9oct vajont2013bcompresso
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The document describes a large landslide event that occurred on October 9, 1963 in Vajont, Italy. It compares the landslide to a stone falling into a glass of water hundreds of meters high, with the stone being as large as a mountain. The landslide caused thousands of lives to be lost as 25 million cubic meters of water overtopped the dam. The landslide had a maximum thickness of 250 meters, covered an area of around 2 square kilometers, and moved at speeds of 20-30 meters per second, completing its movement in 45 seconds.
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Joints are fractures in rock where there is negligible displacement. They can range in length from millimeters to tens of meters. Joints form due to tensile or shear failure when rocks experience stress. The orientation and spacing of joints is influenced by factors like bed thickness, stress directions, and proximity to faults or folds in the rock. Joints have characteristic surface features and patterns that provide information about the stresses that caused them and rock properties. Joint patterns are important for applications in mining, construction, and hydrogeology.
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This document summarizes research on the physical properties of suevite samples from the Bosumtwi impact crater in Ghana. Suevite is an impact-derived breccia found at many impact sites. Samples were collected from the North and South locations outside the crater rim. Experiments measured compressional wave velocity (Vp) under varying pressure and azimuth. Vp increased with pressure due to pore and contact closure. Samples from the South location had higher initial porosity and showed a faster initial Vp rise under 40 MPa. Vp anisotropy was greater in South samples likely due to clast distribution. The minimum Vp direction in most samples pointed toward the crater center, possibly indicating post-impact preferred orientation. Unlike
Genevois - The Vajont Landslides
This document summarizes the history of the Vajont Dam, including its design, construction, and the events leading up to the catastrophic landslide in 1963. It describes the initial studies of the geology of the area and the early signs of instability observed during filling and drawdown periods in 1960-1963. It outlines the monitoring data that was collected on displacements and pore pressures, and how rates of movement increased non-linearly with rising reservoir levels. However, the full failure surface was not identified by boreholes and increasing movements were not taken as evidence of an impending catastrophic failure until it was too late.
Earthquakes
1) The document discusses earthquakes, including what causes them, where they are located, and their effects. Most earthquakes occur at plate boundaries where tectonic plates meet.
2) Specific examples of earthquake events are described, such as the 1906 San Francisco earthquake which was caused by movement on the San Andreas Fault.
3) Consequences of earthquakes like building damage, fires, landslides and tsunamis are explained. Mitigation strategies to reduce earthquake risks are also outlined.
sample learning material in science grade 10
This document provides an overview of the Earth's interior structure based on seismic wave evidence. It discusses how seismic waves like P-waves and S-waves travel through different layers, revealing details about the composition and state of those layers. The existence of an S-wave shadow zone indicated the inner core is solid, while P-wave refraction showed bending consistent with a liquid outer core. Later discoveries of an inner core within the outer liquid core helped establish the current model of a solid inner core within a liquid outer core surrounded by the mantle and crust.
Shear wave velocity and Geology Based Seismic Microzonation of Port-au-Prince...
This is a presentation entirely based on the paper published by Brady R. Cox and his team. I just focused on the key points of the paper in the presentation.
Plate tectonicsslideshow
The document summarizes plate tectonics, providing details on:
1) The structure of the Earth's core and mantle, and how convection currents cause plate movements.
2) Evidence for plate tectonics including seafloor spreading and magnetic reversals in ocean crust.
3) The three types of plate boundaries and associated geological features like ocean trenches and volcanic activity.
Plate tectonic activity with maps
1) Earthquakes regularly occur at plate boundaries in the oceans, such as at subduction zones where one tectonic plate slides under another.
2) Major earthquakes can generate destructive tsunamis by displacing large volumes of water very quickly. These tsunami waves travel across the ocean and grow in height as they reach shorelines.
3) Studying areas like the Nankai Trough off Japan, where great earthquakes repeatedly occur, can provide insights into why and how these quakes happen, and help determine zones that may rupture in future events.
Plate tectonic activity with maps
1) Earthquakes regularly occur at plate boundaries in the oceans, such as at subduction zones where one tectonic plate slides under another.
2) Major earthquakes can generate destructive tsunamis by displacing large volumes of water very quickly. These tsunami waves travel across the ocean and grow in height as they reach shorelines.
3) Studying areas like the Nankai Trough off Japan, where great earthquakes repeatedly occur, can provide insights into why and how these quakes happen, and help determine areas at risk for future seismic events.
Festa et al., 2013 - Draft
This document summarizes new insights about diapirism in the Adriatic Sea from the reinterpretation of seismic profiles in the region around the Tremiti Islands offshore of Italy. The profiles reveal a salt-anticline structure, called the Tremiti diapir, within a larger Tremiti Structure. The diapir was generated by the upward migration of Upper Triassic anhydrites due to diapirism within Mesozoic to Quaternary basin sediments. Internal patterns in the strata and shapes of Plio-Quaternary units, as well as an angular unconformity on the Tremiti Islands, suggest halokinesis began in the late Miocene and continues today.
Plate tectonic
The document summarizes the key principles of plate tectonics. It describes how the lithosphere is composed of rigid tectonic plates that move across the asthenosphere. The three main types of plate boundaries are divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where they slide past each other. Evidence that supports plate tectonics includes the distribution and age of ocean floor, magnetic patterns in rocks, paleomagnetic data, polar wander curves, and geological features correlated across continents.
Tectonics, tectonophysics
This document provides an overview of a course on earthquakes and tectonics. The course will integrate complementary techniques to study lithospheric deformation, including seismology, geodesy, geology, and modeling. It will cover topics like earthquake focal mechanisms, moment tensors, plate tectonics, plate motions, fault zones, and the seismic cycle. Studying earthquakes and tectonics requires considering aspects of seismology, geology, geophysics, and their interrelationships.
ÖNCEL AKADEMİ: İSTANBUL DEPREMİ
This document summarizes recent research on the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey. Key points include:
- The fault has been active since the Miocene period 15 million years ago, with an average slip rate of 0.5-0.7 cm/year. The recent slip rate associated with earthquakes is 1-2 cm/year.
- Stress drops from earthquakes on the fault are not dependent on magnitude for quakes above M7. Relationships between seismic moment and fault area differ for large and small quakes.
- Future research needs include more detailed mapping, paleogeographic reconstruction, geochemical correlations across the fault, seismic studies, and geodetic monitoring for earthquake prediction.
The Piedmont Essay
The document provides information about the geology of the Flin Flon area in Manitoba, Canada. It discusses the regional history and lithology of the Flin Flon greenstone belt and broader Trans-Hudson Orogen. Specifically, it focuses on map area 4 from a University of Saskatchewan field school in Flin Flon. It describes a rock sample from the area as a greenschist facies mafic metavolcanic rock that displays a porphyritic texture and subtle foliation from deformation.
Quarter 1-Introduction to Plate Tectonics Part 2.
The document provides information about studying the Earth's interior. It discusses the different layers of the Earth (crust, mantle, outer core, inner core) and their compositions. Key points include:
- Seismic waves like P waves and S waves are used to determine the layers and their properties by measuring how fast they travel.
- Discontinuities like the Mohorovičić discontinuity and Gutenberg discontinuity indicate changes in density between layers.
- The outer core is liquid while the inner core is solid based on how seismic waves propagate.
Marmara Sea: Tarihsel Deprem Senaryoları
The document analyzes fault interactions along the North Anatolian Fault and Sea of Marmara pull-apart region using knowledge of large earthquakes, geology, fault kinematics, and Coulomb stress analysis to characterize how stress evolves on fault segments and discusses scenarios for earthquake clustering and propagating sequences. While earthquakes along the North Anatolian Fault tend to occur where previous events have increased stress, significant isolated events have also occurred in the Sea of Marmara region, suggesting the determining factor is secular loading from below. Present-day loading appears highest along a 70-km segment in the central Marmara Sea southwest of Istanbul.
EARTH EARTHQUAKES
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of built-up stress along geological faults. The document summarizes information about earthquakes in Pakistan including historical quakes, measuring magnitudes, locating epicenters, and classifying earthquake types and effects. It describes the elastic rebound theory of earthquakes, seismic wave propagation, uses of seismographs to measure quakes, and scales for quantifying magnitudes and intensities.
Natural Disasters Topic 4 (Earthquakes)
This document provides an overview of earthquakes, including what they are, the different types of seismic waves, where earthquakes occur along plate boundaries, and the different types of fault movements. It also discusses methods for measuring earthquakes, some of the largest earthquakes in history, earthquake hazards like ground shaking and liquefaction, and strategies for mitigating earthquake damage.
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This document summarizes active continental margins, where a continental plate overrides an oceanic plate being subducted. It focuses on the Andes as the archetypal example, describing three volcanic zones (northern, central, southern). The central zone contains thicker Precambrian crust and produces more silica-rich magmas compared to island arcs. Active volcanism occurs where subduction is steep (~30°) but not where aseismic ridges cause shallow subduction (<10°). Magmas result from mantle and crustal melting, interacting with continental crust, giving them distinct geochemical signatures. Large batholith belts were emplaced during periods of uplift and erosion when subduction shallows.
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Evidence is given that the ejecta blanket of the 35.5-Myr-old Chesapeake Bay Crater is still extant and covers ~5,000 km2 of the U.S. mid Atlantic Coastal plain
g10science1stquartermodule1-200502160553 (2).pdf
Plate tectonics is the theory that the Earth's outermost shell is divided into plates that constantly move and interact with one another. At plate boundaries, where the plates meet, seismic activity like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. The three main types of plate boundaries are divergent boundaries, where plates move apart; convergent boundaries, where plates collide; and transform boundaries, where plates slide past one another. Each boundary type results in different geological features and phenomena.
Similar to 9oct vajont2013bcompresso (20)
Some physical properties of suevites from the bosumtwi impact crater, ghana
Some physical properties of suevites from the bosumtwi impact crater, ghana
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9oct 1 esposito-landslide risk reduction
This document summarizes a study that coupled slope monitoring and numerical modeling to reduce landslide risk. Key points:
- Monitoring (inclinometers, piezometers, remote sensing) was used before, during, and after slope stabilization works following a 2007 landslide in southern Italy.
- Numerical modeling was informed by detailed geological investigations and calibrated using monitoring data to simulate slope behavior and forecast displacements during tunnel excavation.
- Monitoring data from multiple landslide events on the slope was used to test semi-empirical models for predicting time to failure. Results provided insights for improving failure forecasting.
- The coupled monitoring and modeling approach allowed real-time evaluation of stabilization works and informed management of excav
9oct vajont lecture hatzor
This document summarizes a talk on thermally and seismically induced rock slope displacements. It discusses:
1) Verification of single plane and double plane sliding models through analytical solutions, discrete element modeling, and shaking table experiments.
2) Field monitoring of rock mass response to thermal fluctuations at Masada World Heritage site, which showed temperature dependent cyclic joint opening and closure.
3) The need to account for velocity-dependent friction degradation in dynamic analyses, as friction resistance may decrease with increasing sliding velocity.
9oct hungr vaiont-2013
This document summarizes analyses of the 1963 Vaiont slide in Italy. It discusses methods used, including the method of slices, limit equilibrium analyses, and flexible block modeling. Key findings include that the slide was highly asymmetric, internal strength contributed to stability but to a limited extent, structural constraints were important, cohesion played an important role but is difficult to quantify, and a two-stage failure mechanism is plausible. The speed of the slide could be explained by loss of cohesion in the interior and constraints.
9oct 4 crosta-monitoring and modelling
This document summarizes a presentation on monitoring and modeling of rock slides and rock avalanches given at an international conference in 2013. It discusses monitoring displacements of the La Saxe rockslide in Italy using probes, and modeling failures using finite element modeling with averaged material properties. It also covers forecasting displacements using 1D visco-plastic models and models of weakly interacting blocks. Finally, it discusses 2D and 3D numerical modeling of rockslide runout considering erosion, deposition, and interactions with water bodies. The modeling results are validated against laboratory and field observations.
9oct 3 wang1-reservoir bank slope
This document summarizes remote sensing analysis of reservoir bank slope deformation at the Laxiwa Hydropower Station in China. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar data before impoundment showed deformation was very small, while optical imagery analysis from 2007-2009 also found no obvious deformation. However, analysis of optical imagery from 2009-2010 after impoundment detected horizontal displacement of up to 7.5 meters, indicating deformation occurred. The slope response to increasing water levels suggests the sliding surface may be located near the river bed. Ongoing monitoring efforts including GPS, surveys, boreholes, and seismometers are helping analyze the current landsliding behavior.
9oct 2 franz-land-slide triggered
This document summarizes research on modeling landslide-triggered tsunamis in alpine lakes. The researchers tested several numerical schemes on benchmark problems and additional tests simulating landslides. The LF scheme was best, being non-oscillatory. A case study applying the LF scheme to a hypothetical landslide in a confidential alpine lake was presented. 1D and 2D modeling showed wave heights comparable to other methods. While results were promising, wet-dry transition and coupling with landslide modeling need further work. The researchers aim to calibrate the model on known cases and develop a two-phase model for a comprehensive landslide-tsunami simulation system.
9oct 2 fabbri-hydrogeological spring
This document summarizes a presentation on the hydrogeological characterization of springs in the Vajont area of Italy. It describes isotopic analyses conducted on the Le Spesse and Ega Nass springs which show seasonal isotopic inversion, indicating winter infiltration. Monitoring of the Le Spesse spring showed a positive correlation between rainfall and discharge lagged by one day. Conceptual modeling found the spring has a homogenization type response, slow deep reservoir circulation, and a combination of fissured/porous and limited karst circulation influences on spring composition. The V.E.S.P.A. index assessed the Le Spesse spring vulnerability as medium.
9oct 2 bretschneider-a physically based scale
This document describes a study that used physical modeling to analyze creep processes affecting Mount Granieri in southern Italy. Creep tests were performed on rock samples from Mount Granieri to study the effects of sample dimensions, stress levels, and duration of creep. The results were upscaled to model creep at different depths of a potential landslide on Mount Granieri. The study concluded that tertiary creep deformations of Mount Granieri are due to highly altered granite, and that deformations hundreds of meters from the valley are dependent on secondary creep stages. This physical modeling approach can help zonate deep-seated gravitational slope deformations by stress and inform monitoring using timescales of creep.
9oct 1 petronio-reflection seismic
This document summarizes a seismic study of the Mt. Toc landslide site in Italy. Reflection seismic, refraction seismic, and surface wave techniques were used to image the complex geology. P-wave and SH-wave reflection and refraction data were acquired using vibroseis and weight drop sources. Surface wave data were also recorded. The data were processed, integrated with geology, and interpreted to develop a seismic velocity model and identify key geologic formations. The study demonstrated that seismic methods can be applied to investigate landslide environments, though the complex geology presents challenges that require an integrated approach combining different seismic techniques and auxiliary information.
9oct 1 croce-geotechnical analysis
This document analyzes an ancient masonry dam built in Italy in the 1920s on unfavorable geological conditions. Over nearly a century of monitoring, the dam exhibits significant seepage through the underlying morain deposit, causing cyclic horizontal movements that drag the dam's right shoulder. A geological model and careful back-analysis using soil mechanics principles reveal the complex interaction between the reservoir, subsoil, and dam structure. Proposed remedial works on the morain are not conclusively shown to improve dam behavior. Continuous monitoring and back-analysis remain essential for safe reservoir operation.
Loew - pore pressure
The document discusses pore pressure conditions in brittle translational rockslides. It finds that these rockslides often have complex hydrostratigraphy with multiple water tables and confined pressures separated by sliding planes. Pore pressures are influenced by the ratio of recharge rate to surface layer conductivity. Clayey shear bands reduce conductivity and can create large negative pore pressure zones or strong pressure gradients. Pore pressure transients from lake level variations or recharge can show phase shifts when passing through low permeability layers. Significant knowledge gaps remain regarding saturation-suction relationships in fractured rock slopes.
3 notti studying and monitoring
1) The document discusses using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) techniques with SAR satellite data to study and monitor large, slow-moving landslides over large areas.
2) At a regional scale, the study analyzed over 1820 large landslides in Northwest Italy, finding that PSI provided useful data for monitoring movement for about 60% of landslides in the Alps. At a local scale, three case studies of large landslides were analyzed in more detail.
3) For the Alpe Baranca landslide, PSI data was able to identify unstable areas and changes in movement rates after a flood event, providing useful information despite a lack of other monitoring data for this landslide
Hermanns - understanding long term slope
This document summarizes research on understanding long-term slope deformation and stability assessment of rock slopes, using the case study of the Oppstadhornet rockslide in Norway. It describes Norway's systematic mapping program to identify unstable rock slopes, characterizes fjord lands prone to rockslides, and details the geology and slip history of the Oppstadhornet rockslide which began moving 14,000 years ago as the glacier receded. Long-term low slip rates are important for detecting acceleration that could lead to failure, and many unstable slopes in Norway may be moving slowly since deglaciation.
Davies - adverting predicted
This document discusses three examples of predicted landslide catastrophes in New Zealand and the challenges of communicating risk to decision-makers. In the first example, a potential landslide in Kaikoura could generate a tsunami killing over 100 people. While known since 1999, the risk has not been properly addressed. The second example evaluates risks of landslides in Franz Josef endangering over 100 people, which is unacceptable. The third examines landslide risks at Milford Sound that could kill 400 people and endanger employees, far exceeding acceptable safety standards, yet reducing tourism is politically difficult. The key responsibilities of scientists are to publish comprehensive risk assessments and correct any misrepresentations, holding politicians accountable for ignoring foreseeable disaster risks.
Strom - remote landslide related hazard
Remote landslides can impact dam safety even if they occur far from the dam site. The 1963 Vajont disaster showed that slope stability must be analyzed throughout reservoir areas. Landslides can dam rivers downstream or upstream of dams, impacting design. The Rogun dam project considered landslides blocking the Vakhsh River downstream, requiring protective works. Upstream, landslides could dam tributaries and increase reservoir levels. The Kambarata projects considered past landslides that dammed the Naryn River, releasing floods exceeding prior estimates. Dams blocking major rivers could release water volumes threatening dam safety, requiring investigating unstable slopes that may cause remote landslide hazards.
Uchida - vajont 2013
This document discusses using hydrological and sediment transport observations to improve early warning systems for large-scale landslides. It summarizes a study monitoring sediment discharge using hydrophones, or underwater microphones, in mountain rivers. The study found hydrophones could successfully detect increases in sediment discharge before major landslides occurred. This suggests hydrophone monitoring could help provide earlier warnings by detecting abnormal sediment activity prior to landslide events. The document concludes hydrophone monitoring shows potential for improving early warning systems by incorporating sediment observation data.
Schneider - Impact of Largelandslide
This document summarizes the presentation "Impact of large landslides, mitigation measures" given by Jean F. Schneider. The presentation covers:
1) Triggers of large landslides including slope geology, morphology, water content, earthquakes, and human impacts.
2) Formation and stability of landslide dams, mechanisms of dam failure, and persistence over time.
3) Mitigation measures including restricting development, engineering works, monitoring systems, and insurance.
4) Examples of large landslides and landslide dams including locations in China, Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Ecuador and lessons learned from case studies.
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Psaroudakis: Family and Football – The Psaroudakis Success Story
Psaroudakis, a name that resonates with football fans around the globe, is a testament to the powerful synergy between familial support and individual passion. Born on March 10, 1992, in the historic city of Heraklion, Crete, Psaroudakis’ journey to international football stardom is a compelling narrative of dedication, perseverance, and unwavering family support. His story not only highlights his athletic prowess but also underscores the crucial role his family played in shaping his career and character.
Psaroudakis’ early life in Heraklion was deeply influenced by a supportive and nurturing family environment. His father, a former semi-professional footballer, recognized Psaroudakis’ potential from an early age. Acting as his first coach, his father’s guidance was instrumental in igniting Psaroudakis’ passion for football. This paternal influence instilled in him a strong work ethic and fundamental skills that would become the foundation of his future success. His mother, a dedicated homemaker, provided a stable and nurturing environment, ensuring that Psaroudakis could pursue his dreams without any hindrances.
From a young age, Psaroudakis showed an innate talent for football. Growing up in Heraklion, he spent countless hours playing football in local parks and streets with friends and family. His natural ability was evident even in these informal settings, and his enthusiasm for the game was infectious. By the age of five, Psaroudakis had joined a local youth football club, where his skills began to flourish. His father’s role as his first coach during these formative years was crucial, as he emphasized not only technical skills but also the importance of discipline and teamwork.
The transition from playing in local parks to joining a structured football environment marked a significant step in Psaroudakis’ journey. At the age of ten, he joined the youth academy of OFI Crete, one of Greece’s most esteemed football clubs. This move marked the beginning of a more rigorous and professional approach to his training. The academy environment was demanding, focusing on honing technical abilities and instilling values of sportsmanship and dedication. Psaroudakis’ dedication to his craft was evident as he quickly rose through the ranks, becoming a standout player in the youth teams.
The support of Psaroudakis’ family was unwavering during this critical period. His father continued to be a source of guidance and mentorship, while his mother ensured that he had everything he needed to succeed. Their collective efforts created a balanced environment where Psaroudakis could focus entirely on his development as a footballer. This familial support was not just about providing the basics; it was about creating an environment where Psaroudakis felt encouraged and motivated to pursue his dreams relentlessly.
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However, in 2023, they played one another twice, with France endearing both matches 4-0 and 2-1 individually. Against Poland and Austria, the Netherlands also have a stout record, winning just under half the matches. They faced Austria at Euro 2020, engaging 2-0, and they haven't lost to Poland since 1979.
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"Of course, you prefer to take players who are fully fit, but that's okay. We want to wait and be patient for some players even if they cannot play in those first matches," he told a press conference. The 37-year-old Vertonghen, Belgium’s Euro Cup 2024 most-capped international with 154 appearances, is struggling to shake off a groin injury.
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Psaroudakis: Family and Football – The Psaroudakis Success Story
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9oct vajont2013bcompresso
- 2. “Un sasso è caduto in un bicchiere colmo d’acqua e l’acqua è traboccata sulla tovaglia. Solo che il bicchiere era alto centinaia di metri e il sasso come una montagna e di sotto sulla tovaglia stavano migliaia di vite umane.” “A stone fell into a glass full of water and the water overflowed on the tablecloth. But the glass was hundreds of meters high, the stone as big as a mountain and on the tablecloth there were thousands or human lives” Dino Buzzati , Corriere della Sera, 11 Ottobre 1963 9 Ottobre 1963 Ore 22h39’46
- 3. 1st factor: The glided succession and the clays . Hendron and Patton 1985 N DAM
- 4. 2nd factor: The chair-like shape
- 5. The Alps: a double vergence belt A Dal Piaz et al. 2003
- 6. The Belluno anticline and the Erto syncline Castellarin et al. 2002 Erto Syncline North South Fault-bend-fold DP: Dolomia Principale; FS: Fm Soverzene; FI: Fm Igne; CV: Calcare Vaiont; FS: Fonzaso-Soccher; SR: Scaglia Rossa Doglioni and Carminati, 2008
- 7. 3rd factor: Faults (Erghene and Tramontin) SR F SR Sc Sc F F Vj Sc F F Ign F Vj After Rossi and Semenza (1965) and Riva et al. (1990)
- 8. 1st 9/10/1963 + Semenza and Ghirotti 2000 2ndt Paleolandslide Hadron e Patton glacier + 3rd SR F SR Sc Sc F F Vj Sc F F Ign F Vj Semenza 2001
- 9. Is this the whole story?
- 10. Tectonic map of the Alps Dal Piaz et al. 2003
- 11. Dinaric faulting in Vajont valley? Col delle Tosatte and Croda Bianca faults VJ SR Ign Sc Massironi et al. 2013
- 12. A sliding plane, everything but plane! Folds E-W to WNW N-S to NNW
- 13. A sliding plane, everything but plane! The E-W fold of the eastern lobe Walter et al. 2013 Massironi et al. 2013
- 14. A sliding plane, everything but plane! The Massalezza syncline Western lobe Eastern lobe Eastern lobe Western lobe Eastern lobe Western lobe Massalezza ditch
- 15. A sliding plane, everything but plane! Meso-folds interference Massironi et al. 2013
- 17. UAV photogrammetry Ramsey 1967 n = 163
- 18. Inherited folds in the accumulation zone: Alpine folds? SR F SR Sc B Block Sc F A Block F Vj Sc F F F Ign Vj After Rossi and Semenza (1965) and Riva et al. (1990)
- 19. 850 m 0 Inherited folds in the accumulation zone: Alpine folds? Trasverse resistivity section ERT8 – Block A Soccher fm Sc fm Fonzaso fm Fonzaso fm Fonzaso fm Francese, Giorgi et al., 2013 (see Poster session)
- 20. 0 900 m Inherited folds in the accumulation zone Masalezza syncline Longitudinal resistivity section ERT1 – Block A Soccher fm Sc fm Fonzaso fm Fonzaso fm Francese, Giorgi et al., 2013 (See Poster session) Fonzaso fm
- 21. The 3D Structural Model Bistacchi et al.,2013 (see Poster session)
- 22. Kinematics Block A: vector of finite displacement Azimuth: N 8±2.5°, Length: 361±12 m, Slight rotation Block B: vector of finite displacement Azimuth N 3±1°, Length: 464±12 m, No rotation Bistacchi et al., 2013 (see Poster session)
- 23. 1st: Clays 2nd: Chair-like shape Semenza and Ghirotti 2000 Hadron e Patton glacier 3rd: Faults SR F 4th: A missing factor A sliding plane, everything but plane SR Sc Sc F F Vj Sc F F Ign F Vj 2ndt
- 24. A Missing Factor: A sliding plane, everything but plane! • M.te Toc slopes is located at the back-limb of the Alpine Belluno anticline and is enclosed between two Dinaric and downward converging reverse fault systems (Croda Bianca-Col Tramontin system and Col delle Tosatte fault). • This led to the N-S trending Massalezza syncline, which accounts for the two distinct lobes of the Vajont sliding surface and is associated with a series of polyharmonic folds interfering with neo-alpine meso-folds. • The Massalezza syncline and related concave shape of the sliding surface guaranteed the en-masse sliding of the 1963 event and favoured the separation of the two collapsed blocks that followed different and northward converging sliding paths. • Most of the folds recorded in the sliding surface pre-existed the landslide events and may have affected the gravitational processes in different concurrent modes: a. as meso-scale roughness/waviness, unevenly distributed on the sliding plane; b. through gravitational reactivation of the fold-associated flexural slip thrusts which likely favoured clay reach layer interconnectivity
- 25. Thanks!
- 27. Dove si vede lo sprofondamento nelle Alpi meridionali? west Piattafroma di Trento: Monte Pasubio east
- 28. Dove si vede lo sprofondamento nelle Alpi meridionali? Monte Testo west onlap 100 m approx. scale Zampieri D. & Massironi M., 2007 east
- 30. Mappa delle indagini geofisiche
- 32. Slid mass volume and topographic sections from the 3D Model 241.3 Mm3 (Bistacchi et al., 2013 see Poster session)
- 33. Middle Jurassic rifting Beltrando et al. 2010 Ghirotti et al 2013
- 34. Alpine-Dinaric interaction in Eastern Southern Alps
- 35. 9 Ottobre 1963 Volume: 270 Mmc Area: ≈ 2km2 Spessore max: 250 m Velocità: 20-30 m/sec Durata: 45 sec 25 milioni di m3 di acqua hanno scavalcato la diga Selli et al.,1964