Part2GriscomPenroseConferenceLecture
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Evidence is given that the ejecta blanket of the 35.5-Myr-old Chesapeake Bay Crater is still extant and covers ~5,000 km2 of the U.S. mid Atlantic Coastal plain
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Part3GriscomPenroseConferenceLecture
Evidence is presented that the ejecta blanket of the 35.5-Myr-old Chesapeake Bay crater is still extant and covers ~5,000 km2 of the U.S. mid Atlantic Coastal Plain. (Part 3 of 3)
Interior of the earth
The document discusses the interior structure of the Earth. It is divided into four major layers:
1) The crust is the outermost solid rock layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust.
2) Below the crust is the mantle, which makes up most of the Earth's volume. The upper mantle includes the asthenosphere and transition zone.
3) In the Earth's core, seismic waves indicate the outer core is liquid while the inner core is solid.
4) Evidence from earthquake waves, density measurements, and mineral properties help reveal the composition of each layer and boundaries between them like the Mohorovicic discontinuity.
Sea-Floor Spreading
1. The document discusses sea-floor spreading, which is the process where new oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates move away from each other.
2. Evidence that supports sea-floor spreading includes magnetic stripe patterns in the ocean floor and samples from ocean crust that show it is younger near ridges and older further away.
3. Oceanic crust is basaltic rock that forms at ridges and is then recycled in subduction zones, making it generally younger than continental crust which does not undergo this recycling process.
2 & 3 plate tectonic, gerak dan sifat interaksi
This document discusses plate tectonics and the theory of plate tectonics. It provides information on key aspects of plate tectonics including:
- The lithosphere is broken into individual plates that move over the asthenosphere in response to convection currents.
- Plate boundaries are sites of geologic activity including divergent boundaries which create oceanic crust, transform boundaries, and convergent boundaries involving subduction or collision which alter crust composition.
- Mantle convection provides the primary driving force for plate tectonics, with slab pull and ridge push contributing to plate motions.
GEOG 100--Lecture 12--Plate Tectonics
The document discusses the history of theories of plate tectonics. It describes how early theories viewed the Earth's crust as rigid and unmoving, but accumulating evidence from seafloor mapping, core sampling, and studies across scientific disciplines demonstrated that the crust is made up of mobile tectonic plates that move and interact along boundaries. The modern theory of plate tectonics explains continental drift, mountain building, volcanism and earthquakes based on the dynamics of divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries.
Plate tectonics & seafloor spreading
1) Seismic studies reveal that the Earth is composed of layers with different chemical compositions and physical properties, including a solid inner core, liquid outer core, soft asthenosphere, and rigid lithosphere.
2) Evidence from seafloor spreading and magnetic stripes on the ocean floor support the theory of plate tectonics, where new ocean crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward as the plates move.
3) Paleomagnetic data from rocks show alternating magnetic polarities on either side of ridges, supporting the hypothesis that new crust forms at ridges and cools over time, recording reversals in Earth's magnetic field to reveal the history of plate movements.
Earthquake
This document discusses earthquakes, including their causes and global distribution. It begins by defining earthquakes and describing the different types of seismic waves generated. There are two main types of body waves (P and S waves) and two main types of surface waves (Love and Rayleigh waves). Earthquakes are primarily caused by tectonic plate movement and faulting, as well as volcanic activity. They most commonly occur along plate boundaries and zones of historical mountain building. India has been divided into different seismic zones based on earthquake risk, with Zone V representing the highest risk.
Geo persentaion
explanation of the seismology and study of the earth's interior besides the shadow zone and the Moho. the presentation include the gravity anomalies with the definition of the isostasy.
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Part3GriscomPenroseConferenceLecture
Evidence is presented that the ejecta blanket of the 35.5-Myr-old Chesapeake Bay crater is still extant and covers ~5,000 km2 of the U.S. mid Atlantic Coastal Plain. (Part 3 of 3)
Interior of the earth
The document discusses the interior structure of the Earth. It is divided into four major layers:
1) The crust is the outermost solid rock layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust.
2) Below the crust is the mantle, which makes up most of the Earth's volume. The upper mantle includes the asthenosphere and transition zone.
3) In the Earth's core, seismic waves indicate the outer core is liquid while the inner core is solid.
4) Evidence from earthquake waves, density measurements, and mineral properties help reveal the composition of each layer and boundaries between them like the Mohorovicic discontinuity.
Sea-Floor Spreading
1. The document discusses sea-floor spreading, which is the process where new oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates move away from each other.
2. Evidence that supports sea-floor spreading includes magnetic stripe patterns in the ocean floor and samples from ocean crust that show it is younger near ridges and older further away.
3. Oceanic crust is basaltic rock that forms at ridges and is then recycled in subduction zones, making it generally younger than continental crust which does not undergo this recycling process.
2 & 3 plate tectonic, gerak dan sifat interaksi
This document discusses plate tectonics and the theory of plate tectonics. It provides information on key aspects of plate tectonics including:
- The lithosphere is broken into individual plates that move over the asthenosphere in response to convection currents.
- Plate boundaries are sites of geologic activity including divergent boundaries which create oceanic crust, transform boundaries, and convergent boundaries involving subduction or collision which alter crust composition.
- Mantle convection provides the primary driving force for plate tectonics, with slab pull and ridge push contributing to plate motions.
GEOG 100--Lecture 12--Plate Tectonics
The document discusses the history of theories of plate tectonics. It describes how early theories viewed the Earth's crust as rigid and unmoving, but accumulating evidence from seafloor mapping, core sampling, and studies across scientific disciplines demonstrated that the crust is made up of mobile tectonic plates that move and interact along boundaries. The modern theory of plate tectonics explains continental drift, mountain building, volcanism and earthquakes based on the dynamics of divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries.
Plate tectonics & seafloor spreading
1) Seismic studies reveal that the Earth is composed of layers with different chemical compositions and physical properties, including a solid inner core, liquid outer core, soft asthenosphere, and rigid lithosphere.
2) Evidence from seafloor spreading and magnetic stripes on the ocean floor support the theory of plate tectonics, where new ocean crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward as the plates move.
3) Paleomagnetic data from rocks show alternating magnetic polarities on either side of ridges, supporting the hypothesis that new crust forms at ridges and cools over time, recording reversals in Earth's magnetic field to reveal the history of plate movements.
Earthquake
This document discusses earthquakes, including their causes and global distribution. It begins by defining earthquakes and describing the different types of seismic waves generated. There are two main types of body waves (P and S waves) and two main types of surface waves (Love and Rayleigh waves). Earthquakes are primarily caused by tectonic plate movement and faulting, as well as volcanic activity. They most commonly occur along plate boundaries and zones of historical mountain building. India has been divided into different seismic zones based on earthquake risk, with Zone V representing the highest risk.
Geo persentaion
explanation of the seismology and study of the earth's interior besides the shadow zone and the Moho. the presentation include the gravity anomalies with the definition of the isostasy.
Internal structure of the earth
Internal Structure of The Earth
Physical Layering
Determining the Earth's Internal Structure
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D. VELOCITY AND DENSITY VARIATION WITHIN THE EARTH
The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
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A transform boundary is a plate boundary where plates slide past each other laterally. The San Andreas Fault in California is the closest transform boundary to us.
Earth's magnetic field periodically reverses polarity over geological time. When this happens, newly formed igneous rocks record the change, with magnetic minerals aligning to the new field orientation. By examining the alternating normal and reversed polarity bands in sea floor sediments on both sides of mid-ocean ridges, scientists can see evidence of past magnetic field reversals that provide information about plate tectonic movements over time.
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Plate tectonics describes the large-scale motions of Earth's major tectonic plates. Evidence for plate tectonics includes matching rock formations and fossil patterns found on separated continents, as well as evidence of past climate changes in rock strata. The theory was confirmed in the 1960s with discoveries about seafloor spreading and paleomagnetism recording magnetic reversals in oceanic crust. Plate boundaries such as mid-ocean ridges and trenches demonstrate the movement of plates via convection currents in the mantle.
Sea floor spreading
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but contained underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock samples, magnetic stripes in the ocean crust, and the ages of rocks drilled from the ocean floor supported Harry Hess' theory from 1960 of sea-floor spreading, where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward over time.
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The document discusses the origins and evolution of the universe and solar system based on scientific evidence and discoveries. It describes how Edwin Hubble's observations led to the conclusion that the universe is expanding. It also explains how analysis of light from distant galaxies provided evidence that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old and originated from a massive expansion known as the Big Bang. Furthermore, it outlines the formation and composition of the solar system from a large cloud of gas and dust approximately 4.6 billion years ago, and how planets, asteroids, and other bodies were formed from this initial cloud.
Rock types and internal structure of earth
This document discusses rock types and the internal structure of Earth. It describes how metamorphic rocks are formed by changes in temperature and pressure. Metamorphic rocks are classified based on whether they have a foliated or non-foliated texture. Examples of important metamorphic rocks are described along with their properties and uses. The layers within Earth are outlined, including the crust, mantle, outer core and inner core. Seismic waves, including P-waves and S-waves, are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing how rocks deform under tectonic stresses.
The dynamic crust
The document discusses evidence of crustal movement on Earth including deformed rock structures and fossil evidence. It then introduces plate tectonics, describing the four main layers of Earth's structure and how the lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move due to convection currents in the upper mantle. Earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and faults as the plates interact and move.
Physical Geography Lecture 12 - Plate Tectonics 111616
Rigid Earth Theory. Plasticity. Isostacy. Alfred Wegener and Continental Drift. Wegener's lines of evidence. Harry Hess and more evidence. Power source = convection currents in the mantle. Theory of Plate Tectonics. Plate boundaries: Divergent (spreading centers), Convergent (subduction zones), Lateral (transform faults). Three types of subduction zones. Hot spots. Accreted Terranes. Cratons. Continental Shields. Topography. (maps for lab)
Earth And Its Interior
Seismic waves provide evidence about the Earth's internal structure. The Earth has a crust, mantle, and core. The crust and mantle are solid rock, while the core has a liquid outer core and solid inner core. Gravity and magnetic measurements also help reveal the Earth's layers and changes over time. Isostatic balance and convection help explain movements and heat transfer within the Earth.
Introduction to geodynamics
Geodynamics studies mantle convection and plate tectonics to understand phenomena like seafloor spreading and mountain building. It provides fundamentals for how the solid Earth works as a heat engine. Early theorists like Wegener and Du Toit proposed continental drift to explain geological similarities between continents. In the 1960s, seafloor mapping and studies of magnetic pole positions in rocks supported plate tectonics, where convection in the mantle drives the motion of rigid tectonic plates. This theory was accepted when it provided a unifying framework and mechanism to explain observations of geology and geophysics.
Structure Of The Earth
1. The Earth is composed of layers including a solid crust, mantle of hot rock, and an inner and outer core made of iron and nickel.
2. Earthquakes send seismic waves that are detected by seismometers around the world, allowing scientists to learn about the Earth's internal structure.
3. There are two types of seismic waves - P waves and S waves. S waves cannot pass through liquids, which provides evidence that the outer core is liquid based on waves not being detected on the opposite side of the Earth from some earthquakes.
Crust core and mantle
The document summarizes the composition and structure of the Earth's layers. It describes the crust, mantle, and core based on composition, thickness, temperature, and density. The crust is the outermost solid layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust. The mantle lies below the crust and is also divided into layers. Seismic wave measurements indicate the mantle transitions to a liquid outer core and solid inner core at the Earth's center.
Internal structure of earth with repect to seismic waves
This document discusses the structure and composition of Earth's interior as revealed through seismic wave studies. It describes the major layers as follows:
The crust, which is thinner and denser under the oceans than continents. Below is the mantle, which extends to a depth of 2,890 km and is denser than the crust. The lower mantle has higher seismic wave velocities than the upper mantle. The core lies below the mantle, with the liquid outer core surrounding a solid inner core. Seismic waves have provided evidence of this internal structure.
Earth internal structure
The document summarizes the structure and composition of Earth's interior layers. It describes how seismic waves and samples from deep drilling provide evidence that the Earth has distinct layers, including a crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust varies in thickness and composition between continental and oceanic crust. Below the crust lies the mantle, which makes up over 80% of the Earth's volume and is divided into an upper and lower mantle. The lower mantle and outer core are liquid, while the inner core is solid.
2.4 tectonic plate boundaries
The document discusses three types of plate boundaries:
1) Divergent boundaries, where plates pull apart and new crust is formed, examples include mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys.
2) Convergent boundaries, where plates push together, examples include oceanic-continental collisions which form volcanoes and trenches, and oceanic-oceanic collisions which form island arcs.
3) Transform boundaries, where plates slide horizontally past one another along transform faults.
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Plate tectonics
The document describes plate tectonics and the evidence that supports it. It explains that lithospheric plates move over the asthenosphere at different plate boundary types - divergent boundaries where new crust is formed, convergent boundaries where plates collide and cause subduction or mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. It provides examples like the Hawaiian hotspot chain that demonstrate plate motions. The document concludes by outlining an exercise to interpret a hypothetical tectonic map and identify plate boundaries and features based on earthquake and age data patterns.
The Earth’s Structure
The Earth has three main layers - a core, mantle, and crust. The crust is made up of tectonic plates that slowly move due to convection currents in the mantle. Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in the early 1900s, but it was not widely accepted until the 1950s when studies of the ocean floor provided supporting evidence. For the past 200 million years, the atmosphere has been around 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen, though it was likely different in the early Earth with more carbon dioxide and less oxygen. Human activities like burning fossil fuels are increasing carbon dioxide levels today.
Prentice Hall Earth Science ch09 plate tectonics
This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and continental drift. It discusses Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift from 200 million years ago that formed the supercontinent Pangaea. It describes the three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they crash together, and transform boundaries where they grind past each other. It also explains how mantle convection provides the driving force for plate motions and how this forms various landforms at the different plate boundary types.
Fountains of the deep
1) The document proposes the hydroplate theory as an alternative to plate tectonics to explain geological phenomena.
2) It suggests that a layer of water trapped under the crust ruptured, causing massive flooding that separated the continents and formed new geological features rapidly.
3) As the continents drifted apart, mountain ranges formed from buckling plates and impacts, and the remaining water drained in massive floods, eventually receding to form the oceans and end the proposed flood period.
Part1GriscomPenroseConferenceLecture
Evidence is given that the ejecta blanket of the 35.5-Myr-old Chesapeake Bay crater is still extant and covers ~5,000 km2 of the U.S. mid Atlantic Coastal Plain (Part 1 of 3)
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The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
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A transform boundary is a plate boundary where plates slide past each other laterally. The San Andreas Fault in California is the closest transform boundary to us.
Earth's magnetic field periodically reverses polarity over geological time. When this happens, newly formed igneous rocks record the change, with magnetic minerals aligning to the new field orientation. By examining the alternating normal and reversed polarity bands in sea floor sediments on both sides of mid-ocean ridges, scientists can see evidence of past magnetic field reversals that provide information about plate tectonic movements over time.
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Plate tectonics describes the large-scale motions of Earth's major tectonic plates. Evidence for plate tectonics includes matching rock formations and fossil patterns found on separated continents, as well as evidence of past climate changes in rock strata. The theory was confirmed in the 1960s with discoveries about seafloor spreading and paleomagnetism recording magnetic reversals in oceanic crust. Plate boundaries such as mid-ocean ridges and trenches demonstrate the movement of plates via convection currents in the mantle.
Sea floor spreading
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but contained underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock samples, magnetic stripes in the ocean crust, and the ages of rocks drilled from the ocean floor supported Harry Hess' theory from 1960 of sea-floor spreading, where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward over time.
Solar system & planets
The document discusses the origins and evolution of the universe and solar system based on scientific evidence and discoveries. It describes how Edwin Hubble's observations led to the conclusion that the universe is expanding. It also explains how analysis of light from distant galaxies provided evidence that the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old and originated from a massive expansion known as the Big Bang. Furthermore, it outlines the formation and composition of the solar system from a large cloud of gas and dust approximately 4.6 billion years ago, and how planets, asteroids, and other bodies were formed from this initial cloud.
Rock types and internal structure of earth
This document discusses rock types and the internal structure of Earth. It describes how metamorphic rocks are formed by changes in temperature and pressure. Metamorphic rocks are classified based on whether they have a foliated or non-foliated texture. Examples of important metamorphic rocks are described along with their properties and uses. The layers within Earth are outlined, including the crust, mantle, outer core and inner core. Seismic waves, including P-waves and S-waves, are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing how rocks deform under tectonic stresses.
The dynamic crust
The document discusses evidence of crustal movement on Earth including deformed rock structures and fossil evidence. It then introduces plate tectonics, describing the four main layers of Earth's structure and how the lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move due to convection currents in the upper mantle. Earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and faults as the plates interact and move.
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Rigid Earth Theory. Plasticity. Isostacy. Alfred Wegener and Continental Drift. Wegener's lines of evidence. Harry Hess and more evidence. Power source = convection currents in the mantle. Theory of Plate Tectonics. Plate boundaries: Divergent (spreading centers), Convergent (subduction zones), Lateral (transform faults). Three types of subduction zones. Hot spots. Accreted Terranes. Cratons. Continental Shields. Topography. (maps for lab)
Earth And Its Interior
Seismic waves provide evidence about the Earth's internal structure. The Earth has a crust, mantle, and core. The crust and mantle are solid rock, while the core has a liquid outer core and solid inner core. Gravity and magnetic measurements also help reveal the Earth's layers and changes over time. Isostatic balance and convection help explain movements and heat transfer within the Earth.
Introduction to geodynamics
Geodynamics studies mantle convection and plate tectonics to understand phenomena like seafloor spreading and mountain building. It provides fundamentals for how the solid Earth works as a heat engine. Early theorists like Wegener and Du Toit proposed continental drift to explain geological similarities between continents. In the 1960s, seafloor mapping and studies of magnetic pole positions in rocks supported plate tectonics, where convection in the mantle drives the motion of rigid tectonic plates. This theory was accepted when it provided a unifying framework and mechanism to explain observations of geology and geophysics.
Structure Of The Earth
1. The Earth is composed of layers including a solid crust, mantle of hot rock, and an inner and outer core made of iron and nickel.
2. Earthquakes send seismic waves that are detected by seismometers around the world, allowing scientists to learn about the Earth's internal structure.
3. There are two types of seismic waves - P waves and S waves. S waves cannot pass through liquids, which provides evidence that the outer core is liquid based on waves not being detected on the opposite side of the Earth from some earthquakes.
Crust core and mantle
The document summarizes the composition and structure of the Earth's layers. It describes the crust, mantle, and core based on composition, thickness, temperature, and density. The crust is the outermost solid layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust. The mantle lies below the crust and is also divided into layers. Seismic wave measurements indicate the mantle transitions to a liquid outer core and solid inner core at the Earth's center.
Internal structure of earth with repect to seismic waves
This document discusses the structure and composition of Earth's interior as revealed through seismic wave studies. It describes the major layers as follows:
The crust, which is thinner and denser under the oceans than continents. Below is the mantle, which extends to a depth of 2,890 km and is denser than the crust. The lower mantle has higher seismic wave velocities than the upper mantle. The core lies below the mantle, with the liquid outer core surrounding a solid inner core. Seismic waves have provided evidence of this internal structure.
Earth internal structure
The document summarizes the structure and composition of Earth's interior layers. It describes how seismic waves and samples from deep drilling provide evidence that the Earth has distinct layers, including a crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust varies in thickness and composition between continental and oceanic crust. Below the crust lies the mantle, which makes up over 80% of the Earth's volume and is divided into an upper and lower mantle. The lower mantle and outer core are liquid, while the inner core is solid.
2.4 tectonic plate boundaries
The document discusses three types of plate boundaries:
1) Divergent boundaries, where plates pull apart and new crust is formed, examples include mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys.
2) Convergent boundaries, where plates push together, examples include oceanic-continental collisions which form volcanoes and trenches, and oceanic-oceanic collisions which form island arcs.
3) Transform boundaries, where plates slide horizontally past one another along transform faults.
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The document describes plate tectonics and the evidence that supports it. It explains that lithospheric plates move over the asthenosphere at different plate boundary types - divergent boundaries where new crust is formed, convergent boundaries where plates collide and cause subduction or mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. It provides examples like the Hawaiian hotspot chain that demonstrate plate motions. The document concludes by outlining an exercise to interpret a hypothetical tectonic map and identify plate boundaries and features based on earthquake and age data patterns.
The Earth’s Structure
The Earth has three main layers - a core, mantle, and crust. The crust is made up of tectonic plates that slowly move due to convection currents in the mantle. Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in the early 1900s, but it was not widely accepted until the 1950s when studies of the ocean floor provided supporting evidence. For the past 200 million years, the atmosphere has been around 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen, though it was likely different in the early Earth with more carbon dioxide and less oxygen. Human activities like burning fossil fuels are increasing carbon dioxide levels today.
Prentice Hall Earth Science ch09 plate tectonics
This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and continental drift. It discusses Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift from 200 million years ago that formed the supercontinent Pangaea. It describes the three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they crash together, and transform boundaries where they grind past each other. It also explains how mantle convection provides the driving force for plate motions and how this forms various landforms at the different plate boundary types.
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Physical Geography Lecture 12 - Plate Tectonics 111616
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Fountains of the deep
1) The document proposes the hydroplate theory as an alternative to plate tectonics to explain geological phenomena.
2) It suggests that a layer of water trapped under the crust ruptured, causing massive flooding that separated the continents and formed new geological features rapidly.
3) As the continents drifted apart, mountain ranges formed from buckling plates and impacts, and the remaining water drained in massive floods, eventually receding to form the oceans and end the proposed flood period.
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Hawaii -Kilauea - Eruptions - Seismic Activity - The Earth's CoreClifton M. Hasegawa & Associates, LLC
Hawaii's Most Active Volcano: Here's The Latest On Kilauea's Eruption
The Kilauea volcano is located in the southeastern part of the Big Island of Hawaii.
Believe it or not, Kilauea has been erupting continuously since 1983, with only occasional pauses of quiet activity. This particular "episode" of the eruption began in the late afternoon of May 3, in a part of Leilani Estates, a subdivision near the town of Pahoa.
Officials said there is no way to predict how long the eruption will continue or what shape it will take. This eruption could be finished or could go on for a long time.
Kilauea is one of the most active and well-monitored volcanoes in the world. It's been erupting on and off for hundreds of thousands of years.
All of Hawaii is a tourist destination, but this particular eruption wasn't in an area where most tourists go. The homes at risk are in a subdivision near the town of Pahoa.
Source: USA TODAY. By Doyle Rice. May 4, 2018, accessed May 5, 2018
<https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/05/04/hawaii-volcano-eruption-kilauea-big-island/580466002/>
________________________
Kilauea Volcano Erupts, Spewing Lava and Gases Near Homes in Hawaii
Governor David Ige has issued an emergency proclamation and has called up the National Guard to help emergency workers with evacuation efforts.
Source: THE NEW YORK TIMES. By Meghan Miner Murray, Sabrina Tavernise and Maya Salam. May 4, 2018, accessed May 5, 2018
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Aaa earthquake engineering2
The document summarizes key information about the structure and composition of the Earth. It describes the three main layers - the core, mantle, and crust. The core has a solid inner core and liquid outer core made of iron and nickel. The mantle is the largest layer and mainly composed of silicate minerals. It is divided into the rigid lithosphere and soft asthenosphere. The crust is the thin outer layer composed of different rock types and containing all life.
lecture1-seismology.ppt
This document provides an introduction to seismology. It discusses how seismology studies earthquakes and the propagation of energy through the Earth's crust. It then describes the formation of the Earth and its layers, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It explains what causes earthquakes, such as the movement of tectonic plates and the rupture of rocks along faults. Finally, it discusses evidence that supported Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift and how plate tectonics helps explain the distribution of earthquakes and volcanic activity at plate boundaries.
Subduction Zones and their Associated Features
TABLE OF CONTENT
>Introduction
>General Morphology of Subduction Zone
>Ocean Trenches
>Back Arc Basins
>Accretionary Prism
>Variation in Zones Characteristics
>Structure of Zones from Earthquakes
>Thermal Structure of Down-going Slab
>Gravity Anomalies
>Volcanic and Plutonic Activity
>Metamorphism at convergent boundaries
Ch8_EQ_students
Earthquakes are caused by the shifting of rock masses within the Earth's crust and mantle. They originate at a focus with an epicenter at the surface above. There are two main types of faults that cause earthquakes - dip-slip faults involving vertical motion and strike-slip faults with horizontal motion. The magnitude of an earthquake is measured using the Richter scale and describes the amount of energy released. Larger earthquakes can cause significant ground shaking and damage from effects like fault ruptures, landslides, liquefaction, tsunamis, and fires.
Were Most of Earth's Fossil-Bering Sedimentary Rock Layers Deposited by Noah'...
This presentation uses the Coconino Sandstone to evaluate the question of whether it is quantitatively reasonable for sedimentary formations to have been deposited by Noah's Flood.
Plate Tectonics
The document provides an overview of the structure and composition of the Earth's layers, including the crust, mantle, and core. It then discusses plate tectonics and evidence that supports the theory of continental drift, such as matching geological formations and fossil distributions between continents before they drifted apart. The development of the modern theory of plate tectonics to explain continental movement is also outlined.
Lithosphere
Ophiolites provide evidence for the composition and structure of oceanic crust and the upper mantle. They represent sections of oceanic crust and upper mantle that have been obducted or thrust onto continental margins. Studying ophiolites like the Samail ophiolite in Oman has helped scientists understand the layered sequence of rocks that make up oceanic crust, including extrusive basalts, dikes, and intrusive gabbros.
PLATE-TECTONICS.pptx
The document provides an overview of several geological models that were used in the early 20th century to understand global geological features, including continental drift. It discusses the theory of contractionism, which proposed that continents separated as the Earth cooled and shrank. It also discusses permanentenism, which argued that continents have always been in largely the same positions. The land-bridge hypothesis suggested that land bridges once connected continents to explain terrestrial fossil distributions. The document examines problems with each of these early models and how they helped address questions about matching fossil distributions across continents.
Earth Structure
The document discusses the structure and layers of the Earth. It is composed of four main layers from outermost to innermost:
1) The crust, which is the thin solid outer layer people live on made of rocks and minerals. It is divided into thicker continental crust and thinner oceanic crust.
2) The hot, dense mantle that behaves like a solid but can flow very slowly over geologic timescales. Its convection currents influence plate tectonics at the surface.
3) The liquid outer core that is composed of melted nickel and iron due to extreme heat and pressure.
4) The inner solid core formed from compressed metals vibrating in place like a solid.
Plate Tectonics, Earthquake & Volcano
This document discusses plate tectonics and related landforms, earthquakes, and volcanoes. It begins by describing the four main types of plate boundaries and associated landforms such as mid-oceanic ridges, trenches, and island arcs. It then covers causes of earthquakes including sudden stress release along faults, and factors that influence earthquake damage such as magnitude, building design, and population density. Prediction methods like elastic rebound theory and seismic gaps are also mentioned. Finally, it discusses volcanoes, noting where they form at plate boundaries and hotspots, how scientists monitor and predict eruptions, associated hazards from lava to tsunamis, and ways to reduce risks like controlling lava flows and using hazard maps.
Grade 10_science1stquartermodule1.pptx
Plate tectonics is the theory that the Earth's outermost shell is divided into plates that constantly move and interact with one another. Earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain ranges occur primarily at plate boundaries. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where plates move together, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another. Each boundary type results in different geological effects depending on whether oceanic or continental crust is involved in the plate interaction.
The Boltysh crater fill sediments – a 500,000 year record of the lower Danian
The document summarizes research on sediments from the Boltysh impact crater in Ukraine that preserve a 500,000 year record of the early Danian period. The continuous lacustrine sediments within the crater provide an expanded and detailed record of a negative carbon isotope excursion approximately 200,000 years above the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, correlating to the Dan-C2 excursion in the marine record. Changes in floral communities through the excursion reflect changing biomes from a rapidly warming climate during an early Danian hyperthermal event, followed by ecosystem recovery, analogous to other major climatic events in the geologic record. The timing of the excursion may correlate with the late stages of
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Hawaii -Kilauea - Eruptions - Seismic Activity - The Earth's Core
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Were Most of Earth's Fossil-Bering Sedimentary Rock Layers Deposited by Noah'...
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The Boltysh crater fill sediments – a 500,000 year record of the lower Danian
The Boltysh crater fill sediments – a 500,000 year record of the lower Danian
Part2GriscomPenroseConferenceLecture
- 1. The Case for Interpreting the ~5,000 km2 "Upland Deposits" of the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plane as Chesapeake Bay Crater Ejecta Part II David L. Griscom impact Glass research international San Carlos, Sonora, M éxico Slightly modified and lengthened from talk presented at the: Penrose Conference “Late Eocene Earth,” Monte C ò n e ro, Italy, October 6, 2007
- 2. 50 km Atlantic Ocean Richmond, VA Washington, DC Chesapeake Bay Gravity map showing negative gravity anomaly coinciding with the inner basin of the Chesapeake Bay structure. The position of the outer rim is shown as the dashed curve. (After Koeberl et al., 1996). “ Upland deposits” of southern Maryland (studied by Schlee (1957)) (Unsorted siliciclastic sands, silts and striated gravels) Note that incision of the “upland deposits” is mainly the work of major streams and rivers from the west. There are virtually no tributaries cut into these uplands. Both the “upland deposits” and the Bacons Castle fm. appear to armor the underlying clay terraces against pluvial erosion. Fall Line Blue Ridge “ Upland Gravels” of eastern Virginia Bacons Castle fm. 115 km
- 3. The Chesapeake Bay Impact Structure (Cross section from Koeberl et al., 1996 and Poag, 1997) Koeberl et al. and Poag: The Lower-Cretaceous target rocks are poorly-lithified, non-marine, mainly siliciclastic sediments ~500 m thick. Griscom: It seems possible that these target rocks included alluvial deposits rich in Devonian quartzite gravels – exactly matching the description of the “upland deposits”. 400-360 Ma (Devonian) : Quartzite sandstones deposited Time 250 Ma: Appalachian Mountains folded, uplifting anticlines of Devonian quartzites 140-100 Ma (Lower Cretaceous) : Alluvial fans crept seaward from the Appalachians 35.5 Ma: Impact!!! My View:
- 4. Projectile Diameter: 6 km Projectile Density: 1500 kg/m 3 Impact Velocity: 30 km/s (Vertical Exaggeration ~330 ) X 33 Hypothetical Coastal Plane Contour Just Before Impact
- 5. The “jetting” stage is well known in cratering physics …but this may represent the first ever appeal to jetting in an attempt to explain an actual geological feature on the face of the Earth. 15-cm Ball of Marine Chalk Found in an Upland Depression (Sliced Cross Section) Note “toasted” exterior and shattered (brecciated) interior. My Model for the Jetting-Phase: The Ocean – and the Soft Coastal Deposits – Are Chamfered at an Angle of ~0.06 o Present day slope of the base of the “upland deposits” Jetting-Induced Debris Flows
- 6. “ Upland Deposits” R -3 4,300 km 3 (Poag, 1997) It is known from explosion experiments that the thicknesses of ejecta blankets follow the -3 rd power of the radius R from the crater center. The normalization factor is determined from the total volume of ejecta, which in turn can be scaled from the known diameter of the crater. About Ten Minutes after Impact 0.06 ° Bacons Castle fm.
- 7. H.J. Melosh, Impact Cratering – A Geologic Process (Oxford University Press, New York, 1989) J.N. Head, H.J. Melosh, B.A. Ivanov Science 298 (2002) 1752 The fastest interference-zone ejecta can leave with ~0.5 times the speed v i of the impacting object! ~2.0 Impactor Diameters Interference-Zone Ejecta But let us drop back to the first few tenths of a second… ~0.02 v i
- 8. But let us drop back to the first few tenths of a second… GRANITE Vertical Exaggeration X 50 Distance (km) Chesapeake Bay Crater 10 min “ Effective” Interference Zone ( v 0.02 v i ) Frye (1986) found this granite “dropstone” in a mudstone bed 800 km due west of the crater center. 27-kg granite object found among the “upland gravels” 200 km northwest of the crater center (speaker’s front yard). Lower Limit of Interference Zone USGS
- 9. CALVERT I Crystalline Basement: Granites, Metamorphics Marine Clays Cretaceous Non-Marine Siliciclastic Sand and Gravel Clay Confining Units “ Effective” Interference Zone Precipitated Ferric Oxyhydroxides Ground Water with Dissolved Fe ~212 km 3 Vertical Exaggeration X330 I propose that the “upland gravels” are interference-zone ejecta comprising pre-formed alluvial, mostly-quartzite gravels >2 mm that were subject to size sorting by atmospheric drag during ballistic flight. Tysons ~90 km 3 gravel >2 mm Washington Loam = base surge or silt?
- 10. CALVERT I “ The Day After” About 500,000 Years Later 35.5 Ma Chickahominy Fm. CALVERT II “ Exmore Breccia” Glass ~35.0 Ma About Two Million Years Later Present The two Calverts are diachronous in anyone’s model. In my model Calverts I and II are diachronous across the time plane of just 2 millon years. In the canonical model Calvert II rests on a formation supposedly ~28 m.y. older! However, materials deposited on the crater floor ca. 8 Ma should have been removed by fluvial erosion during the low stands of the Quaternary. N.B. The fossils in Calverts I and II are neritic species. Lower Eocene clays ??? ??? ~8 Ma