Presentation from the EPRI-Sandia Symposium on Secure and Resilient Microgrids: PAR 2030.7 Draft Standard for Specification of Microgrid Controllers, presented by Ward Bower, Ward Bower Innovations, Baltimore, MD, August 29-31, 2016.

1. © 2016 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Ward Bower
President – Ward Bower Innovations LLC
Symposium on Secure and Resilient
Microgrids
August 30, 2016
PAR 2030.7
Draft Standard for
Specification of
Microgrid Controllers

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Introduction
Quick Microgrid Standards Review/Background

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Interconnect Standards (1547 Series)
IEEE Standard Title and short description
1547(2003) IEEE Std for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Sources
1547(2014)-
Amendment
Std for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems
P1547(full
revision)
Draft Std for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with
Associated Power Systems Interfaces. PAR December 2013; Working group Jan 2014
1547.1(2005)
Std for Conformance Tests Procedures for Equipment Interconnecting Distributed
Resources with Electric Power Systems (Oct 2015 revision kickoff)
1547.1 full
revision
Draft Std for Conformance Test Procedures for Equipment Interconnecting Distributed
Energy Resources with Electric Power Systems and Associated Interfaces
P1547a
Amendment 1
IEEE1547a Std for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Sources –
Amendment 1 (The amendment limited to address three topics for change 1) voltage
regulation, 2) voltage ride-through, and 3) frequency ride-through.)
1547.2(2008)
Application Guide for IEEE 1547 Std for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric
Power Systems
1547.3(2007)
Guide for Monitoring Information Exchange, and Control of Distributed Resources with
Electric Power Systems
1547.4(2011)
Guide for Design, Operation, and Integration of Distributed Resource Island Systems with
Electric Power Systems (Revisions in process)
1547.6(2011)
Recommended Practice for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power
Systems Distribution Secondary Networks
1547.7(2013)
IEEE P1547.7 Draft Guide to Conducting Distribution Impact Studies for Distributed
Resource Interconnection
P1547.8
Draft Recommended Practice for Establishing Methods and Procedures that Provide
Supplemental Support for Implementation Strategies f/Expanded Use of IEEE Std 1547-2003

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Microgrid Standards (2030 Series)
IEEE Standard Title and Short Description
2030 Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability
P2030.1 Guide for Electric-Sourced Transportation Infrastructure
P2030.3 Standard for Test Procedures for Electric Energy Storage Equipment and
Systems for Electric Power Systems Applications
P2030.4 Guide for Control and Automation Installations Applied to the Electric
Power Infrastructure
P2030.5 Standard for Smart Energy Profile 2.0 Application Protocol
P2030.6 Guide for the Benefit Evaluation of Electric Power Grid Customer
Demand Response.
P2030.7 Standard for Specification of Microgrid Controllers (Approved by
IEEE SA, Jun 2014)
P2030.8 Standard for Testing of Microgrid Controllers (Approved by IEEE SA, Jul
2015)
P2030.9 Recommended Practice for the Planning and Design of the Microgrid

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P2030.7 – Review of Key Terms
Point of Interconnection – POI is used instead of PCC (Point
of common coupling
– Note: There can be more than one PCC with microgrid systems.
POI is a consistent interconnect point for complex microgrids.
Planned Islanding (Similar to Intentional Islanding in 1547)
Unplanned Islanding (Similar to unintentional Islanding)
Scope pertains to microgrids and microgrid controllers or
controller systems and not individual DERs.
The microgrid control system must satisfy local utility
requirements to maintain stable control related to short term
phenomena, including voltage and frequency deviations and
voltage and frequency ride through requirements.

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Microgrid and constitutive components

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Functional requirements of a microgrid control system
The microgrid controller is responsible for monitoring the
state of the system (information source) and if required
notifying the protection system for appropriate action
Protection schemes within the microgrids are outside the
scope of the functional specification considered in 2030.7
The microgrid has separate control and protection functions
The other microgrid assets are responsible for protection
and coordination functions (relay, breaker, and recloser)
A key element of a microgrid is the Microgrid Energy
Management System (MEMs)

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Higher Level Functions – grid interface
Core Level Functions – operational
Lower Level Functions – local devices
Grid /DSO
Assets, Devices
Microgrid
Control
System
(Functional
View) Connect/Disconnect Dispatch (simple rules or
optimization algorithm)
Grid/Market/Orders/Requests
Communications
Operator Interface
Higher level dispatch/
Coordination
Voltage/Frequency
Control
Device-specific functions
Three functional levels of the Microgrid Energy
Management System (MEMs)

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P2030.7 – Core functions covered
P2030.7 standard specifies the core level functions,
which any microgrid control system shall implement
Core functions are:
– Connecting and disconnecting with the grid (transitions)
– Supervisory dispatch of microgrid assets within ALL
operating states
The functions included in this standard shall be applications
for grid connected as well as islanded/remote microgrids

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Transition function: grid connected to islanded
mode
For transition from grid connected to islanded mode, the
steps are:
– Planned Islanding: (a) Receive islanding command; (b)
Balance load and generation; (c) Create island; (d) Bring
V and f within acceptable conditions (back to stable
operation); (e) Tune and set local controllers and
protection devices appropriately;
– Unplanned Islanding: (a) Detect islanding conditions; (b)
Create island (implement a black start if required); (c)
Bring V and f within acceptable conditions (back to stable
operation), which implies balancing generation and load;
(d) Tune and set local controllers and protection devices
appropriately;

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Transition function: Islanded mode and
reconnection
For reconnection to grid, the steps are:
– Resynchronize, match voltage, phase, and frequency
within prescribed limits specified by the distribution
system; (b) Tune and set local controllers and protection
devices appropriately; (c) Reconnect (dispatch non-critical
load, load restoration)
– For inverter based system detect islanding conditions
subject to low-voltage ride through requirement

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Transition function – measurable quantities and
associated metrics:
Directly measurable quantities:
Voltage
Current (time-domain/waveform)
Derived quantities:
Frequency, RMS voltage, RMS current, phase angle, real
power (direction of power flow) and reactive power, energy,
demand, power quality (voltage and current harmonic
distortions, individual harmonics, voltage sags, voltage
swells), reference tracking errors
Measured on both sides of the POI

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Establish initial conditions
Issue planned islanding command
Invoke dispatch function to make load = generation
Verify load = generation
Open POI and send control mode changes to microgrid elements
Increment initial conditions
Observe satisfactory islanded operation
Testing Planned Islanding in Transition Function:

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Dispatch function
Dispatch function description: defines the set points or operating
state of microgrid assets in accordance to one or more rules, tables
or algorithms, in order to maintain real and reactive power balance
to meet predefined objectives
The measurable quantities and associated metrics for the transition
function are:
 Voltage, frequency, power quality (distortion); losses and
efficiency, and emissions; reference tracking errors. The metrics
are related and defined by objectives.
Testing of the dispatch function – operating scenarios
 Grid connected mode: variation of load and generation
 In islanded mode: variation of load and generation within the
microgrid

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Load POI Dispatch order
Load dispatch rule
Load initial conditions
Introduce disturbance(s)
Introduce new POI Dispatch order
Introduce new dispatch rule(s)
Increment initial conditions
Testing the Dispatch Core Function:
Observe operation per rules and order

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IEEE 2030.7: Microgrid Control System Standardization

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Function grouping – several options

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Two level vs. Four Level
Four level scheme Two level scheme
Block
4
Decides WHAT the
microgrid is to do.
Master
Microgrid
Controller
(MMC)
Contains both
the what and
how functions
for the
microgrid as a
unit.
Block
3
Decides HOW the
microgrid will do it.
Block
2
Decides WHAT the
element is to do.
Microgrid
Element (BC,
LC, GC, SC,
MMC)
Contains both
the what and
how for each
element.Block
1
Decides HOW the
element will do it.

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Two Levels vs. Four
One question is whether the four-level division of
functions makes things easier or harder than the two-
level division. In practice, it may not be so easy to
separate what and how questions.
An observation is that Block 2 as described in previous
P2030.7 meetings is being conceived as a physical
thing, e.g., a PLC, a group controller or EMS, rather
than a logical set of abstract functions.

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Mandatory and optional features
Feature Mandatory Optional
Provide optimal dispatch of resources when grid connected 
Provide ancillary services for larger grid 
Execute seamless planned separation from the grid 
Execute seamless unplanned separation from the grid 
Execute separation without interruption of power 
Maintain voltage and frequency when islanded 
Provide prioritized power to loads when islanded 
Provide optimal dispatch of resources when islanded 
Execute emergency backfeed to predefined grid load 
Manage blackstart of microgrid 
Resynchronize and reconnect to grid 

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