This document provides information about a case study on a 90-year-old female patient diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It includes the patient's personal details and medical history. Assessment findings over two days showed the patient appeared weak, had a non-healing diaper rash, and laboratory tests revealed high blood glucose levels. The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of glucose metabolism and the role of insulin. It also outlines the diagnostic criteria and procedures used to diagnose diabetes, including blood glucose monitoring and complete blood count. Nursing care focused on managing the patient's diabetes and diaper rash through diet, medication, and wound care.
- A 52-year old female patient presented with left-sided weakness and drowsiness and a history of diabetes and hypertension. She had undergone CABG surgery one month prior.
- Brain CT showed infarcts in the right frontal, parietal and occipital lobes as well as the left thalamus, capsules and corona radiata.
- She was diagnosed with left hemiplegia due to strokes. Her treatment plan included physiotherapy, medications to manage her conditions, and lifestyle counseling.
14. a case study on diabetes mellitus type 1 with diabetic ketoacidosis cp in...Dr. Ajita Sadhukhan
A 26 year old male patient was admitted to the male medicine ward with complaints of nausea, vomiting, generalised weakness, anxiety, decreased appetite, headache since noon.
It heterogeneous metabolic disorder characterized by common feature of chronic hyperglycemia with disturbance of carbohydrate fat and protein metabolism.
The document presents a case study of a 51-year-old Filipino woman diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Her lab results and physical exam are provided. She is currently taking medications including Glimeperide, Metformin, Pioglitazone, and Nifedepine to manage her conditions. The document also provides general information on diabetes mellitus, including diagnostic criteria, treatment goals, glucose-lowering therapies and nutritional recommendations.
Mrs. DM is a 35-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes who presents for her annual visit with poorly controlled hypertension and moderate albuminuria. She has been managing her diabetes for 20 years with insulin injections and glucose monitoring. Her medical history is otherwise normal, though she has a family history of cardiovascular disease. Her current medications include insulin, aspirin, and medications to treat her hypertension. Lab work shows her HA1c is elevated at 8.1%, indicating poorly controlled diabetes, and her urine albumin is very high. The patient's physician plans to adjust her insulin and add another antihypertensive medication to improve her diabetes and hypertension management.
The document discusses acute complications of diabetes mellitus including diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), providing guidelines for evaluating and managing patients with DKA or HHS through intravenous fluid resuscitation, insulin therapy, and electrolyte replacement to stabilize blood glucose levels, rehydrate the patient, and treat the underlying metabolic acidosis. Three case presentations are provided exemplifying different types of patients who presented with DKA or HHS and their clinical outcomes over time.
This patient is a 35-year old woman with type 1 diabetes, hypertension, and albuminuria who is seeking nutrition counseling. Her blood glucose and blood pressure are poorly controlled. She eats a diet high in processed carbohydrates and sugars with little water or nutrient-dense foods. Her medications for diabetes and hypertension may be counteracting each other. The nutrition goals are to replace one meal daily with nutrient-dense foods including fruits and vegetables, decrease carbohydrate intake to better control blood glucose, and decrease soda and sugary drinks to one per day while increasing water intake. She requires education on healthy meal planning and portion control to manage her conditions.
- A 52-year old female patient presented with left-sided weakness and drowsiness and a history of diabetes and hypertension. She had undergone CABG surgery one month prior.
- Brain CT showed infarcts in the right frontal, parietal and occipital lobes as well as the left thalamus, capsules and corona radiata.
- She was diagnosed with left hemiplegia due to strokes. Her treatment plan included physiotherapy, medications to manage her conditions, and lifestyle counseling.
14. a case study on diabetes mellitus type 1 with diabetic ketoacidosis cp in...Dr. Ajita Sadhukhan
A 26 year old male patient was admitted to the male medicine ward with complaints of nausea, vomiting, generalised weakness, anxiety, decreased appetite, headache since noon.
It heterogeneous metabolic disorder characterized by common feature of chronic hyperglycemia with disturbance of carbohydrate fat and protein metabolism.
The document presents a case study of a 51-year-old Filipino woman diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Her lab results and physical exam are provided. She is currently taking medications including Glimeperide, Metformin, Pioglitazone, and Nifedepine to manage her conditions. The document also provides general information on diabetes mellitus, including diagnostic criteria, treatment goals, glucose-lowering therapies and nutritional recommendations.
Mrs. DM is a 35-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes who presents for her annual visit with poorly controlled hypertension and moderate albuminuria. She has been managing her diabetes for 20 years with insulin injections and glucose monitoring. Her medical history is otherwise normal, though she has a family history of cardiovascular disease. Her current medications include insulin, aspirin, and medications to treat her hypertension. Lab work shows her HA1c is elevated at 8.1%, indicating poorly controlled diabetes, and her urine albumin is very high. The patient's physician plans to adjust her insulin and add another antihypertensive medication to improve her diabetes and hypertension management.
The document discusses acute complications of diabetes mellitus including diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), providing guidelines for evaluating and managing patients with DKA or HHS through intravenous fluid resuscitation, insulin therapy, and electrolyte replacement to stabilize blood glucose levels, rehydrate the patient, and treat the underlying metabolic acidosis. Three case presentations are provided exemplifying different types of patients who presented with DKA or HHS and their clinical outcomes over time.
This patient is a 35-year old woman with type 1 diabetes, hypertension, and albuminuria who is seeking nutrition counseling. Her blood glucose and blood pressure are poorly controlled. She eats a diet high in processed carbohydrates and sugars with little water or nutrient-dense foods. Her medications for diabetes and hypertension may be counteracting each other. The nutrition goals are to replace one meal daily with nutrient-dense foods including fruits and vegetables, decrease carbohydrate intake to better control blood glucose, and decrease soda and sugary drinks to one per day while increasing water intake. She requires education on healthy meal planning and portion control to manage her conditions.
This case presentation discusses a 81-year-old male patient diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and uncontrolled blood sugar. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by high blood sugar due to insulin resistance or lack of insulin production. The patient's medical history and lab results are presented. His treatment plan involves multiple oral hypoglycemic agents and lifestyle modifications to control his blood sugar levels and comorbidities like hypertension. Drug interactions and counseling points are also outlined.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus type 1 and presents a case study. It begins with an introduction to type 1 diabetes, including its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatments. It then presents a case study of a 7-year-old female patient who presented with symptoms of weight loss, excessive thirst and urination, nausea, and fatigue. Testing revealed her random blood sugar level was elevated, and she was diagnosed with mild ketosis secondary to newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. The document outlines her treatment plan, which involved insulin injections and dietary modifications to manage her blood glucose levels.
Diabetes Mellitus- Case Presentaion by Jayesh Anil MahirraoJayesh Mahirrao
This document summarizes information about a patient with diabetes mellitus. It includes details of the patient's medical history, test results showing high blood sugar levels, and the medications prescribed to treat her condition. The patient is a 32-year-old female who presents with fatigue, polyuria, leg pain, and chest pain. Laboratory tests confirm she has diabetes. Her treatment plan involves medications like Glimepiride and Metformin to control blood sugar, Atorvastatin for cholesterol, and supplements like Methylcobalamine and Vitamin D3. She receives counseling on diet, exercise, and managing her diabetes.
JS, a 12-year old girl with type 1 diabetes, has been experiencing episodes of fatigue, weakness, and weight loss. During a soccer game, she felt sick and her blood glucose level was found to be low. She was treated for heat exhaustion. The doctor thinks she may be experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis. Proper management of type 1 diabetes requires lifelong insulin administration, monitoring of blood glucose and ketone levels, and maintenance of a healthy diet and activity levels to prevent dangerous fluctuations.
This patient is a 35-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes and poorly controlled hypertension. Her lab results show elevated fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, BUN, and urine albumin levels. A 24-hour dietary recall revealed she consumes foods high in sugar and fat like juice, cake, ice cream, and fast food. Her diet lacks nutrients like iron which has caused low Hct levels. The nutrition assessment identified behavioral, clinical, and intake issues including a preference for unhealthy foods due to lack of knowledge about diabetes management. Goals were set to increase fruit intake to control blood pressure, educate on carbohydrate counting and blood sugar control, and recommend a healthier diet and self-care activities.
This case study describes a 30-year-old male with type 1 diabetes who experiences frequent hypoglycemia due to inconsistent carbohydrate intake from irregular meal timing and snacks high in simple carbohydrates. His current HbA1c is 8.1% and casual blood glucose is 195 mg/dL. The registered dietitian will provide nutrition education and counseling to establish consistent carbohydrate intake at meals and snacks, teach carbohydrate counting, and encourage healthier food choices to improve blood glucose control and reduce hypoglycemic episodes. Treatment goals include decreasing HbA1c to under 7% and casual blood glucose to under 135 mg/dL.
SR is a 29-year-old woman recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes based on her symptoms of dizziness, fatigue, frequent urination, excessive thirst and hunger, and electrolyte disturbances. Her blood glucose levels were very high at 720 mg/dL and her A1C was 8.5%, indicating her insulin levels were too low and she was not producing enough insulin. Her meal plan needs to be modified using carbohydrate counting to better manage her blood sugar levels, with the goal of keeping her A1C below 7% and blood glucose levels within normal ranges. She should monitor her blood glucose levels before and after exercise and meals to determine how activities and food affect her levels.
This document provides a case study of an 18-year-old female patient, Ms. A, who was admitted to the hospital with uncontrolled Type 1 diabetes mellitus. It discusses her medical history and family history of diabetes. It also defines key terms related to diabetes like glucose, insulin, and symptoms of uncontrolled diabetes like polyuria and polydipsia. Additionally, it provides background on the anatomy and physiology of the endocrine system, pancreas and processes involved in gluconeogenesis.
This document is a case study submitted by Reynel Dan L. Galicinao to their professor Prof. Maricar M. Mutia at Misamis University's Graduate School. It discusses diabetes mellitus-II with chronic kidney disease-IV, covering topics like insulin secretion and function, classifications of diabetes, diagnostic tests, and general procedures and treatment modalities. Key points include the different types of diabetes, factors that affect insulin and blood glucose levels, laboratory tests used to diagnose and monitor diabetes, and nursing considerations for administering those tests.
A 12-year-old girl presented with a 4-5 kg weight loss over recent weeks along with nausea, increased thirst and urination. Laboratory tests showed elevated blood sugar, urine sugar and ketones. Based on the history of early onset, lack of family history of diabetes, and symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia and weight loss, the provisional diagnosis is type 1 diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes results from immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. Further testing of autoantibodies can help confirm the diagnosis.
Mr. AH is a 70-year-old man who was diagnosed with T2DM 10 years ago. He was initially treated with lifestyle management and metformin.
3 years later, his doctors advised him to add long acting basal insulin analogue to metformin, reached to 40U/day .
Other current medical conditions include: hypertension, hypothyroidism, and mild osteoporosis without fracture history.
Current medications; Metformin 1000 mg bid, long acting basal insulin analogue 40U/day , Candesartan 16 mg qd, Alendronate 70 mg once weekly, Levothyroxine 100 mg qd.
Physical exam: BMI 26 kg/m2, BP 140/80 mmHg, otherwise unremarkable.
His current FPG 140 mg/dL and HbA1c 8.5%. Kidney and liver functions are normal.
Mrs. X, a 55-year-old female, was admitted to the hospital for diabetic neuropathy symptoms including leg pain and difficulty rising from sitting. She has a history of type 2 diabetes for 7 years. Physical examination and tests confirmed diabetic neuropathy and anemia. She was prescribed medications including gabapentin and metformin to control blood sugar and neuropathy symptoms. The patient was counseled on lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise and foot care to manage her condition and prevent further complications.
Management of diabetes mellitus type 2 in primary health care settingAhmed Mshari
The document discusses the management of type 2 diabetes (DM2). It outlines the goals of DM2 treatment as alleviating symptoms, minimizing complications, improving quality of life, and reducing mortality. Treatment should focus on controlling blood glucose, blood pressure, blood lipids, and body weight. The management of DM2 follows a stepwise approach beginning with lifestyle modifications like weight loss, nutrition therapy, exercise, and smoking cessation. If targets are not met, oral hypoglycemic medications may be introduced, and eventually insulin therapy. Regular patient follow-up and education are important components of ongoing DM2 management and care.
Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, affecting the body's ability to properly process blood sugar. It is a chronic, progressive disease where the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin. Common symptoms include frequent urination, excessive thirst, hunger, fatigue, and blurred vision. Tests like fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance, and A1c can diagnose type 2 diabetes. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, oral medication, or insulin depending on the individual case.
1. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to absolute insulin deficiency. It commonly presents in children and requires lifelong insulin replacement therapy. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency and predominantly affects obese children. Proper diabetes education and management including insulin therapy, nutrition, monitoring and prevention of acute and chronic complications are essential in children with diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to either insufficient insulin production or the body's inability to use insulin properly. There are several types of diabetes including type 1 caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, and type 2 typically associated with obesity and aging and initially managed through lifestyle changes and oral medications. Complications of diabetes can be acute like ketoacidosis or hypoglycemia, or chronic through damage to blood vessels and nerves over many years.
This document provides an overview of diabetes, including:
- Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action.
- India has over 63 million people with diabetes, the second highest number in the world.
- There are three main types of diabetes - type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
- Diabetes is diagnosed through fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and oral glucose tolerance tests.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as oral medications and insulin for blood glucose control.
- Chronic complications of diabetes can impact the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels if not properly managed.
This case study describes the care of a 63-year-old man with diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The patient presented with dizziness and weakness. Through history taking, examinations, and investigations, it was found that the patient had poorly controlled blood sugar and hypertension. He was provided treatment including insulin therapy, medication to control his blood pressure, dietary advice, and education on self-management. The case study helped provide knowledge about diabetes, its treatment, nursing care, and potential complications.
This patient is a 55-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes, obesity, and hypertension who has been under a physician's care for diabetes for 2 years. Her HA1c is 8.1% indicating poorly controlled diabetes. She takes medications for her conditions. Her diet recall revealed foods high in saturated fat, sodium, and added sugars. The nutrition assessment found her nutritional intake and status to be poor. The nutrition diagnosis is a food and nutrient-related knowledge deficit. Goals include educating the patient on saturated fats, sodium, carbohydrates, and energy balance to better manage her conditions. The intervention method involves nutrition education and monitoring.
It is a group of metabolic disorders of fat, carbohydrate and protein metabolism that results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action (sensitivity) or both
The document provides information about various eye, throat, and immune system problems, as well as musculoskeletal problems. For each system, specific disorders are enumerated and described. One problem from each system is then selected and a nursing care plan is provided using the nursing diagnosis, objectives of care, nursing interventions, and rationale format. The care plan example provided is for a patient with glaucoma involving the eyes, pharyngitis involving the throat, lupus erythematosus involving the immune system, and a herniated disk involving the musculoskeletal system.
This case study summarizes the care of an 18-year-old male ("RMR") who suffered a traumatic amputation of his left upper extremity and a fractured left femur due to a motor vehicle accident. The summary includes:
1) Demographic and admission details of the patient including diagnosis of mangled left upper extremity and fractured left femur.
2) Results of diagnostic tests including chest X-ray, bloodwork and surgical management including pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative phases.
3) Nursing care plan that assesses and plans interventions for issues such as acute pain, impaired mobility, self-care deficits, disturbed body image, and phantom limb pain.
This case presentation discusses a 81-year-old male patient diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and uncontrolled blood sugar. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by high blood sugar due to insulin resistance or lack of insulin production. The patient's medical history and lab results are presented. His treatment plan involves multiple oral hypoglycemic agents and lifestyle modifications to control his blood sugar levels and comorbidities like hypertension. Drug interactions and counseling points are also outlined.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus type 1 and presents a case study. It begins with an introduction to type 1 diabetes, including its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatments. It then presents a case study of a 7-year-old female patient who presented with symptoms of weight loss, excessive thirst and urination, nausea, and fatigue. Testing revealed her random blood sugar level was elevated, and she was diagnosed with mild ketosis secondary to newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. The document outlines her treatment plan, which involved insulin injections and dietary modifications to manage her blood glucose levels.
Diabetes Mellitus- Case Presentaion by Jayesh Anil MahirraoJayesh Mahirrao
This document summarizes information about a patient with diabetes mellitus. It includes details of the patient's medical history, test results showing high blood sugar levels, and the medications prescribed to treat her condition. The patient is a 32-year-old female who presents with fatigue, polyuria, leg pain, and chest pain. Laboratory tests confirm she has diabetes. Her treatment plan involves medications like Glimepiride and Metformin to control blood sugar, Atorvastatin for cholesterol, and supplements like Methylcobalamine and Vitamin D3. She receives counseling on diet, exercise, and managing her diabetes.
JS, a 12-year old girl with type 1 diabetes, has been experiencing episodes of fatigue, weakness, and weight loss. During a soccer game, she felt sick and her blood glucose level was found to be low. She was treated for heat exhaustion. The doctor thinks she may be experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis. Proper management of type 1 diabetes requires lifelong insulin administration, monitoring of blood glucose and ketone levels, and maintenance of a healthy diet and activity levels to prevent dangerous fluctuations.
This patient is a 35-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes and poorly controlled hypertension. Her lab results show elevated fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, BUN, and urine albumin levels. A 24-hour dietary recall revealed she consumes foods high in sugar and fat like juice, cake, ice cream, and fast food. Her diet lacks nutrients like iron which has caused low Hct levels. The nutrition assessment identified behavioral, clinical, and intake issues including a preference for unhealthy foods due to lack of knowledge about diabetes management. Goals were set to increase fruit intake to control blood pressure, educate on carbohydrate counting and blood sugar control, and recommend a healthier diet and self-care activities.
This case study describes a 30-year-old male with type 1 diabetes who experiences frequent hypoglycemia due to inconsistent carbohydrate intake from irregular meal timing and snacks high in simple carbohydrates. His current HbA1c is 8.1% and casual blood glucose is 195 mg/dL. The registered dietitian will provide nutrition education and counseling to establish consistent carbohydrate intake at meals and snacks, teach carbohydrate counting, and encourage healthier food choices to improve blood glucose control and reduce hypoglycemic episodes. Treatment goals include decreasing HbA1c to under 7% and casual blood glucose to under 135 mg/dL.
SR is a 29-year-old woman recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes based on her symptoms of dizziness, fatigue, frequent urination, excessive thirst and hunger, and electrolyte disturbances. Her blood glucose levels were very high at 720 mg/dL and her A1C was 8.5%, indicating her insulin levels were too low and she was not producing enough insulin. Her meal plan needs to be modified using carbohydrate counting to better manage her blood sugar levels, with the goal of keeping her A1C below 7% and blood glucose levels within normal ranges. She should monitor her blood glucose levels before and after exercise and meals to determine how activities and food affect her levels.
This document provides a case study of an 18-year-old female patient, Ms. A, who was admitted to the hospital with uncontrolled Type 1 diabetes mellitus. It discusses her medical history and family history of diabetes. It also defines key terms related to diabetes like glucose, insulin, and symptoms of uncontrolled diabetes like polyuria and polydipsia. Additionally, it provides background on the anatomy and physiology of the endocrine system, pancreas and processes involved in gluconeogenesis.
This document is a case study submitted by Reynel Dan L. Galicinao to their professor Prof. Maricar M. Mutia at Misamis University's Graduate School. It discusses diabetes mellitus-II with chronic kidney disease-IV, covering topics like insulin secretion and function, classifications of diabetes, diagnostic tests, and general procedures and treatment modalities. Key points include the different types of diabetes, factors that affect insulin and blood glucose levels, laboratory tests used to diagnose and monitor diabetes, and nursing considerations for administering those tests.
A 12-year-old girl presented with a 4-5 kg weight loss over recent weeks along with nausea, increased thirst and urination. Laboratory tests showed elevated blood sugar, urine sugar and ketones. Based on the history of early onset, lack of family history of diabetes, and symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia and weight loss, the provisional diagnosis is type 1 diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes results from immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. Further testing of autoantibodies can help confirm the diagnosis.
Mr. AH is a 70-year-old man who was diagnosed with T2DM 10 years ago. He was initially treated with lifestyle management and metformin.
3 years later, his doctors advised him to add long acting basal insulin analogue to metformin, reached to 40U/day .
Other current medical conditions include: hypertension, hypothyroidism, and mild osteoporosis without fracture history.
Current medications; Metformin 1000 mg bid, long acting basal insulin analogue 40U/day , Candesartan 16 mg qd, Alendronate 70 mg once weekly, Levothyroxine 100 mg qd.
Physical exam: BMI 26 kg/m2, BP 140/80 mmHg, otherwise unremarkable.
His current FPG 140 mg/dL and HbA1c 8.5%. Kidney and liver functions are normal.
Mrs. X, a 55-year-old female, was admitted to the hospital for diabetic neuropathy symptoms including leg pain and difficulty rising from sitting. She has a history of type 2 diabetes for 7 years. Physical examination and tests confirmed diabetic neuropathy and anemia. She was prescribed medications including gabapentin and metformin to control blood sugar and neuropathy symptoms. The patient was counseled on lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise and foot care to manage her condition and prevent further complications.
Management of diabetes mellitus type 2 in primary health care settingAhmed Mshari
The document discusses the management of type 2 diabetes (DM2). It outlines the goals of DM2 treatment as alleviating symptoms, minimizing complications, improving quality of life, and reducing mortality. Treatment should focus on controlling blood glucose, blood pressure, blood lipids, and body weight. The management of DM2 follows a stepwise approach beginning with lifestyle modifications like weight loss, nutrition therapy, exercise, and smoking cessation. If targets are not met, oral hypoglycemic medications may be introduced, and eventually insulin therapy. Regular patient follow-up and education are important components of ongoing DM2 management and care.
Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, affecting the body's ability to properly process blood sugar. It is a chronic, progressive disease where the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin. Common symptoms include frequent urination, excessive thirst, hunger, fatigue, and blurred vision. Tests like fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance, and A1c can diagnose type 2 diabetes. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, oral medication, or insulin depending on the individual case.
1. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to absolute insulin deficiency. It commonly presents in children and requires lifelong insulin replacement therapy. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency and predominantly affects obese children. Proper diabetes education and management including insulin therapy, nutrition, monitoring and prevention of acute and chronic complications are essential in children with diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to either insufficient insulin production or the body's inability to use insulin properly. There are several types of diabetes including type 1 caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, and type 2 typically associated with obesity and aging and initially managed through lifestyle changes and oral medications. Complications of diabetes can be acute like ketoacidosis or hypoglycemia, or chronic through damage to blood vessels and nerves over many years.
This document provides an overview of diabetes, including:
- Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action.
- India has over 63 million people with diabetes, the second highest number in the world.
- There are three main types of diabetes - type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
- Diabetes is diagnosed through fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and oral glucose tolerance tests.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as oral medications and insulin for blood glucose control.
- Chronic complications of diabetes can impact the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels if not properly managed.
This case study describes the care of a 63-year-old man with diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The patient presented with dizziness and weakness. Through history taking, examinations, and investigations, it was found that the patient had poorly controlled blood sugar and hypertension. He was provided treatment including insulin therapy, medication to control his blood pressure, dietary advice, and education on self-management. The case study helped provide knowledge about diabetes, its treatment, nursing care, and potential complications.
This patient is a 55-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes, obesity, and hypertension who has been under a physician's care for diabetes for 2 years. Her HA1c is 8.1% indicating poorly controlled diabetes. She takes medications for her conditions. Her diet recall revealed foods high in saturated fat, sodium, and added sugars. The nutrition assessment found her nutritional intake and status to be poor. The nutrition diagnosis is a food and nutrient-related knowledge deficit. Goals include educating the patient on saturated fats, sodium, carbohydrates, and energy balance to better manage her conditions. The intervention method involves nutrition education and monitoring.
It is a group of metabolic disorders of fat, carbohydrate and protein metabolism that results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action (sensitivity) or both
The document provides information about various eye, throat, and immune system problems, as well as musculoskeletal problems. For each system, specific disorders are enumerated and described. One problem from each system is then selected and a nursing care plan is provided using the nursing diagnosis, objectives of care, nursing interventions, and rationale format. The care plan example provided is for a patient with glaucoma involving the eyes, pharyngitis involving the throat, lupus erythematosus involving the immune system, and a herniated disk involving the musculoskeletal system.
This case study summarizes the care of an 18-year-old male ("RMR") who suffered a traumatic amputation of his left upper extremity and a fractured left femur due to a motor vehicle accident. The summary includes:
1) Demographic and admission details of the patient including diagnosis of mangled left upper extremity and fractured left femur.
2) Results of diagnostic tests including chest X-ray, bloodwork and surgical management including pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative phases.
3) Nursing care plan that assesses and plans interventions for issues such as acute pain, impaired mobility, self-care deficits, disturbed body image, and phantom limb pain.
This document lists over 200 nursing diagnoses approved by NANDA for 2003-2004. The diagnoses cover a wide range of issues including activity intolerance, anxiety, impaired mobility, nutrition imbalances, pain, risk for falls, therapeutic regimen management, urinary incontinence, and wound healing problems. The diagnoses address physical, psychological, social, and spiritual concerns that nurses assess and develop care plans to address.
The document provides information on several drugs including their actions, indications, contraindications, side effects, and nursing considerations. It includes summaries of Ranitidine (anti-ulcer drug), Ketorolac (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory), Metronidazole (anti-infective), Paracetamol/Acetaminophen (analgesic/antipyretic), Celecoxib (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory), Cefixime (antibiotic), Omeprazole (proton pump inhibitor), and Amino acid sorbitol (parenteral nutrition). The nursing responsibilities focus on assessing patients, monitoring for side effects and allergic reactions,
Magnesium sulfate is used to treat acute nephritis, control hypertension in preeclampsia/eclampsia, correct or prevent hypomagnesemia, and as an adjunct treatment for acute MI and asthma exacerbations. It has contraindications for those with heart block, renal insufficiency, or abdominal symptoms. Potential side effects include weakness, dizziness, bowel issues, and hypermagnesemia. Nurses should monitor magnesium levels during IV therapy and watch for signs of toxicity.
Nursing responsibilities during admission for labor and birth include establishing a therapeutic relationship, assessing the mother and fetus, determining family expectations, conveying confidence, and assigning a primary nurse. The nurse aims to make the family feel welcome, respects cultural values, uses touch appropriately, and limits caregiver changes. Baseline assessments of fetal heart rate and maternal vital signs are also important.
Adenocarcinoma is a type of non-small cell lung cancer that originates in glandular tissues. It is the most common type of lung cancer seen in non-smokers and women. Adenocarcinoma progresses through four stages as it spreads from the lung to other organs. Diagnosis is made through biopsy and scans. While smoking is a major risk factor, 15% of lung cancers occur in non-smokers, often due to radon exposure, family history or lung diseases. Symptoms vary from early fatigue to later cough and weight loss. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, with nursing care focused on managing side effects and complications from each treatment. Prognosis depends on stage,
A 48-year-old Hispanic male was admitted to the emergency room for left ankle pain and swelling. He has a history of IV drug use, hepatitis C, and other health issues. Since admission, he has undergone surgery to drain infection from his ankle joint. He has been treated with antibiotics and pain medication. The patient remains concerned about his recovery and living situation upon discharge.
The nursing care plan addresses a patient complaining of dizziness. It assesses the patient's risk for hypertension due to lack of disease knowledge. The diagnosis is risk for hypertension. The plan includes defining hypertension and its treatment regimen to the patient, identifying modifiable risk factors like diet and stress, and suggesting lifestyle changes to control blood pressure such as rest, exercise, and limiting sodium and caffeine. The rationale is to educate the patient and decrease risk of end-organ damage from long-term high blood pressure. The evaluation will assess the patient's understanding after interventions.
Chronic renal failure can result from diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, or other causes leading to irreversible kidney damage and decreased glomerular filtration rate. Key nursing priorities include monitoring for excess fluid retention and electrolyte imbalances, ensuring adequate nutrition given potential nausea or appetite changes, and supporting patient mobility despite possible fatigue. Outcome goals are normal fluid balance, adequate nutritional intake without signs of malnutrition, and activity levels within the patient's capabilities.
Mr. M, a 70-year-old male, presented with dizziness, fatigue, difficulty breathing, and swelling of his left foot wound. He has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Laboratory tests revealed elevated blood sugar and kidney dysfunction. He was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus secondary to chronic kidney failure and admitted to the hospital.
The document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including the different types (Type 1, Type 2, gestational), signs and symptoms, causes, and statistical data on prevalence worldwide and in the Philippines. It then discusses a case study of a 71-year old Filipino man diagnosed with diabetes. It outlines his medical history, including a family history of diabetes, and analyzes factors affecting his nutrition and eating patterns such as his beliefs about food, personal preferences for oily and sweet foods, sedentary lifestyle, and lack of religious dietary restrictions.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM), including its anatomy, physiology, epidemiology, classification, diagnosis, complications, and treatment. It discusses the two main types of DM - type 1 caused by beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, and type 2 caused by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Key facts include that DM affects over 382 million people worldwide, is classified based on etiology, and can be diagnosed through blood glucose and A1C levels. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, glucose-lowering medications like insulin and sulfonylureas, and managing complications to control blood sugar levels.
A 8-year old girl was admitted to the emergency department with symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis. Testing revealed high blood sugar and laboratory results confirmed type 1 diabetes. She was treated with intravenous fluids and insulin to stabilize her condition. Her parents were provided diabetes education over multiple sessions to learn about type 1 diabetes, blood glucose monitoring, insulin administration, dietary management, hypoglycemia, and sick day rules. Through counseling, the parents' understanding of managing their daughter's condition improved.
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by protein in the urine, low protein levels in the blood, swelling, and high cholesterol levels. It is caused by damage to the glomeruli in the kidneys, which leads to increased permeability of proteins in the kidneys and their loss in the urine. Treatment involves medications like steroids to reduce protein in the urine, a low-sodium diet to control swelling, and monitoring for infections which patients are at higher risk for due to low immune function. Nursing care focuses on fluid management, preventing infections, providing emotional support, and educating patients and families on treatment and self-care at home.
- Diabetes is a chronic disorder that affects how the body metabolizes sugar. It has become a major health threat worldwide and in South Africa.
- There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 is less common but more severe, as the body does not produce insulin. Type 2 is more common and usually related to lifestyle factors like obesity and lack of exercise.
- Untreated diabetes can lead to serious complications affecting eyes, kidneys, heart, nerves and other organs. However, lifestyle changes including diet, exercise, weight control and medication can help manage the condition and prevent complications.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), specifically in children. It defines DM as a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. Type 1 DM is described as an autoimmune disease resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, while Type 2 DM is associated with insulin resistance. Signs and symptoms, classification, incidence rates, diagnosis, treatment involving insulin therapy, nutrition management, and exercise are covered. Nursing care focuses on education, emotional support, and ensuring safety.
Diabetes mellitus is taken from the Greek word diabetes, meaning siphon - to pass through and the Latin word mellitus meaning sweet. A review of the history shows that the term "diabetes" was first used by Apollonius of Memphis around 250 to 300 BC. Ancient Greek, Indian, and Egyptian civilizations discovered the sweet nature of urine in this condition, and hence the propagation of the word Diabetes Mellitus came into being. Mering and Minkowski, in 1889, discovered the role of the pancreas in the pathogenesis of diabetes. In 1922 Banting, Best, and Collip purified the hormone insulin from the pancreas of cows at the University of Toronto, leading to the availability of an effective treatment for diabetes in 1922. Over the years, exceptional work has taken place, and multiple discoveries, as well as management strategies, have been created to tackle this growing problem. Unfortunately, even today, diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in the country and worldwide. In the US, it remains as the seventh leading cause of death.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease, involving inappropriately elevated blood glucose levels. DM has several categories, including type 1, type 2, maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), gestational diabetes, neonatal diabetes, and secondary causes due to endocrinopathies, steroid use, etc. The main subtypes of DM are Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which classically result from defective insulin secretion (T1DM) and/or action (T2DM). T1DM presents in children or adolescents, while T2DM is thought to affect middle-aged and older adults who have prolonged hyperglycemia due to poor lifestyle and dietary choices. The pathogenesis for T1DM and T2DM is drastically different, and therefore each type has various etiologies, presentations, and treatments.
The document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including its classification into types 1 and 2, gestational diabetes, and other types. It covers the anatomy and functions of the pancreas, which produces insulin and digestive enzymes. Diagnostic criteria for DM include hemoglobin A1C, fasting plasma glucose, and oral glucose tolerance tests. Complications of uncontrolled DM are also mentioned. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, insulin therapy, and managing comorbidities.
The document describes a case study of a 25-year-old pregnant woman diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). At 16 weeks of pregnancy, her oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) showed elevated blood sugar levels, confirming a diagnosis of GDM. She was placed on a diabetic diet and exercise regimen and had her blood sugar monitored regularly. When diet and exercise failed to control her blood sugar, she was started on insulin therapy and educated on diabetes management. She delivered a healthy baby at 37 weeks gestation through spontaneous labor and vaginal delivery. Both mother and baby were discharged in good health.
This document discusses the presentation, diagnosis, and management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. It covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, diagnostic criteria and investigations for the two types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells leading to insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes involves both insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency due to genetic and environmental factors such as obesity. Both can present with symptoms of hyperglycemia like polyuria and polydipsia, and sometimes with diabetic ketoacidosis. Diagnosis is based on blood glucose criteria and management involves patient education and glycemic control to prevent complications.
This document provides information on diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) including a case study, precipitating factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and management recommendations. It describes a 25-year-old man who presented with nausea, vomiting, and lower back pain who was diagnosed with DKA based on laboratory results showing metabolic acidosis and hyperglycemia. Precipitating factors, signs and symptoms, and diagnostic criteria for DKA are outlined. Management recommendations include aggressive intravenous fluids, insulin infusion, and monitoring during transfer to the hospital for further treatment. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state is also briefly discussed.
This document provides information about diabetes, including:
- Types of diabetes such as type 1, type 2, prediabetes, and gestational diabetes.
- Symptoms of diabetes like increased urination, thirst, hunger, weight loss and blurred vision.
- Causes of diabetes which vary depending on genetics, family history, ethnicity and lifestyle factors.
- Risk factors for diabetes including nutrition, physical activity, weight, and lifestyle habits.
- Treatment options like diet, exercise, oral medications, insulin and prevention through healthy behaviors.
- Nursing process details for a case study patient with increased urination and weight loss, including assessments, diagnoses, goals, interventions and evaluations.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus, including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, management, complications, nursing assessments, and interventions. It describes diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin production, secretion, or utilization. The two main types discussed are type 1 diabetes, which results from little to no endogenous insulin production, and type 2 diabetes, which involves insulin resistance and deficiency. Management involves diet, exercise, medication including insulin therapy, and treatment/prevention of complications.
The document discusses the role of genes in the HLA region and insulin gene in determining risk of type 1 diabetes, prevention of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and future expectations such as pancreas transplants, islet cell transplants to the liver, and use of seaweed-derived housing to protect transplanted islet cells from immune system rejection. It also examines causes of type 2 diabetes including metabolic syndrome and findings from the Diabetes Prevention Program on preventing progression from pre-diabetes to type 2 diabetes through lifestyle changes and metformin.
The document provides guidelines for the treatment of diabetes in India. It defines diabetes and discusses the various types including Type 1, Type 2, gestational diabetes, and other rare forms. It outlines recommendations for screening, diagnosing, investigating, monitoring, and managing diabetes with a focus on preventing complications through diet, exercise, medication and regular screening. Key aspects discussed include nutrition therapy, foot examinations, microalbuminuria testing, and glycemic control monitoring.
Mr. G, a 47-year-old businessman, was admitted to the hospital on September 27th at 11:05pm for diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. His medical history includes hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease in 2008, and peripheral vascular disease in 2010. On examination, he had dry skin, flaky skin on his lower legs and feet, and an IV in his left hand. Lab tests showed elevated glucose, cholesterol, and kidney function. Imaging found an old heart attack and brain infarct. The patient's diabetes is managed through diet, exercise, oral medications, and possibly insulin therapy depending on his ability to control blood sugar levels.
This document discusses diabetes, including the different types and causes. Some key points:
- Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases where a person has high blood glucose due to inadequate insulin production or cells not responding properly to insulin.
- There are an estimated 347 million people worldwide with diabetes, and it is predicted to become the 7th leading cause of death by 2030.
- The main types of diabetes are type 1, where the body does not produce insulin, and type 2, where the body does not produce enough insulin or cells do not respond properly to insulin.
- Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include family history, age, weight, and physical inactivity. Prevention focuses on maintaining a healthy weight and
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. It most commonly affects children and adolescents. The patient, Rachel, was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes based on her symptoms of weight loss, increased thirst and urination, and a blood glucose level over 200 mg/dL. She was prescribed a regimen of glargine insulin in the morning and evening and Apidra insulin before meals based on her carbohydrate intake to manage her condition. Strict adherence to insulin therapy and blood glucose monitoring is necessary to prevent complications and achieve optimal glycemic control.
This document provides a summary of GAIL (India) Limited, including its vision, mission, objectives, and key business areas. It discusses GAIL's natural gas marketing and transmission activities through its extensive pipeline network. It also summarizes GAIL's involvement in other businesses like petrochemicals, liquefied natural gas, city gas distribution, power generation, and exploration and production. The document reviews GAIL's approach and methodology for analyzing its existing marketing practices and strategies. It provides an overview of GAIL's customers, contracts, and competition in the Indian natural gas market.
JDR, a 22-year-old male college student, was referred for psychological evaluation due to obsessive behaviors around cleanliness and orderliness. Testing confirmed he has above average intelligence and obsessive compulsive disorder. Specifically, he experiences severe distress when things are not clean, organized or properly aligned. His rituals interfere with daily activities and social relationships. It is believed his OCD developed from trauma experienced from his strict father. Treatment involving exposure response prevention therapy is recommended to help reduce his compulsions and anxiety.
This document provides an overview and analysis of how emergencies impact federal systems of government based on a study of various constitutions. It begins with an introduction to federalism and discusses how war powers expand during times of emergency. It then analyzes the impact of external emergencies on federal structures in the US, India, and other countries. In India, the constitution allows for a proclamation of emergency that temporarily centralizes power in the union government and erodes state powers. The document aims to compare how different constitutions balance federalism during emergencies.
This document is the summary of a court case regarding a petition filed by Jose A. Angara seeking a writ of prohibition to prevent the Electoral Commission from considering a protest filed against his election as a member of the National Assembly. The key details are:
1) Jose A. Angara and Pedro Ynsua were candidates for the position and Angara was proclaimed the winner.
2) On December 3rd, the National Assembly passed a resolution confirming the elections of representatives where no protests were filed.
3) On December 8th, Pedro Ynsua filed a protest against Angara's election, which was the only protest filed after the resolution.
4) Angara argued the protest was
This document is a summary of a court case regarding a land registration dispute between Flordeliza and Honorio Valisno (petitioners) and Vicencio Cayaba (private respondent). The petitioners opposed Cayaba's application to register title to the land in question. The lower court dismissed the opposition based on res judicata, citing a previous court decision in favor of Cayaba. The petitioners appealed, arguing the lower court erred in several ways. The key issues discussed are whether res judicata can be invoked in a land registration case, and whether the elements of res judicata are met based on the previous court decision.
1) In the case of PT&T vs. Grace de Guzman, the Supreme Court ruled that PT&T's policy of not hiring married women was invalid and discriminatory, and that Grace's dismissal based on this policy was illegal.
2) In Estrada vs. Escritor, the Supreme Court ruled that Escritor could not be penalized for living with her partner without marriage, as her religious beliefs as a Jehovah's Witness allowed such arrangements.
3) In Balogbog vs. CA, the Supreme Court upheld the legitimacy of private respondents as the children of Gavino, even though there was no marriage certificate, as testimonial evidence proved Gav
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
90949379 case-study-niddm
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Republic of the Philippines
University of Northern Philippines
Tamag, Vigan City
College of Nursing
A Case Study on Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
In partial fulfilment
Of the requirements
Of the course
1
2. Nursing Care Management:
Curative and Rehabilitative Nursing Care
Related learning Experience
Hospital Duty
Presented to:
Madeline C. Villanueva, R.N.
Clinical Instructor
Presented by:
Kimberly Ruth Ramos
BSN-III Bromeliads
JANUARY 2012
2
3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
FRONTPAGE i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
I. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES
II. PATIENT’S PERSONAL DATA
(NURSING HISTORY OF PAST AND PRESENT ILLNESS)
III. PEA/RSON ASSESSMENT
IV. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE
V. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
VI. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
A. ALGORITHM
B. EXPLANATION
VII. MANAGEMENT
A. MEDICAL-SURGICAL
B. NURSING CARE PLAN
C. PROMOTIVE AND PREVENTIVE
VIII. DRUG STUDY
3
4. IX. DISCHARGE PLAN
X. UPDATES
XI. ORGANIZATION
XII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES
According to Department of Health as derived from its book, Public Health Nursing, Diabetes is
one of the leading causes of disability in persons older than 45 years old. In this statement, it is evident
that Type 2 diabetes mellitus is more common than its counterpart.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia in more than one
blood sugar measurement at different visits. It is a disorder in which the primary problem is
uncontrolled blood sugar level secondary to impaired insulin production or insulin resistance, thus,
classifying diabetes mellitus into Type 1 and Type 2 DM, formerly Insulin-Dependent (IDDM) and Non-
Insulin Dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) respectively. The latter nomenclature is no longer
used today to avoid confusion because the former name signifies literally the treatment not the cause.
This has led to confusion because type 2 DM also adds insulin in its pharmacologic therapy.
4
5. This disorder is a major health threat since it causes macrovascular problems (CAD, CVA, PVD,
etc.), microvascular problems (retinopathy and nephropathy) and neuropathy or the loss of sensation.
These complications basically resulted from poor circulation s/t increased blood coagulation.
Meanwhile, in type 1 DM, the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed by autoimmunity thus
there is little or no insulin production at all. On the other hand, in type 2 DM, the pancreas produces
enough insulin but the body has resistance to its effects secondary to increased fat deposits. That’s why
obesity is the most common cause of type 2 DM.
In line with this, this case study focuses on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. It commonly occurs after
the age of 30 thus, calling it as “adult-onset DM”. It is assumed by many as mild because of its slow and
gradual occurrence of signs and symptoms and its degree of treatment, but the complications are as
dangerous as type 1 DM. It’s like transforming your disease into a riskier type if left unguarded and
untreated. Persons at risks are the following:
obese
has familial history
has previous gestational diabetes
The hallmark of type 2 DM is fasting hyperglycemia (high levels of blood sugar even without
eating) characterized by the 3 P’s (Polyuria, Polydypsia and Polyphagia), blurred vision, drowsiness,
fatigue, glucosuria, UTI and poor healing wound. Its major complication is Hyperglycemic Hyperosmotic
Non-Ketotic Syndrome (HHNK). It is non-ketotic because the body still produce insulin thus
glucose is still utilize though not all. However, type 2 DM can complicate into type 1 if the pancreas
cannot accommodate the insulin needs of the body. The tendency is when the body creates resistance
to insulin, it also tries to compensate by increasing the release of the hormone. If more glucose is
absorbed in the intestine and produced by the liver, the pancreas tends to wear out.
Type 2 DM is reversible as long as diet is modified and exercise is incorporated in the daily
lifestyle because the main problem here is insulin resistance. Fat deposits cause insulin resistance and
fat comes from dietary intake. However, it really takes time.
This study was under the consent of the said patient, thus all of the data used in this study are
under legal circumstances. The data were gathered through an assessment conducted on the dates of
duty at the said hospital. Nursing interventions were also rendered limitedly within the shift.
This case study was organized having the following objectives:
• To expand knowledge regarding NIDDM.
• To gather appropriate and sufficient data to trace the history of the present illness.
• Describe the symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
• State the criteria for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
• State the management goals for a patient with diabetes mellitus.
• List the target goals for blood glucose, blood pressure and lipids.
• Discuss the role of medical nutrition therapy and the benefit of increased activity.
• List the types of oral medications for type 2 diabetes and their mechanisms of action.
• Describe the short-term and long-term complications of diabetes mellitus.
• Discuss the role of diabetes self-management education in assisting patients with type 2
diabetes to make the necessary behavioural changes to manage their disease.
• Describe the routine primary care follow-up for a patient with type 2 diabetes.
• To be aware of the new advances, researches, studies and updates regarding the condition.
• To evaluate effectiveness of the treatment regime
II. PATIENT’S PERSONAL DATA
NAME: Maxima Fenol Quiba
GENDER: Female
CIVIL STATUS: Widowed
AGE: 90y/o
ADDRESS: Anonang Mayor, Caoayan, Ilocos Sur
5
6. DATE OF BIRTH: Setember 22, 1921
NATIONALITY: Filipino
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
OCCUPATION: Unemployed
ADMITTED AT: Ilocos Sur Medical Mission Group and Hospital
ATTENDING PHYSICIAN: Dr. Manuel Cajigal
DATE AND TIME OF ADMISSION: November 21, 2011 @ 9:30 AM
DATE AND TIME OF DISHARGE: November 27, 2011 @ 12:00 NOON
CHIEF COMPLAINT: Body Weakness
ADMITTING DIAGNOSIS: DM Type 2, Diaper rash
FINAL DIAGNOSIS: Type 2 DM
HISTORY OF PAST ILLNESS:
According to the patient, her common illness was cough and colds. No home treatment was provided. It
will just subside if time comes as she said. She couldn’t remember her immunizations. Her family has histories of
hypertension and diabetes. According to her laboratory results, she has dyslipidemia, and often experiences
positional vertigo but manages it with prescribed medications. She has non-healing diaper rashes on her perineal
area since January 2011 and recurrent body weakness that had brought her to seek medical attention.
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:
Prior to admission, she complains of body weakness for 2 days. She had difficulties of sleeping at night,
and complains of irritating pain on her perineal area due to rashes.
On admission, her vital signs were as follows: BP: 120/70, T: 36.5, RR: 24cpm, and PR: 72 bpm. PLRS 1L plus B-
Complex was infused to her as ordered, and instructed to have complete bed rest. Laboratory tests were ordered:
HGT result reflected initially as 129 mg/dl, and Glimeperide 1mg 1 tab OD before breakfast was ordered.
Antibiotics were also ordered ANST, as well as multivitamins and prescribed diet.
6
7. III. PEA/RSON ASSESSMENT
1ST
DAY
(November 27, 2011)
2nd
DAY
(November 28, 2011)
P
(personal)
(psychosocial)
(psychosexual)
(physical)
hospitable and talkative at times
conscious and coherent
appears weak and sleepy
with noted non-healing diaper rash on
perineal area
noted presence of redness and
swelling on perineal area
complaints of tolerable pain upon
initial contact
conscious and coherent
appears weak and sleepy
still with noted non-healing diaper
rash on perineal area
still with redness and swelling on
perineal area
still with bearable pain initially
E has (-) bowel movement
on Bisacodyl suppository OD after
breakfast as ordered
voided twice, yellowish and aromatic
odor as claimed, during the 8-hour
shift
no IFC inserted
has (+) bowel movement
voided twice with same
characteristics
A/R lies in bed most of the time
goes to comfort room with assistance,
ambulatory
cannot sleep well as complained
lies in bed most of the time
goes to comfort room with assistance,
ambulatory
cannot sleep well as complained
S the bed has no side rails
the ward is not that congested
wears clean clothes that fit her size
wears slippers upon ambulation
the bed has no side rails
the ward is not that congested
wears clean clothes that fit her size
wears slippers upon ambulation
O has initial respiratory rate of 20 cpm,
shallow and regular
initial RR = 20 mmHg
initial BP = 130/80 mmHg
7
8. no dyspnea observed
initial BP = 120/70 mmHg
the ward is not well ventilated
with poor skin turgor
afebrile with an initial temperature of
36.9⁰ C
ward is still poorly ventilated
still with poor skin turgor
afebrile initially
N received on bed with PLRS 1L plus B-
Complex @ 20-22 gtts/min
on diabetic diet
with fair appetite
with no sweet beverages nor food
were seen in the bedside table
same assessment as yesterday
IV. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE
IDEAL EXAMINATION
A. Urine Glucose Testing
urine is checked for the presence of glucose
due to the excessive amount of blood sugar, the kidney is not able to filter all the glucose
thus glucosuria is present in a diabetic pt.
not an accurate tool because the result does not reflect the exact amount of glucose in the
blood.
PROCEDURE:
8
9. a. Apply urine over the surface of the reagent strip.
b. Wait till color changes.
c. Match the color with the standard color chart.
B. Blood Glucose level Measurement
1. Random Human Glucose Test
uses a glucometer
blood can be drawn at any time throughout the day, regardless of when the
person last ate.
PROCEDURE:
a. Ask patient what finger he wishes to use. Finger must be intact.
b. Massage fingertip in an upward motion.
c. Wipe the lateral side of the fingertip with an alcohol-wet cotton ball.
d. While waiting for skin to dry, insert the testing strip into the
glucometer. Make sure the codes are matched.
e. Inform patient when you are about to prick because it causes a little
sudden pain.
f. Wipe the first drop of blood with a dry cotton ball.
g. Massage fingertip upward till a drop of blood is seen.
h. Gently touch the tip of the strip on the blood. Small amount may do.
i. Wait for the glucometer to process the blood.
j. Read the measurement.
CRITERIA:
80-120 mg/Dl = Normal
> 120 mg/dL = (+) DM in more than 1 reading at different days of
visits.
2. Fasting Blood Sugar
can also be done after meals.
PROCEDURE:
a. have pt not eat 8 to 12 hours (usually overnight). Water is allowed as
long as it is not mineralized.
b. Blood sample is taken from a vein or fingertip.
9
10. CRITERIA:
≤109 mg/dL = Normal
110 - 125 mg/dL = (+) Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT)
≥ 126 mg/dL if fasting = (+)DM
≥ 200 mg/dL if after meals = (+) DM
usually repeated on another day to confirm diagnosis.
3. Oral Glucose Test
the most sensitive test for diagnosing diabetes.
not routinely recommended because it is inconvenient compared to a fasting
blood glucose test.
PROCEDURE:
a. Perform FBS Test.
b. Obtain FBS measurement.
c. Have patient drink 75 g of liquid glucose solution (which tastes very
sweet, and is usually cola or orange-flavoured).
d. 2 hours later, a second blood glucose level is measured.
CRITERIA:
≤150 mg/dl after 2 hours = normal
> 150 mg/dl = DM in more than 1 reading at different days of visits
C. Complete Blood Count
done to assess the general status of the bone marrow cells
to determine the degree of infection since the patient has non-healing wound.
PROCEDURE:
a. Blood is drawn either from a vein or fingertip.
b. Blood is processed in a machine.
c. Blood components are measured and compared with the normal values.
10
11. ACTUAL EXAMINATION
A. Complete Blood Count
Date: 11/25/11
PARAMETER RESULT NORMAL VALUE
WBC H
15.4 x 10⁹/L
5.0 – 10.0
LYMPH # L
1.8 x 10⁹/L
3.0 – 3.4
MID # H
1.8 x 10⁹/L
0.1 – 0.9
GRAN H
11.8 x 10⁹/L
5.0 – 7.0
LYMPH % L 11.7 % 30 – 40 %
MID % H 11.5 % 1– 9 %
GRAN % H 76.8 % 50 – 70 %
INTERPRETATION:
• The blood components that have increased greatly were those responsible for the immunity. So far
WBC and granulocytes are trying to fight the infection. However, the lymphocytes are seriously low
which means the body has not produced antibody yet and has not attracted much macrophages and
other cells to combat the invading microorganism.
• Thus, making the patient still susceptible for spread of the infection because WBC and granulocytes
will definitely wear out if antibodies and other defense cells are not in action.
B. Routine HGT q6º
DATE RESULTS INTERPRETATION
11/23/11
6 am 129 mg/dL H
11 am 120 mg/dL H
11/24/11
6 am 130 mg/dL H
11
12. 11 am 190 mg/dL H
6 pm 145 mg/dL H
12 mn 137 mg/dL H
11/25/11
6 am 130 mg/dL H
12 nn 190mg/dL H
6 pm 175mg/dL H
12 mn 140 mg/dL H
11/26/11
6 am 121 mg/dL H
RESULT: There is significant rise in glucose levels which suggest the occurrence of hyperglycaemic reactions
as manifested in type 2 DM. Moreover, in adjunct to these levels, medications were given as prescribed.
12
13. V. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Every cell in the human body needs energy in order to function. The body’s primary energy source is
glucose, a simple sugar resulting from the digestion of foods containing carbohydrates (sugars and starches).
Glucose primarily comes from the diet and the liver. Once the food is ingested, glucose is absorbed into the
bloodstream. This stimulates the pancreas, a small gland located behind the stomach, to secrete insulin which is
produced by the beta cells of the said organ. The functions of insulin then are as follows:
• transports glucose into the cell
• signals the liver to stop releasing glucose
• stores glucose in the liver thru the form of glycogen as a reserved energy source
• stores dietary fat in the adipose tissues
During fasting periods (between meals and midnight), the pancreas continuously releases basal insulin and
another hormone called glucagon which is responsible in stimulating the liver to break down glycogen into glucose
to be used by the body (basal metabolic rate). The basal insulin assists the transport of glucose then.
Blood sugar normally is high early in the morning because of the normal increase in growth hormone and
corticosteroids (DAWN PHENOMENON). The blood sugar also increases excessively if there is a sudden drop in
the blood glucose level as a compensatory mechanism (SOMOGYI EFFECT).
13
14. Reference:
Smeltzer, S., et. al., Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Vol. 2, 10th
ed.
VI. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
A. ALGORITHM
14
Obesity
Family history
15. Insulin resistance
Excessive accumulation of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia)
osmotic diuresis (polyuria) blood becomes more viscous
polydipsia poor circulation
cells become hungry
gluconeogenesis
polyphagia
↑ production of insulin
beta cells are worn out
↓ / no insulin production
15
blurred vision
fatigue
tingling sensation
COMPLICATIONS:
Type 1 DM
Retinopathy
Nephropathy
Neuropathy
16. A. EXPLANATION
The primary problem in type 2 DM is insulin resistance, not destruction of the beta cells. The
latter is actually a complication. That’s why obesity is the main cause of type 2 DM merely because fat
deposits resist insulin. Other causes include genetic factor and previous gestational diabetes.Since there is
resistance, glucose is not utilized thereby accumulated in the blood. Signs and symptoms of
hyperglycemia occur. As a compensatory mechanism, the body excretes glucose via urine leading to
glucosuria. This is called osmotic diuresis wherein some electrolytes are also excreted with the glucose.
To compensate the electrolyte loss, the patient experiences polydipsia. However, the cells become
hungry without transport of glucose, thus the body breaks down proteins and other substances into
glucose (gluconeogenesis). Due to this catabolic effect of the body, the patient tends to hunger much, a
condition called polyphagia.
On the other hand, the blood becomes viscous leading to poor circulation. Signs and symptoms
like blurred vision, tingling sensation, fatigue and drowsiness are experienced. The body then is alarmed
and signals the pancreas to secrete more insulin in an attempt to counteract insulin resistance. If resistance
continues and glucose uncontrollably increases in the blood, the pancreatic cells become worn out, thus
little or eventually no insulin is produced. This complication is called Type 1 DM. Other complications
like retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy are due to poor circulation while CAD and CVA are due to
increased blood coagulation secondary to increased blood viscosity. Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar non-
Ketotic Syndrome is the most common complication.
Meanwhile, on this case study, obesity, family history and previous gestational diabetes
predisposed the patient to type 2 DM. Signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia were claimed as stated in
the history of present illness. All other signs and symptoms included in the algorithm are negative so far.
REFERENCE:
Smeltzer, S., et. al., Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 10th
ed., Vol. 2 (2004)
The Merck Manual of Medical Information, 2nd
home edition (2003)
16
17. VII. MANAGEMENT
IDEAL MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
GOAL: to enhance activity of insulin and maintain blood glucose level within normal range
The primary management of type 2 DM is a combination of diet, exercise and weight loss program. If these
are ineffective, medicines are prescribed but still lifestyle modification must be adopted for a long time.
17
18. A. PHARMACOTHERAPY
1. Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
used to decrease blood glucose level by either stimulating the pancreas to release insulin
or decrease absorption of glucose in the intestines.
Types:
CLASS/EXAMPLES ACTION SIDE EFFECTS SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Sulfonylureas
Glyburide (DiaBeta,
Glynase PresTab,
Micronase)
Glipizide (Glucotrol,
Glucotrol XL)
Glimepiride (Amaryl)
Chlorpropamide
Stimulate pancreas to
secrete insulin
GI symptoms and
dermatologic
problems = most
common
hypoglycemia
Drug-to-drug interactions:
**↑ hypoglycemic effect
o Sulfonamides
o Chloramphenicol
o Clofibrate
o Phenylbutazone
o Bishydroxycoumarin
**↑ hyperglymic effect
o K+ sparing diuretics
o Corticosteroids
o Estrogen
o Diphenylhydantoin
(Dilantin)
Drug-food interactions:
o Chlorpropamide + alcohol
= disulfiram effect
Meglitinides
Repaglinide (Prandin)
Naglitinide (Starlix)
Stimulate pancreas to
secrete insulin
hypoglycemia fast and short-acting
Drug-to-drug interactions:
o Meglitinides + Metformin
= synergistic effect
must always be taken right before
meals to avoid hypoglycaemia
except Naglitinide which is very
rapid in action. It must be taken
with meals
Biguanides
Metformin (Glucophage,
Glucophage XR)
Facilitates insulin action
on peripheral receptors
metallic taste
n/v
abdominal bloating
pain
diarrhea
lactic acidosis =
most dangerous
hypoglycemia
Drug-to-drug interactions:
o Biguanides + Sulfonylureas =
synergistic effect of ↓ing
blood glucose level
o anticoagulants
o diuretics
o contraceptives
o corticosteroids
must not be given 2 days before any
diagnostic test using contrast agent
bec. it inc. lactic acidosis tendency.
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Acarbose (Precose)
Miglitol (Glyset)
Slow down glucose
absorption in the SI
pain
flatulence
diarrhea
hypglycemia
Drug-to-drug interactions:
o AGI +
Sulfonylureas/Meglitinides =
significant hypoglycaemia
If hypoglycaemia occurs, sucrose
absorption is useless because its
absorption is blocked, rather take
glucose tablets.
take immediately before meals
because food interferes its action.
HbA1c ↓es
Thiazolidinediones
Rosiglitazone (Avandia)
Pioglitazone hydrochloride
(Actos)
Make body tissues more
sensitive to insulin
without ↑ing insulin
secretion
liver damage =
most serious
hypoglycemia
indicated for patients taking INS
injections and cannot control blood
glucose adequately
first-line agents in combination with
18
19. diet to treat type 2 DM
2. Insulin
used if OHA cannot control blood sugar level in the shortest period of time
used for sudden hyperglycemia
dependence to drug depends on the ability of the pancreatic beta cells
TIME COURSE AGENT ONSET PEAK DURATION INDICATIONS
Rapid-acting Lispro (Humalog)
Aspart (Novolog)
10-15 min
10-15 min
1 h
40-50 min
3 h
4-6 h
used for rapid reduction of
glucose level
to treat postprandial
hyperglycemia
to prevent nocturnal
hyperglycemia
Short-acting Regular (Humalog R,
Novolin R, Iletin II
Regular)
½ - 1 h 2-3 h 4-6 h usually administered 20-30
minutes before a meal
may be taken with long-acting
INS
Intermediate-
acting
NPH (neural protamine
Hagedorn)
Humulin N (Lente, NPH)
2-4 h
3-4 h
6-12 h
6-12 h
16-20 h
16-20 h
usually taken after meals
Long-acting Ultralente (“UL”) 6-8 h 12-16 h 20-30 h used primarily to control
fasting glucose level
Very long-acting Glargine (Lantus) 1 h continuous 24 h used for basal dose
Administration Consideration:
1. Main areas of injection site: abdomen, arms, thigh, buttocks
2. Systemic rotation of anatomical sites every day.
3. Injection site must be 1 ½ inches apart within the anatomical area.
4. Insulin syringe needles are G27-G29 that is ½ inch long.
5. Usually prefilled but can be prepared. Roll the container first before withdrawing.
6. Only regular INS may be mixed with other INS.
7. When mixing, withdraw Regular INS first.
8. Administer mixed dose within 5-15 minutes after preparation.
9. Administer 45-90º angle in fat persons and 45-60º in thin persons.
10. Regular INS is the only INS given IV.
11. Place the needle upright or flat to prevent clogging.
Complications:
Hypoglycemia
Lipodystrophy
19
20. Dermatologic allergic reactions
B. DIET
1. Diabetic Diet
diet with exercise is the primary key or first line in treating type 2 DM.
must be low in calorie
all food groups have caloric value, it’s just that carbohydrates have the highest value.
must be referred to a dietician.
a. Meal Plan
50-60% Carbohydrates
20-30% Fats
10-20% Proteins
b. Food Guide Pyramid
represents the base as with the lowest in calories and fats and the highest
in fiber.
C. OTHERS
20
bread, rice, cereals, pasta
fruit
meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, nuts
vegetables
milk, yogurt and cheese
fats, oils and sweets
21. 1. Hemoglobin A1C
also known as Glycosylated Hemoglobin
represents the blood glucose level changes over a prolonged period of time usually 2-3
months.
used as a monitoring tool of the effectiveness of OHA and INS, not a diagnostic tool.
when blood glucose level is elevated, glucose molecules attach to haemoglobin in the
RBC. The longer the amount of glucose in the blood remains high, the more glucose
binds to RBC an the higher the HbA1c which is permanent and lasts for the life of RBC
usually up to 120 days.
2. Daily Wound Care of the affected leg
involves bed rest, proper hygiene, antibiotic and debridement
safety precaution against potential injuries.
IDEAL SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
A. Possible Amputation
done if treatment is long enough to prevent the spread of infection.
done if wound is poorly healing due to poor circulation without improvement despite
interventions.
ACTUAL MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Upon admission, the patient received an initial treatment of PLRSS plus B-Complex 1L regulated to 21-22
gtts/min. Her initial blood glucose level was 129 mg/dL and Metformin was administered as ordered. The physician
21
22. also prescribed her an antibiotic, Ceftriaxone, and was administered accordingly. The patient was on diabetic diet
and has fair appetite within the 2 consecutive shifts. During the course of hospitalization, the patient’s blood glucose
level was monitored every 6 hours.
Upon discharge, the physician prescribed home medications and advised the patient for follow-up one week
after discharge.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
**None so far.
REFERENCE:
Smeltzer, S., et. al., Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 10th
ed., Vol. 2 (2004)
The Merck Manual of Medical Information, 2nd
home edition (2003)
22
23. NURSING CARE PLAN
CUES
NURSING
DIAGNOSIS
SCIENTIFIC
BACKGROUND
GOAL/OBJECTIVES INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE EVALUATION
SUBJECTIVE:
“Nag-ut-ot unay toy
sugat ko.”
OBJECTIVE:
presence of frequent
facial grimace
diaphoresis
with pain scale of
7/10
wound appears red
and warm
V/S taken as follows:
T – 38.6⁰ C
P – 108 bpm
R – 24 cpm
BP – 130/80 mmHg
P - Acute pain
E - r/t progression of
non-healing wound
s/t poor circulation
S – as evidenced by the
presence of facial
grimace, diaphoresis,
pain scale of 7/10,
elevated vital signs and
pt’s verbalization
Local tissue damage from
injury
Initiation of nociceptors to
respond to noxious
stimulus
Transmission of nerve
impulses to the brain
Pain sensation is
experienced
Increased metabolic rate
Diaphoresis, ↑ V/S
Redness and warmth
REFERENCE:
Smeltzer, et. al., Brunner
and Suddharth’s
textbook of Medical-
Surgical Nursing, 10th
Edition, Vol 1, pg. 256
Date:11/20/11
Shift: 7-3
Time: 1:30 PM
GOAL:
After rendering nsg ix,
the pt will verbalize pain
relief and demonstrate
relaxation and diversional
activities.
OBJECTIVES:
After 30 minutes,
facial grimace will
decrease from frequent to
moderate
diaphoresis will stop
pain scale will decrease
to 6/10
V/S will normalize
pt will demonstrate 2/2
relaxation/ diversional
activities
INDEPENDENT:
Obtained V/S
Asked patient the degree of
pain
Noted characteristics of
wound
Provided TSB and
increased hydration
Opened the windows
Instructed and encouraged
diversional activities such
as sleeping, listening to
radio or chatting with
students and other patients/
SO.
Monitored V/S q 15
minutes especially
temperature and asked
patient about the pain
status.
DEPENDENT:
to have a baseline data and
to verify pain because it
alters V/S.
to intervene appropriately.
Severe pain already needs
pain reliever rather than
simple diversional activities.
to assess progress of wound
focusing on discharges that
might have initiated pain or
another infection.
to normalize temperature.
increased in V/S was
affected by the ↑ed temp. So
if temp normalizes, other
V/S follow.
to provide better ventilation
which will help normalize
temperature and respiration.
Pain can also be eased by
good ventilation.
Done if and only if analgesic
was administered in order to
refocus attention. Diversion
activities are useless in
severe pain
to evaluate effectivity of
care and medications
Date: 11/20/11
Shift: 7-3
Time: 1:30 PM
GOAL PARTIALLY MET
as evidenced by:
facial grimace
decreased
diaphoresis stopped
pain scale decreased to
5/10
V/S stabilized within
normal range and taken
as follows:
T- 37.2 ⁰ C
P- 94 bpm
R- 20 cpm
BP- 120/80 mmHg
pt demonstrated 2/2
relaxation/ diversion
activities
23
24. Administered Diclofenac
75 mg IV q8º PRN.
Administered Paracetamol
500 mg IV q4º PRN
COLLABORATIVE:
Monitored laboratory
results
to rapidly relieve pain
to normalize temperature
To determine progress of
condition and obtain cues
related to pt’s diagnosis.
24
25. CUES
NURSING
DIAGNOSIS
SCIENTIFIC
BACKGROUND
GOAL/OBJECTIVES INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE EVALUATION
Subjective:
“Nabayag atoy sugat
kon.
Objective:
poorly healing rahes
on perineal area
(+) redness
(+) swelling
wound site is warm
to touch
P- Impaired tissue
integrity
E- r/t mechanical trauma
of of skin and
subcutaneous tissue
s/t injury
S- as evidenced by
presence of poorly
Injury
Destruction of skin layers
Initiation of wound healing
as a compensatory
mechanism
(but here, there is slow
Date: 11/21/11
Shift: 7-3
Time: 8:00 am
GOAL:
After rendering nursing
interventions, the pt will
display behaviour and lifestyle
changes to promote healing
and prevent complications
INDEPENDENT:
Noted evidence of tissue
involvement
Obtained history of
condition including color,
smell, location and
consistency
Reinforced knowledge
to determine which tissue
is affected which will serve
as baseline data for your
health teachings.
to know the progress of the
condition and have a
baseline data to plan for
nursing interventions
to motivate the pt for self-
Date:11/21/11
Shift: 7-3
Time: 8:00 am
GOAL MET as evidenced
by:
the patient enumerated
and observed 2/2
lifestyle changes
the patient enumerated
25
26. (+) pain, rated as
5/10
healing wound with
redness and swelling
as well as pt’s
verbalization
wound healing)
Occurrence of the cardinal
signs
Presence of redness(rubor)
in the incision site
Sensation of heat(calor) in
the incision site
Swelling(dolor) is observed
Pain(tumor) sensation
REFERENCE:
Elaine Marieb, Anatomy
and Physiology 9th
Edition, pg. 463
OBJECTIVES:
The patient will:
enumerate and observe
2/2 lifestyle changes
enumerate and display 3/3
safety precautions against
injury
about wound care as
observed during doctor’s
round
Emphasized the
importance of proper food
intake especially food rich
in fiber and protein such
as vegetables and meat
Encouraged skin hygiene
Instructed to avoid injury
as much as possible
especially in the lower
extremities. Activities
involved wearing closed
slippers, cutting nail into
square-tipped and
avoiding pedicure and
abrasions.
DEPENDENT:
Administered Ceftriaxone
1 gram IV q12º
COLLABORATIVE:
Monitor laboratory results
care upon discharge
fiber promotes tissue
healing and decreases
blood sugar level. Iron
enhances clotting factors.
Maintaining clean, dry skin
provides a barrier to
infection. Patting skin dry
instead of rubbing reduces
risk of dermal trauma to
fragile skin.
to enhance patients
knowledge and self-care.
antibiotic helps prevent
spread of infection
to determine changes
indicative of healing; to
gain data as a basis for
interventions.
and displayed 3/3 safety
precautions against
injury
26
27. PROMOTIVE AND PREVENTIVE INTERVENTION FOR TYPE 2 DM
Since the patient is diabetic, she is more likely experiencing poor wound healing accompanied with pain.
Wound can be an entry of infection especially that there is poor circulation. Moreover, if blood glucose level cannot
be controlled, complications stated earlier are more likely to happen.
The goals of promotive-preventive interventions are to:
Promote optimal blood glucose level
Proper wound care and prevent infection
Prevent complications
Interventions are as follows:
To promote optimal blood glucose level, the patient has to:
Eat proper diet which is low in calories and lose weight. Foods high in fiber are
recommended to decrease elevated blood glucose level. These include vegetables and
fruits.
Exercise regularly as tolerated to burn calories. Be sure that she had taken meals and
medications before doing so to prevent hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia respectively.
Take medications religiously and with precautions. OHA must always be taken before
meals so that there will be insulin needed for the food to be digested and utilized into
energy.
Avoid food and medications that may alter the actions of her medications. Better consult
the doctor first before taking anything.
To facilitate proper wound care and prevent infection, the patient has to:
Take antibiotics religiously.
clean wound with antibacterial soap and wrap it with gauze to prevent exposure to debris.
wear protective shoes and observe safety precautions on the affected leg.
practice proper hygiene.
eat foods high in protein to facilitate wound healing. But this still depends on lowering
the blood glucose level in order to improve circulation.
To prevent complications, the patient has to:
avoid injury as much as possible because of slow wound healing which might lead to
infection and eventually to amputation.
take medications religiously to control blood glucose level. All she has to do is to
maintain the blood sugar within normal level so that the blood will circulate properly.
27
28. report unusual signs and symptoms such as loss of sensation, spread of infection,
and the like to intervene immediately and prevent progress.
28
29. VIII. DRUG STUDY
NAME/CLASS DOSAGE/ROUTE
MECHANISM OF
ACTION
INDICATION CONTRAINDICATION ADVERSE EFFECTS
NURSING
RESPONSIBILITY
1. Ceftriaxone
(Antibiotic)
1 gram IV q12º Bactericidal and
bacteriostatic.
Inhibits bacterial cell wall
synthesis.
Treatment of moderate to
severe infections of soft
tissues and wounds
Hypersensitivity GI symptoms
headache
vertigo
pruritus
Drug-to-drug interaction:
Aminoglycosides and
diuretics
Ensure safety
Encourage to drink lots of
water to counteract SE
2. Metformin 500mg 1 tab OD Decreases hepatic glucose
production and intestinal
absorption of glucose.
Adjunct to patients with
type 2 DM
Hypersensitivity GI symptoms
Hypoglycemia
Megaloblastic anemia
Give with meals.
Monitor glucose levels
regularly.
3.Glimepiride
(Oral Hypoglycemic
Agents)
1 mg/tab 1 TAB OD Stimulate pancreas to
secrete more insulin
Adjunct with diet for the
management of type 2
DM
Hypersensitivity Hypoglycemia
headache
dizziness
n/v
GI pain and diarrhea
pruritus
Drug-to-drug interaction:
diuretics, corticosteroids,
some NSAID
Administer right before meals
Monitor blood glucose level
4. Simvastatin 10 mg 1 tab TID Inhibits HMG-CoA
reductase an early stage in
biosynthesis.
To reduce total LDL
cholesterol levels
Hypersensitivity abdominal pain
nausea
vomiting,
constipation
diarrhea
patient should follow a low
cholesterol diet during
treatment.
5. VCO Cogel 1 tab OD Unknown action Believed to have
numerous indications
such as vitamins, or
reducing risks of CVA’s
and cancer.
Hypersensitivity No known side effects Regularly take the drug for
better results.
29
30. IX. DISCHARGE PLAN
M
(Medications)
Glimepiride 1 mg/tab 1 tab OD; taken before meals
Metfrormin 500 mg 1x a day after lunch
Simvastatin 10 mg tab HS
Diazepam 5mg ½ tab OD at bedtime
Buclizine with Fe 1 cap 1 hr before bedtime
Erceflora 2x a day for 5 days
E
(Exercise)
Can walk around for 30 minutes when tolerated and assistance.
can do household chores as tolerated
T
(Therapeutic)
can talk to healthcare team about worries on present condition upon follow-up
can ask assistance from SO when activities or needs are not possible for the patient to do
H
(Health Teachings)
proper hygiene and cleaning of the perineal area.
report to healthcare team any unusual signs and symptoms which can be indicative of
complications. These includes:
o loss of sensation
o progressive loss of vision
o acetone-smelled urine (progressed into Type 1 DM)
o chest pain (CAD)
o slowly healing wound
importance of compliance to drug regimen.
monitor blood glucose level by going to a health center since the patient claimed she can’t
afford to buy a glucometer and its testing strips.
O
(OPD)
follow-up 1 week after discharge .
D
(Diet)
Diabetic diet
low caloric diet. Carbohydrates can be eaten in moderation as well as other food groups.
high fiber diet which includes vegetables and fruits.
30
31. X. UPDATES RELATED TO TYPE 2 DM
Study: Lung cancer patients with diabetes mellitus tend to live longer
Published on October 18, 2011 at 1:31 AM
Lung cancer patients with diabetes tend to live longer than patients without diabetes, according
to a Norwegian study published in the November issue of the Journal of Thoracic Oncology, the official
publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer.
Researchers did not speculate on the reason for the effect, but said that the survival benefit warranted
more study and that diabetes should not be considered a reason to withhold standard cancer treatment.
"Standard therapy should not be withheld from patients with diabetes mellitus provided they
are otherwise fit, even if it may be considered a significant comorbidity," researchers wrote in the study.
"The survival benefit may be of clinical importance and should be focused on in future studies."
Researchers at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology and Trondheim University analyzed
1,677 lung cancer cases from the Nord-Tr-ndelag Health study (HUNT), the pemetrexed gemcitabine
(PEG) study and the Norwegian Lung Cancer Biobank study. It was the first cohort study from a well-
defined geographical area, with a stable and large number of inhabitants, investigating lung cancer,
diabetes and survival.
They found that the 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival in patients with lung cancer with and without
diabetes mellitus were 43% versus 28%, 19% versus 11%, and 3% versus 1%, respectively.
The fact that patients with diabetes mellitus showed a lower frequency of metastatic diseases may
partly explain the survival benefit in patients with diabetes mellitus, because the majority of the patients
with lung cancer die of metastasis and not of the primary tumor," researchers wrote. "However, as we
adjusted for stage of disease in our analyses this potential advantage can hardly explain the observed
increased survival in patients with diabetes mellitus. In addition, increased survival in patients
with diabetes mellitus was clearly demonstrated in the PEG study where all patients had advanced lung
cancer."
Source: International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer
Reaction:
It’s quite strange at first because most would expect that death rate is higher in patients with lung
cancer and diabetes at the same time because these are fatal diseases than in patients without diabetes.
Out of the blue, since metastasis occurs through the blood, the increased coagulation and poor
circulation in patients with diabetes might have slowed the spread of cancer compared to those who
don’t. It’s one of the possibilitie
TRPM2 in pancreatic beta-cells may control insulin secretion levels
31
32. Published on January 4, 2011 at 11:25 PM
The research group led by professor Makoto Tominaga and Dr. Kunitoshi Uchida, National
institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), found TRPM2 ion channel in pancreatic beta-cells is important
for insulin secretion stimulated by glucose and gastrointestinal hormone (incretin) secreted after food
intake. Their finding was reported in Diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by lack of insulin secretion from pancreatic cells, or less
response to the secreted insulin, which raises the blood glucose levels, and as a result, causes serious
disorders. It is said that at least 171 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes mellitus, and its
incidence is increasing rapidly. Clarify the mechanisms of insulin secretion is important for the
development of diabetes therapy. Here, this research group focused on TRPM2 acting as a body
temperature sensor.
TRPM2 is a temperature-sensitive Ca2+-permeable channel and expressed in pancreatic beta-
cells. They found that TRPM2-deficient mice have shown the higher blood glucose levels with impaired
insulin secretion compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, TRPM2-deficient pancreatic beta-cells
showed smaller intracellular Ca2+ increase and lesser insulin secretion stimulated by glucose and
incretin.
Professor Makoto Tominaga and Dr. Kunitoshi Uchida said,"TRPM2 may control insulin secretion
levels mainly by modulating intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. Finding the substance which stimulates
TRPM2 effectively could lead to the development of a new therapy for diabetes mellitus."
Source: National Institute for Physiological Sciences
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS:
Merck Medical Manual of Medical Information, 2nd
home ed., (2003).
Smeltzer, S., et. al., Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Vol. 2, 10th
ed. (2004).
Philippine Pharmaceutical Directory, 14th
annual ed., (2007-2008).
Grodner, et. al., Foundations and Clinical Applications of Nutrition, 4th
Edition (2009).
Karch, A., Focus on Nursing Pharmacology, 4th
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ONLINE:
www. news-medical.net
www.nursing-crib.com
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