple owner-multiple users. Second, the protocols are not designed with security in mind. This Paper proposes the first distributed knowledge discovery and dissemination protocol called DiDrip which is safer than the existing one. The protocol permits multiple owners to authorize many network users with altogether totally different priorities to at an equivalent time and directly flow into data items to sensor nodes.
Wireless Sensor Networks UNIT-1
You can watch my lectures at:
Digital electronics playlist in my youtube channel:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_fItK7wBO6zdWHVPIYV8dQ?view_as=subscriber
My Website : https://easyninspire.blogspot.com/
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2. 734 Preetkamal Singh, Dr. OP Gupta and Sita Saini
low power, small size & cheap devices, capable of sensing, wireless communication
and computation. As soon as the sensors are deployed in the network they configure
themselves and connect with each other for data collection and thereby forwarding the
data to the Base Station.
Fig.1 Architecture of a typical WSN [1]
WSN can also be defined as a network comprising of possibly low-size and low-
complexity devices termed as nodes which are capable of sensing the environment
and communicating gathered information from the monitored area; the gathered data
can be transmitted directly or through multi –hops to sink, which can then use it
locally or is connected to other networks (e.g. internet) through gateway nodes [1].
The main components of sensor node consist of a sensing unit, a processing unit, a
transceiver and a power unit as shown in the Figure 2. Sensing unit senses the
physical quantity which is then transformed into digital one through ADC i.e. Analog
to Digital converter. Thereafter processor is used for further computations and
transceiver is used to transmit and receive data from the other nodes or from the Base
Station. Power unit is the most prominent unit in any sensor node. Once the battery is
exhausted, it can’t be replaced for unattended applications. Other units are application
dependent unit like Mobilizer, Power Generator and Location Finding System.
Fig. 2 Components of a sensor node
Power Unit
Sensor
ADC
Processor
Storage
Location Finding System
Power
Generator
Transceiver
Mobilizer
3. A Brief Research Study of Wireless Sensor Network 735
Fig.3 Contribution demonstration
2. CHALLENGES IN WSNs
Oneof the main design goals of WSNs is to carry out data communication while
trying to prolong the lifetime ofthe network and prevent connectivity degradation by
employing aggressive energy management techniques.The topology control in WSNs
is influenced by many challenging factors. These factors must beovercome before
efficient communication can be achieved in WSNs. In the following, we summarize
someof the challenges and design issues that affect the topology construction and
maintenance in WSNs [2].
a. Node deployment: Node deployment in WSNs is application dependent and
affects the performance of topology control algorithms. The deployment can
be either deterministic or randomized. In deterministic deployment, the
sensors are manually placed and data is routed through pre-determined paths.
However, in random node deployment, the sensor nodes are scattered
randomly creating an infrastructure in an ad hoc manner.
b. Energy consumption without losing accuracy: Sensor nodes can use up
their limited supply of energy performing computations and transmitting
information in a wireless environment. As such, energy-conserving forms of
communication and computation are essential. Sensor node lifetime shows a
strong dependence on the battery lifetime.
c. Data Reporting Model: Data sensing and reporting in WSNs is dependent on
the application and the time criticality of the data reporting. Data reporting can
Our Contribution
(Brief Study about)
Applications of WSNs
Introduction to WSN
Challenges in WSNs
Security aspects in WSN
Simulation platform in WSN
4. 736 Preetkamal Singh, Dr. OP Gupta and Sita Saini
be categorized as either time-driven (continuous), event-driven, query-driven,
and hybrid. The time-driven delivery model is suitable for applications that
require periodic data monitoring. As such, sensor nodes will periodically
switch on their sensors and transmitters, sense the environment and transmit
the data of interest at constant periodic time intervals.
d. Node/Link Heterogeneity: In many studies, all sensor nodes were assumed to
be homogeneous, i.e., having equal capacity in terms of computation,
communication, and power. However, depending on the application a sensor
node can have different role or capability.
e. Fault Tolerance: Some sensor nodes may fail or be blocked due to lack of
power, physical damage, or environmental interference. The failure of sensor
nodes should not affect the overall task of the sensor network. If many nodes
fail, MAC and topology control algorithms must accommodate formation of
new links and routes to the data collection base stations.
f. Scalability: The number of sensor nodes deployed in the sensing area may be
in the order of hundreds or thousands, or more. Any topology control scheme
must be able to work with this huge number of sensor nodes. In addition,
sensor network routing control algorithms should be scalable enough to
respond to events in the environment. Until an event occurs, most of the
sensors can remain in the sleep state, with data from the few remaining sensors
providing a coarse quality.
g. Security: In some applications, the communication among nodes is required
to be secured enough so as to maintain the confidentiality. It is mostly required
while dealing with the military applications like battlefield surveillance,
military operations etc.
3. APPLICATIONS OF WSN
Wireless Sensor Networks may consist of many different types of sensors such as
seismic, low sampling rate magnetic, thermal, visual, infrared, acoustic and
radar. They are able to monitor a wide variety of ambient conditions that include
temperature, humidity, vehicular movement, lightning condition, pressure, soil
makeup, noise levels, the presence or absence of certain kinds of objects,
mechanical stress levels on attached objects, and the current characteristics such
as speed, direction and size of an object. WSN application can be classified into
following categories:
a. Military applications:
b. Environmental applications:
c. Healthcare applications:
d. Home applications:
e. Traffic control:
5. A Brief Research Study of Wireless Sensor Network 737
Fig. 4 Applications of WSN [3]
4. SECURITY ASPECTS OF WSN
The popularity of WSN has been tremendously on a peak with respect to different
applications like climate change, environmental monitoring, traffic monitoring and
home automation. Therefore keeping the WSN has always been a challenging task.
Cryptography provides security through symmetric key techniques, asymmetric key
techniques and hash function. Since WSN are very constrained in terms of computing,
communication and battery power, it requires a light weight cryptographic algorithm.
Due to constraints of sensor nodes, the selection of cryptographic technique is vital in
WSN. Cryptography in WSN can be explained in the following three aspects:
symmetric, asymmetric and hash function [4].
6. 738 Preetkamal Singh, Dr. OP Gupta and Sita Saini
Fig.5 Security in WSN [4]
5. SIMULATION PLATFORM IN WSN
In WSNs, simulation is one of the most predominant evaluation methodologies for the
development of new communication architectures, and network protocols as well as to
test and validate the existing one in various scenarios. Simulation helps researchers to
get significant information on feasibility and practicability crucial to the
implementation of the system prior to investing significant time and money. In WSNs,
simulation based testing and validation has many advantages, such as: ease of
implementation, lower cost, flexibility and possibility of testing large-scale networks.
The availability of a large number of simulation tools and specific requirement (e.g.
energy-constraints, large-scale deployment) of WSNs makes it difficult for a user to
choose a nearly perfect tool for his evaluation. To address this issue, survey is
presented [] some of the most widely-used and state-of-the-art simulation tools for
WSNs. The aim is to help researchers in the selection of an appropriate simulation
tool to evaluate their work, and to acquire reliable results for large-scale WSNs [5].
Table 1: Comparison table of the reviewed simulation tools
Tools
Features
Interface Accessibility & User
Support
Availability of
WSNs
Modules
Scalability
NS-2 C++/OTcl with limited
visual support
Open source with
Good user
support
Excellent Limited
OMNeT++ C++/NED with good
GUI and debugging
support
Free for academic use,
licence for
commercial use with
Good user
support
Excellent Large-scale
GloMoSim Parsec (C-Based) with
limited visual support
Open source with
Poor user support
Good Large-scale
7. A Brief Research Study of Wireless Sensor Network 739
OPNET C or C++/Java with
Excellent GUI and
debugging support
Free for academic use,
licence for
commercial use with
Excellent
user support
Excellent Moderate
SENSE C++ with good GUI
support
Open source with Poor
user
support
Excellent Large-scale
TOSSIM C++/Python with good
GUI support
Open source (BSD)
with Excellent
user support
Good Large-scale
GTSNetS C++ with good user
interface & visual
support
Open source with good
user
support
Excellent Very Large-
scale
6. CONCLUSION
WSNs have been profoundly used in various sectors of human life. The sensing
technology has made it possible for any sensor node to communicate and respond to
the different attributes. This paper has briefed about various aspects in WSN. With the
brief introduction to the WSN, the special issues have been discussed. Applications
have been highlighted along with the security aspects in WSN. Thereafter the tabular
comparison of different simulation software’s has been given. It can be concluded
from the study done in this paper, that WSN has revolutionized almost every sector of
modern era. It has huge scope of research in handling different aspects of human life.
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