This document describes a study that developed a novel method for synthesizing 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-trione derivatives using solid silica-based sulfonic acid as a heterogeneous reusable catalyst. The method has advantages such as high yields, cleaner reactions, simple methodology, easy work-up, and greener conditions. The catalyst is easily prepared, stable up to 300°C, reusable, and efficient under reaction conditions. The study evaluated different catalysts and reaction temperatures to optimize the process. The optimized method uses dimedone, phthalhydrazide, an aromatic aldehyde, and solid silica-based sulfonic acid at 100°C to produce the desired products in
An efficient synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of novel ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1. The document describes the synthesis and characterization of new substituted 1,3,5-triazine compounds containing 1,2,4-triazole and substituted urea/thiourea groups.
2. These compounds were synthesized in a stepwise manner and characterized using techniques like IR, NMR and elemental analysis.
3. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated against various microorganisms, with some compounds like 1c, 1e and 1g showing excellent activity.
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of new substituted 1,3,5-triazine compounds containing 1,2,4-triazole and substituted urea/thiourea. The compounds were synthesized in three steps and characterized using techniques such as IR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. Some of the synthesized compounds (1c, 1e, 1g) showed excellent antimicrobial activity against test microorganisms. The document provides experimental details on the synthesis of the compounds and evaluates their potential as antimicrobial agents.
Synthesis And Antibacterial Activity Of 3-[(3-Phenyl-5-Thioxo-1, 5-Dihydro-4h...inventionjournals
A series of 3-[(3-phenyl-5-thioxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)imino]-1,3-dihydro-2Hindole-2-one derivatives were synthesised through the nucleophilic substitution at carbonyl carbon of Isatin. Structure of synthesized compounds were elucidated by using IR, 1H NMR & 13C NMR spectrometry. Synthesised compounds showed significant antibacterial activity against E.coli (ATCC 35218), S.aureus (ATCC 25323), E.faecalis (Clinical isolate), K. Pneumonia, P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27893) using agar well diffusion method.
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some methyl (4- (benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)...QUESTJOURNAL
1. A series of methyl (4-(benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)phenyl) carbamodithioate amine derivatives were synthesized by reacting methyl (4-(benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)phenyl) carbamodithioate with various amines.
2. The synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro growth inhibiting activity against bacteria and fungi. Compounds exhibited moderate to high antibacterial and antifungal activity.
3. The structures of the compounds were characterized using spectral data such as IR, NMR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The compounds were then tested for their antimicrobial properties against various bacteria and fungi.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
This document describes research on the synthesis and characterization of octahydroxanthene derivatives and evaluation of their biological activity. Various octahydroxanthene derivatives were synthesized by condensing dimedone with different aldehydes, followed by cyclization. The synthesized compounds were characterized using techniques like IR, NMR, mass spectrometry. The compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against bacteria like E. coli and S. aureus. Some of the ligands showed activity against these bacteria in sterile water and DMSO.
A optimized process for the synthesis of a key starting material for etodolac...IOSR Journals
This document describes an optimized process for synthesizing 7-ethyltryptophol, a key starting material for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug etodolac. The process involves reacting 2-ethylphenyl hydrazine hydrochloride with 2,3-dihydrofuran in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst in a water/dimethylacetamide solvent system. This method yields 7-ethyltryptophol in 75% yield with high purity in an easy, inexpensive, and operationally simple process without the need for purification. Testing different acid catalysts and solvent systems showed concentrated sulfuric acid and a water/dimethylacetamide mixture provided the best conversion and yield.
STUDIES ON TREATMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE EFFLUENTS BY POLYMER MATERIALS M...EDITOR IJCRCPS
In the present study, sorption technique was used to achieve the optimum recovery of the pharmaceutical waste from effluents.
The modified urea formaldehyde resin was prepared and mixed with inorganic adsorbent at various proportions. The removal
capabilities of pharmaceutical waste by the prepared composite materials were investigated. Different factors affecting the uptake
such as contact time, pH value and aqueous volume to resin weight ratio have been investigated. The reaction mechanisms and
the optimum conditions for the treatment were deduced in the light of the obtained results.
Keywords: Sorption technique, Pharmaceutical waste, Different factors.
An efficient synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of novel ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1. The document describes the synthesis and characterization of new substituted 1,3,5-triazine compounds containing 1,2,4-triazole and substituted urea/thiourea groups.
2. These compounds were synthesized in a stepwise manner and characterized using techniques like IR, NMR and elemental analysis.
3. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated against various microorganisms, with some compounds like 1c, 1e and 1g showing excellent activity.
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of new substituted 1,3,5-triazine compounds containing 1,2,4-triazole and substituted urea/thiourea. The compounds were synthesized in three steps and characterized using techniques such as IR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. Some of the synthesized compounds (1c, 1e, 1g) showed excellent antimicrobial activity against test microorganisms. The document provides experimental details on the synthesis of the compounds and evaluates their potential as antimicrobial agents.
Synthesis And Antibacterial Activity Of 3-[(3-Phenyl-5-Thioxo-1, 5-Dihydro-4h...inventionjournals
A series of 3-[(3-phenyl-5-thioxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)imino]-1,3-dihydro-2Hindole-2-one derivatives were synthesised through the nucleophilic substitution at carbonyl carbon of Isatin. Structure of synthesized compounds were elucidated by using IR, 1H NMR & 13C NMR spectrometry. Synthesised compounds showed significant antibacterial activity against E.coli (ATCC 35218), S.aureus (ATCC 25323), E.faecalis (Clinical isolate), K. Pneumonia, P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27893) using agar well diffusion method.
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some methyl (4- (benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)...QUESTJOURNAL
1. A series of methyl (4-(benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)phenyl) carbamodithioate amine derivatives were synthesized by reacting methyl (4-(benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)phenyl) carbamodithioate with various amines.
2. The synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro growth inhibiting activity against bacteria and fungi. Compounds exhibited moderate to high antibacterial and antifungal activity.
3. The structures of the compounds were characterized using spectral data such as IR, NMR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The compounds were then tested for their antimicrobial properties against various bacteria and fungi.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
This document describes research on the synthesis and characterization of octahydroxanthene derivatives and evaluation of their biological activity. Various octahydroxanthene derivatives were synthesized by condensing dimedone with different aldehydes, followed by cyclization. The synthesized compounds were characterized using techniques like IR, NMR, mass spectrometry. The compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against bacteria like E. coli and S. aureus. Some of the ligands showed activity against these bacteria in sterile water and DMSO.
A optimized process for the synthesis of a key starting material for etodolac...IOSR Journals
This document describes an optimized process for synthesizing 7-ethyltryptophol, a key starting material for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug etodolac. The process involves reacting 2-ethylphenyl hydrazine hydrochloride with 2,3-dihydrofuran in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst in a water/dimethylacetamide solvent system. This method yields 7-ethyltryptophol in 75% yield with high purity in an easy, inexpensive, and operationally simple process without the need for purification. Testing different acid catalysts and solvent systems showed concentrated sulfuric acid and a water/dimethylacetamide mixture provided the best conversion and yield.
STUDIES ON TREATMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE EFFLUENTS BY POLYMER MATERIALS M...EDITOR IJCRCPS
In the present study, sorption technique was used to achieve the optimum recovery of the pharmaceutical waste from effluents.
The modified urea formaldehyde resin was prepared and mixed with inorganic adsorbent at various proportions. The removal
capabilities of pharmaceutical waste by the prepared composite materials were investigated. Different factors affecting the uptake
such as contact time, pH value and aqueous volume to resin weight ratio have been investigated. The reaction mechanisms and
the optimum conditions for the treatment were deduced in the light of the obtained results.
Keywords: Sorption technique, Pharmaceutical waste, Different factors.
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of diorganotin(IV) complexes with three hydrazone ligands. Specifically, it discusses the synthesis of diorganotin(IV) complexes with the ligands N0
-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzy-lidene) isonicotinohydrazide (H2La
), N0
-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylene) isonicotinohydrazide (H2Lb
) and N0
-(2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene) isonicotinohydrazide (H2Lc
) and
Facial and Simple Synthesis of Some New (Pyrazole and Triazole) Coumarin Deri...IOSRJAC
2-oxo-2H-coumarin-3-carbohydrazide (2) which prepared from the reaction of ethyl-2-oxo-2Hcoumarin-3-carboxylate (1) with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol containing a catalytic amount of piperidine mixture consider a good and available starting intermediate for synthesis of series of functionalized coumarins. So, compound (2) was utilized as a key for the synthesis of some new (pyrazole, triazole)-2H- coumarin-2-one derivatives by the reaction with some selected reagents.
Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as Agents for Improving Solubility, Stability ...Maciej Przybyłek
This research paper studied the use of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) to improve the solubility, stability, and delivery of curcumin. The study found that NADES composed of choline chloride and glycerol had the highest solubility for curcumin. This NADES system was also effective at extracting curcuminoids from turmeric and preventing degradation of curcumin when exposed to sunlight. Testing in simulated gastrointestinal fluids showed a significant increase in curcumin bioavailability in the small intestine. Quantum chemistry computations indicated that direct molecular interactions between curcumin and choline chloride or glycerol were responsible for enhancing curcumin's solubility in NADES, especially
Synthesis, Identification and Surface Active Properties of Some Nonionic Surf...IOSRJAC
This research includes synthesis of new heterocyclic derivatives of quinazolinone and studying the possibility for their application as surfactants. The preparation process started by the reaction of pentadecanoyl chloride with anthranilic acid gave 2-pentadecyl-4H-benzo[3,1]oxazin-4-one [1] which was used as starting material to synthesis some heterocyclic compounds by a reaction with nitrogen nucleophiles. Compound [1] as starting material reacted by three ways. The first way react Compound [1] with semicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide and phenylsemicarbazide in pyridine as solvent to obtained [1-(4-oxo-2- pentadecylquinazolin-3(4H)-yl) urea [2], thiourea [3], phenylthiourea [4] respectively]. The second way include the reaction of Compound [1] with 99% hydrazine hydrate to produce 3-amino-2-pentadecylquinazolin- 4(3H)-one [5], then converted to amino derivatives [6-8] by the reaction of Compound [5] with different halogenated compounds such as (benzoyl chloride, acetyl chloride and chloro acetyl chloride ) in DMF and pyridine as catalyst. The third way include the reaction of compound [1] with different substituted amine and amide compounds (thiourea, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, glycine, ammonium acetate and phenyl hydrazine) respectively to obtain derivatives of quinazoline [9-14]. The produced compounds [2,4,5,7 and 12] react with propylene oxide in different moles (n=3, 5 and7) to yield novel groups of nonionic compounds having a function as surface active agents. The surface active properties like surface tension and interfacial tension, wetting time, cloud point, emulsion stability, foam height and CMC of these compounds were measured and showed a pronounced surface activity, good emulsifying properties and highly foaming in some of these compounds. Newly synthesized compounds were identified via spectral methods; their [FTIR and some of them by 1HNMR, 13C-NMR] and measurements of some of its physical properties.
Simple Synthesis of Some Novel Polyfunctionally Derivatives of 2H-Coumarin-2-...IOSRJAC
Compound (2) was prepared from the reaction of ethyl-2-oxo-2H-coumarin-3-carboxylate (1) with ethylcyanoacetate in ethanol containing a catalytic amount of piperidine as catalyst. Compound (2) is the key intermediate for the synthesis of several series of new compounds such as ((pyrimidine, tetrazine, piperidine, oxazepine)-2H-coumarin-2-one derivatives by reaction with selected reagents such as urea, cyanoacetamide, cyanoacetohydrazide, orthoaminophenol and 5-aminotriazole.
Synthesis and pharmacological screening of some benzoxazole derivatives as an...tejasatyasai
The document describes the synthesis and pharmacological screening of benzoxazole derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents. The compounds were synthesized through a multi-step process involving electrophilic aromatic substitution, reduction, acid-catalyzed reactions, and reactions with hydrazine and sulfonyl chlorides. Eight final compounds with different substituents were characterized using various analytical techniques. The compounds were screened for anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, with some compounds showing significant activity compared to the standard drug ibuprofen.
The radiolytic mineralization of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, an emerging contami...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:The ability of high-energy ionizing radiation has been demonstrated for environmental remediation processing. γ-rayswere applied to treat a solution of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT). 2-MBT (125 µM) was decomposed and mineralized by the γ-radiation. The absorbed doses for 50 and 90% 2-MBT degradation were 0.170 and 0.650 kGy, respectively. Organic by-products were almost fully mineralized when high-absorbed doses in the range of 5-60 kGy were applied. Sulfate radicals (SO4 ●– ) produced through the rapid reaction of persulfate ions (S2O8 2– ) with hydrated electrons(eaq − ; keaq − /S2O8 2– = 1.1 × 1010 M −1 .s−1 ) had a significant effect on the 2-MBT mineralization yield. Because of 2-MBT decomposition,sulfate ions (SO4 2− ) were formed, and thepH and dissolved oxygen concentration were decreased. The degradation efficiency decreased when HCO3 –was added to the 2- MBT solution. No significant effects of NO3 – and Cl– ions on 2-MBT radiolytic eliminationwere observed
This document describes the spectroscopic analysis of new dihydropyrimidine derivatives synthesized through a multicomponent reaction. Two new compounds, 5-benzoyl-6-methyl-4-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one (KT-01) and 5-benzoyl-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-methyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one (KT-03) were synthesized using a Biginelli reaction involving benzoylacetone, benzaldehyde derivatives, and urea. The structures of KT-01 and KT-03 were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared
SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite: A recoverable nano-catalyst for eco-friendly synth...Iranian Chemical Society
Various aldoximes and ketoximes synthesis of corresponding aldehydes and ketones in the presence of SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite as recoverable nano catalyst and NH2OH·HCl. The SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite system was carried out between 10 to 15 min in oil bath (70-80 °C) under solvent-free condition in excellent yields in addition this protocol can be used for industrial scales. This method offers some advantages in term of clean reaction conditions, easy work-up procedure, short reaction time, applied to convert α-diketones to α-diketoximes (as longer than other carbonyl compounds), α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones to corresponding oximes and suppression of any side product. So we think that NH2OH•HCl/SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite system could be considered a new and useful addition to the present methodologies in this area. Structure of products and nano composite elucidation was carried out by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and In Silico ADMET Studies of 1,8-...BRNSS Publication Hub
In the present study, 1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives (5a1, 5a2, 5b1, and 5b2) were
designed, synthesized, and screened for their in vitro H1-antihistaminic activity. H1R inhibitory activity
of the synthesized derivatives was calculated by the modified Van Arman technique, histamine-induced
bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs. A good bronchorelaxant effect of compounds was observed in
histamine-contracted guinea pig tracheal chain through H1-receptor antagonism. In addition, the
hypothetically resulted compounds are checked for their reliability on other in silico drug designing
online web services like SwissADME predictor. In silico ADMET analysis results show that all the
derivatives had negligible toxicity, good absorption, and solubility profile. These compounds may serve
as possible lead for establishing safe and effective antihistaminic agent(s).
1. A new Schiff base ligand was synthesized by condensing amoxicillin and 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde. Mixed ligand complexes were synthesized from reactions of the Schiff base ligand with metal salts such as Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) along with nicotinamide.
2. The complexes were characterized using various techniques such as elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Vis, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and evaluating their conductivities. The data indicated the complexes had octahedral geometries and were non-electrolytes.
3. The antimicrobial activities of the complexes were evaluated against various bacteria and found to have
11.nano ti o0002www.iiste.org call for_paper as an efficient and reusable het...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the use of nano TiO2 as a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles. Nano TiO2 efficiently catalyzed the [2+3] cycloaddition reaction of sodium azide with various nitriles to produce the corresponding tetrazoles in good yields. The nano TiO2 catalyst could be easily recovered and reused for multiple cycles without loss of activity. This new catalytic method provides a simple, efficient, and reusable approach for synthesizing 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles.
Nano ti o2 as an efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthe...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the use of nano TiO2 as a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles. Nano TiO2 efficiently catalyzed the [2+3] cycloaddition reaction of sodium azide with various nitriles to produce the corresponding tetrazoles in good yields. The nano TiO2 catalyst could be easily recovered and reused for multiple cycles without loss of activity. This new catalytic method provides a simple, efficient, and reusable approach for synthesizing 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles.
Increment of carbohydrate concentration of Chlorella minutissima microalgae f...IJERA Editor
Microalgae, like any other microorganism react to changes in the external environment with changes in their
intracellular environment. Thus, the manipulation of cultivation conditions, especially the presence or absence
of certain nutrients, stimulates the biosynthesis of compounds of interest. Their carbohydrates can be used to
produce bioethanol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the medium and the concentrations
of nitrogen and phosphate components used in the culture medium of the microalgae Chlorella minutissima in
the carbohydrate concentration of the same. Box-Behnken Planning was used, totaling 15 trials. The cultivations
were carried out until early stationary phase of growth of the microalgae in closed 2 L reactors. At the end of the
cultivation, the carbohydrate concentrations of dry biomass (%) and yield in carbohydrates (g.L-1
.d-1
) were
determined. According to the analysis of effects, the microalgae Chlorella minutissima cultivated in Basal
medium, with the addition of 0.125 gL-1
of the nitrogenized component (KNO3) and without addition of
phosphatized components (K2HPO4 and KH2PO4) had a higher yield in carbohydrates in the cultivation (0,030 ±
0.002 g.L-1
.d-1
).
Simple and Eco-friendly Synthesis of Glycosides bearing triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4...IOSRJAC
There is a vast variety of naturally occurring glycosides which have marked pharmacological properties. These glycosides have widely diversed functional groups modifications which result in influencing pharmacological performance of corresponding glycosides. The 3,6-disubstituted-s-triazolo[3,4- b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles were glucosidated with 2,3,4,6tetra-o-acetyl α D glulopryanosyl bromide using simple methodologies. The compounds obtained in good yield in a 80-90 minutes.
Performance of integrated process using fungal strain corialus versicalor mtcIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the degradation of three dyes (Quinoline Yellow, Eosin B, and Rose Bengal) using an integrated process of fungal degradation and electrochemical oxidation. The fungal strain Corialus versicalor was found to efficiently decolorize the dyes. Degradation was measured by monitoring chemical oxygen demand (COD), which decreased by over 90% for the treated effluents. Spectral analysis showed reductions in dye absorption after treatment. The integrated process demonstrates potential for treating and reusing textile dye wastewater.
Synthesis, characterization and biological activities of novel 2-mercaptobenz...ijperSS
ABSTRACT
A new series of Benzoxazol-2-ylthio-N-(4-substituted) acetohydrazide derivatives (IVa-IVk), were obtained by synthesising new Schiff’s bases derived from benzoxolyl-2-mercaptoaceto hydrazide derivatives by treating with various aryl/hetero aryl aldehydes. Their chemical structures have been confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FT-IR and ESI-MS spectral data. The synthesised derivatives (IVa-IVk) were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activities by agar diffusion method. Among the synthesized compounds IVb, IVe, and IVk shown strong antibacterial activity and the compounds IVb, IVe and IVf exhibited strong antifungal activity.
Key words: Benzoxazole, aryl/hetero aryl aldehydes, schiff’s bases, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity.
Synthesis Characterization And Antimicrobial Activity Of 6- Oxido-1- ((5 -5- ...IOSR Journals
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of several novel carbamate derivatives and their evaluation for antimicrobial activity. Specifically, it details the multi-step synthesis of cyclopropyl/cyclohexyl/terahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl/tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl/perfluorophenyl (6-oxido-1-((5-(5-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)methyl)-4,8-dihydro-1H-[1,3,2]dioxaphosphepino
Mixed Ligand, Palladium(II) and Platinum(II) Complexes of Tertiary Diphosphin...Karwan Omer
This document summarizes a study that synthesized and characterized mixed ligand palladium(II), platinum(II) complexes with tertiary diphosphine and S-1H benzo[d]imidazole-2-yl benzothioate ligands. The complexes were synthesized in two steps, first forming metal complexes with tertiary diphosphines, then adding the S-1H benzimidazole ligand. The complexes were characterized using techniques such as elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, and X-ray crystallography. The results indicate the ligand bonds to the metal through the nitrogen atom and the complexes have square planar geometries.
This document discusses alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS), which are major components of anionic detergents. It describes the chemistry and manufacturing of ABS and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS). ABS can be branched or linear, while LAS is comprised of linear alkyl chains. The document also discusses the environmental impacts and biodegradability of ABS and LAS, noting LAS biodegrades more readily. It assessed the toxicity of LAS to aquatic organisms and sediments, and the microbial consortia involved in LAS biodegradation.
This document summarizes hemoglobinopathies, specifically sickle cell disease. It discusses the genetics, pathophysiology, clinical features including acute complications like vaso-occlusive crises and stroke, and chronic complications affecting organs like the lungs, kidneys, liver, bones and CNS. Key aspects of management include treating acute pain, acute chest syndrome, priapism, stroke prevention through transfusions or hydroxyurea, and addressing end-organ damage.
Detergents contain various active ingredients like surfactants, builders, solvents, and enzymes that help remove dirt from surfaces. Surfactants are the primary cleaning agents that use their hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties to break the bond between dirt and surfaces and suspend dirt particles in the cleaning solution. Builders help reduce water hardness by binding with metal ions and protect surfactants' cleaning ability. Solvents aid in dissolving oils and greases that water cannot remove on its own. A variety of ingredients work together synergistically to achieve optimal cleaning.
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of diorganotin(IV) complexes with three hydrazone ligands. Specifically, it discusses the synthesis of diorganotin(IV) complexes with the ligands N0
-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzy-lidene) isonicotinohydrazide (H2La
), N0
-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylene) isonicotinohydrazide (H2Lb
) and N0
-(2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene) isonicotinohydrazide (H2Lc
) and
Facial and Simple Synthesis of Some New (Pyrazole and Triazole) Coumarin Deri...IOSRJAC
2-oxo-2H-coumarin-3-carbohydrazide (2) which prepared from the reaction of ethyl-2-oxo-2Hcoumarin-3-carboxylate (1) with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol containing a catalytic amount of piperidine mixture consider a good and available starting intermediate for synthesis of series of functionalized coumarins. So, compound (2) was utilized as a key for the synthesis of some new (pyrazole, triazole)-2H- coumarin-2-one derivatives by the reaction with some selected reagents.
Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as Agents for Improving Solubility, Stability ...Maciej Przybyłek
This research paper studied the use of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) to improve the solubility, stability, and delivery of curcumin. The study found that NADES composed of choline chloride and glycerol had the highest solubility for curcumin. This NADES system was also effective at extracting curcuminoids from turmeric and preventing degradation of curcumin when exposed to sunlight. Testing in simulated gastrointestinal fluids showed a significant increase in curcumin bioavailability in the small intestine. Quantum chemistry computations indicated that direct molecular interactions between curcumin and choline chloride or glycerol were responsible for enhancing curcumin's solubility in NADES, especially
Synthesis, Identification and Surface Active Properties of Some Nonionic Surf...IOSRJAC
This research includes synthesis of new heterocyclic derivatives of quinazolinone and studying the possibility for their application as surfactants. The preparation process started by the reaction of pentadecanoyl chloride with anthranilic acid gave 2-pentadecyl-4H-benzo[3,1]oxazin-4-one [1] which was used as starting material to synthesis some heterocyclic compounds by a reaction with nitrogen nucleophiles. Compound [1] as starting material reacted by three ways. The first way react Compound [1] with semicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide and phenylsemicarbazide in pyridine as solvent to obtained [1-(4-oxo-2- pentadecylquinazolin-3(4H)-yl) urea [2], thiourea [3], phenylthiourea [4] respectively]. The second way include the reaction of Compound [1] with 99% hydrazine hydrate to produce 3-amino-2-pentadecylquinazolin- 4(3H)-one [5], then converted to amino derivatives [6-8] by the reaction of Compound [5] with different halogenated compounds such as (benzoyl chloride, acetyl chloride and chloro acetyl chloride ) in DMF and pyridine as catalyst. The third way include the reaction of compound [1] with different substituted amine and amide compounds (thiourea, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, glycine, ammonium acetate and phenyl hydrazine) respectively to obtain derivatives of quinazoline [9-14]. The produced compounds [2,4,5,7 and 12] react with propylene oxide in different moles (n=3, 5 and7) to yield novel groups of nonionic compounds having a function as surface active agents. The surface active properties like surface tension and interfacial tension, wetting time, cloud point, emulsion stability, foam height and CMC of these compounds were measured and showed a pronounced surface activity, good emulsifying properties and highly foaming in some of these compounds. Newly synthesized compounds were identified via spectral methods; their [FTIR and some of them by 1HNMR, 13C-NMR] and measurements of some of its physical properties.
Simple Synthesis of Some Novel Polyfunctionally Derivatives of 2H-Coumarin-2-...IOSRJAC
Compound (2) was prepared from the reaction of ethyl-2-oxo-2H-coumarin-3-carboxylate (1) with ethylcyanoacetate in ethanol containing a catalytic amount of piperidine as catalyst. Compound (2) is the key intermediate for the synthesis of several series of new compounds such as ((pyrimidine, tetrazine, piperidine, oxazepine)-2H-coumarin-2-one derivatives by reaction with selected reagents such as urea, cyanoacetamide, cyanoacetohydrazide, orthoaminophenol and 5-aminotriazole.
Synthesis and pharmacological screening of some benzoxazole derivatives as an...tejasatyasai
The document describes the synthesis and pharmacological screening of benzoxazole derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents. The compounds were synthesized through a multi-step process involving electrophilic aromatic substitution, reduction, acid-catalyzed reactions, and reactions with hydrazine and sulfonyl chlorides. Eight final compounds with different substituents were characterized using various analytical techniques. The compounds were screened for anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, with some compounds showing significant activity compared to the standard drug ibuprofen.
The radiolytic mineralization of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, an emerging contami...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:The ability of high-energy ionizing radiation has been demonstrated for environmental remediation processing. γ-rayswere applied to treat a solution of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT). 2-MBT (125 µM) was decomposed and mineralized by the γ-radiation. The absorbed doses for 50 and 90% 2-MBT degradation were 0.170 and 0.650 kGy, respectively. Organic by-products were almost fully mineralized when high-absorbed doses in the range of 5-60 kGy were applied. Sulfate radicals (SO4 ●– ) produced through the rapid reaction of persulfate ions (S2O8 2– ) with hydrated electrons(eaq − ; keaq − /S2O8 2– = 1.1 × 1010 M −1 .s−1 ) had a significant effect on the 2-MBT mineralization yield. Because of 2-MBT decomposition,sulfate ions (SO4 2− ) were formed, and thepH and dissolved oxygen concentration were decreased. The degradation efficiency decreased when HCO3 –was added to the 2- MBT solution. No significant effects of NO3 – and Cl– ions on 2-MBT radiolytic eliminationwere observed
This document describes the spectroscopic analysis of new dihydropyrimidine derivatives synthesized through a multicomponent reaction. Two new compounds, 5-benzoyl-6-methyl-4-phenyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one (KT-01) and 5-benzoyl-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-methyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one (KT-03) were synthesized using a Biginelli reaction involving benzoylacetone, benzaldehyde derivatives, and urea. The structures of KT-01 and KT-03 were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared
SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite: A recoverable nano-catalyst for eco-friendly synth...Iranian Chemical Society
Various aldoximes and ketoximes synthesis of corresponding aldehydes and ketones in the presence of SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite as recoverable nano catalyst and NH2OH·HCl. The SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite system was carried out between 10 to 15 min in oil bath (70-80 °C) under solvent-free condition in excellent yields in addition this protocol can be used for industrial scales. This method offers some advantages in term of clean reaction conditions, easy work-up procedure, short reaction time, applied to convert α-diketones to α-diketoximes (as longer than other carbonyl compounds), α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones to corresponding oximes and suppression of any side product. So we think that NH2OH•HCl/SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite system could be considered a new and useful addition to the present methodologies in this area. Structure of products and nano composite elucidation was carried out by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and In Silico ADMET Studies of 1,8-...BRNSS Publication Hub
In the present study, 1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives (5a1, 5a2, 5b1, and 5b2) were
designed, synthesized, and screened for their in vitro H1-antihistaminic activity. H1R inhibitory activity
of the synthesized derivatives was calculated by the modified Van Arman technique, histamine-induced
bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs. A good bronchorelaxant effect of compounds was observed in
histamine-contracted guinea pig tracheal chain through H1-receptor antagonism. In addition, the
hypothetically resulted compounds are checked for their reliability on other in silico drug designing
online web services like SwissADME predictor. In silico ADMET analysis results show that all the
derivatives had negligible toxicity, good absorption, and solubility profile. These compounds may serve
as possible lead for establishing safe and effective antihistaminic agent(s).
1. A new Schiff base ligand was synthesized by condensing amoxicillin and 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde. Mixed ligand complexes were synthesized from reactions of the Schiff base ligand with metal salts such as Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) along with nicotinamide.
2. The complexes were characterized using various techniques such as elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Vis, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and evaluating their conductivities. The data indicated the complexes had octahedral geometries and were non-electrolytes.
3. The antimicrobial activities of the complexes were evaluated against various bacteria and found to have
11.nano ti o0002www.iiste.org call for_paper as an efficient and reusable het...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the use of nano TiO2 as a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles. Nano TiO2 efficiently catalyzed the [2+3] cycloaddition reaction of sodium azide with various nitriles to produce the corresponding tetrazoles in good yields. The nano TiO2 catalyst could be easily recovered and reused for multiple cycles without loss of activity. This new catalytic method provides a simple, efficient, and reusable approach for synthesizing 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles.
Nano ti o2 as an efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthe...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the use of nano TiO2 as a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles. Nano TiO2 efficiently catalyzed the [2+3] cycloaddition reaction of sodium azide with various nitriles to produce the corresponding tetrazoles in good yields. The nano TiO2 catalyst could be easily recovered and reused for multiple cycles without loss of activity. This new catalytic method provides a simple, efficient, and reusable approach for synthesizing 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles.
Increment of carbohydrate concentration of Chlorella minutissima microalgae f...IJERA Editor
Microalgae, like any other microorganism react to changes in the external environment with changes in their
intracellular environment. Thus, the manipulation of cultivation conditions, especially the presence or absence
of certain nutrients, stimulates the biosynthesis of compounds of interest. Their carbohydrates can be used to
produce bioethanol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the medium and the concentrations
of nitrogen and phosphate components used in the culture medium of the microalgae Chlorella minutissima in
the carbohydrate concentration of the same. Box-Behnken Planning was used, totaling 15 trials. The cultivations
were carried out until early stationary phase of growth of the microalgae in closed 2 L reactors. At the end of the
cultivation, the carbohydrate concentrations of dry biomass (%) and yield in carbohydrates (g.L-1
.d-1
) were
determined. According to the analysis of effects, the microalgae Chlorella minutissima cultivated in Basal
medium, with the addition of 0.125 gL-1
of the nitrogenized component (KNO3) and without addition of
phosphatized components (K2HPO4 and KH2PO4) had a higher yield in carbohydrates in the cultivation (0,030 ±
0.002 g.L-1
.d-1
).
Simple and Eco-friendly Synthesis of Glycosides bearing triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4...IOSRJAC
There is a vast variety of naturally occurring glycosides which have marked pharmacological properties. These glycosides have widely diversed functional groups modifications which result in influencing pharmacological performance of corresponding glycosides. The 3,6-disubstituted-s-triazolo[3,4- b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles were glucosidated with 2,3,4,6tetra-o-acetyl α D glulopryanosyl bromide using simple methodologies. The compounds obtained in good yield in a 80-90 minutes.
Performance of integrated process using fungal strain corialus versicalor mtcIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the degradation of three dyes (Quinoline Yellow, Eosin B, and Rose Bengal) using an integrated process of fungal degradation and electrochemical oxidation. The fungal strain Corialus versicalor was found to efficiently decolorize the dyes. Degradation was measured by monitoring chemical oxygen demand (COD), which decreased by over 90% for the treated effluents. Spectral analysis showed reductions in dye absorption after treatment. The integrated process demonstrates potential for treating and reusing textile dye wastewater.
Synthesis, characterization and biological activities of novel 2-mercaptobenz...ijperSS
ABSTRACT
A new series of Benzoxazol-2-ylthio-N-(4-substituted) acetohydrazide derivatives (IVa-IVk), were obtained by synthesising new Schiff’s bases derived from benzoxolyl-2-mercaptoaceto hydrazide derivatives by treating with various aryl/hetero aryl aldehydes. Their chemical structures have been confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FT-IR and ESI-MS spectral data. The synthesised derivatives (IVa-IVk) were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activities by agar diffusion method. Among the synthesized compounds IVb, IVe, and IVk shown strong antibacterial activity and the compounds IVb, IVe and IVf exhibited strong antifungal activity.
Key words: Benzoxazole, aryl/hetero aryl aldehydes, schiff’s bases, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity.
Synthesis Characterization And Antimicrobial Activity Of 6- Oxido-1- ((5 -5- ...IOSR Journals
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of several novel carbamate derivatives and their evaluation for antimicrobial activity. Specifically, it details the multi-step synthesis of cyclopropyl/cyclohexyl/terahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl/tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl/perfluorophenyl (6-oxido-1-((5-(5-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)methyl)-4,8-dihydro-1H-[1,3,2]dioxaphosphepino
Mixed Ligand, Palladium(II) and Platinum(II) Complexes of Tertiary Diphosphin...Karwan Omer
This document summarizes a study that synthesized and characterized mixed ligand palladium(II), platinum(II) complexes with tertiary diphosphine and S-1H benzo[d]imidazole-2-yl benzothioate ligands. The complexes were synthesized in two steps, first forming metal complexes with tertiary diphosphines, then adding the S-1H benzimidazole ligand. The complexes were characterized using techniques such as elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, and X-ray crystallography. The results indicate the ligand bonds to the metal through the nitrogen atom and the complexes have square planar geometries.
This document discusses alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS), which are major components of anionic detergents. It describes the chemistry and manufacturing of ABS and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS). ABS can be branched or linear, while LAS is comprised of linear alkyl chains. The document also discusses the environmental impacts and biodegradability of ABS and LAS, noting LAS biodegrades more readily. It assessed the toxicity of LAS to aquatic organisms and sediments, and the microbial consortia involved in LAS biodegradation.
This document summarizes hemoglobinopathies, specifically sickle cell disease. It discusses the genetics, pathophysiology, clinical features including acute complications like vaso-occlusive crises and stroke, and chronic complications affecting organs like the lungs, kidneys, liver, bones and CNS. Key aspects of management include treating acute pain, acute chest syndrome, priapism, stroke prevention through transfusions or hydroxyurea, and addressing end-organ damage.
Detergents contain various active ingredients like surfactants, builders, solvents, and enzymes that help remove dirt from surfaces. Surfactants are the primary cleaning agents that use their hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties to break the bond between dirt and surfaces and suspend dirt particles in the cleaning solution. Builders help reduce water hardness by binding with metal ions and protect surfactants' cleaning ability. Solvents aid in dissolving oils and greases that water cannot remove on its own. A variety of ingredients work together synergistically to achieve optimal cleaning.
The document discusses molarity, which is a measurement of concentration that expresses the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. It provides examples of calculating molarity when given the mass of a solute and volume of solution. It also covers diluting solutions, where the moles of solute stay the same but the concentration decreases as volume increases. Molarity can be used to determine the moles, mass, or volume of a solution component when any two pieces of information are known.
Benzene sulfonic acid is an organosulfur compound that is the simplest aromatic sulfonic acid. It is a light yellow-brown viscous liquid. It is soluble in water and alcohol, and slightly soluble in ether and carbon disulfide. Benzene sulfonic acid is prepared through direct sulfonation of benzene with sulfuric acid, from sulfonyl chlorides, or from thiophenols. The direct sulfonation reaction involves electrophilic aromatic substitution of the benzene ring by sulfur trioxide.
In process quality control of suspensions and emulsionsceutics1315
This document discusses in-process quality control of suspensions and emulsions. It defines in-process quality control as controlling manufacturing procedures from raw materials to final product packaging. Key tests for suspensions include appearance, particle size, zeta potential, viscosity, sedimentation rate and redispersibility. Maintaining proper pH, drug content uniformity and monitoring manufacturing areas are also important. Tests for emulsions include appearance, droplet size, viscosity, creaming index and phase separation. Proper documentation of quality control procedures and parameters is necessary to ensure batch uniformity and quality.
This document discusses pulmonary surfactant, which lines the alveoli and reduces surface tension. Surfactant deficiency causes respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants by increasing surface tension. Surfactant contains lipids like phosphatidylcholine and proteins important for function. Natural animal-derived surfactants are superior to older synthetic surfactants without proteins. A synthetic surfactant containing a protein analogue was as effective as natural surfactants in clinical trials. Prophylactic or early surfactant treatment within 2 hours of birth reduces mortality and morbidity compared to rescue treatment after RDS onset in infants under 30 weeks.
Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds composed of amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids. About 500 amino acids are known and can be classified in many ways. They can be classified according to the core structural functional groups' locations as alpha- (α-), beta- (β-), gamma- (γ-) or delta- (δ-) amino acids; other categories relate to polarity, pH level, and side-chain group type (aliphatic, acyclic, aromatic, containing hydroxyl or sulfur, etc.). In the form of proteins, amino acids comprise the second-largest component (water is the largest) of human muscles, cells and other tissues.Outside proteins, amino acids perform critical roles in processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis.
This document provides an overview and agenda for a two-day course on industrial mixing technology and equipment. The course objectives are to share knowledge and experience on industrial mixing, discuss best practices, and address challenges in the industry. The course will cover fundamentals of mixing liquids, solids, and high viscosity materials. It will discuss mixing theory, equipment selection and design, advances in technology, and solving mixing problems. Case studies will examine challenges in polymer, food, pharmaceutical, and other industries and how customized mixing solutions improved product quality and profits. The document outlines the course contents which include modules on mixing concepts, fluid mixing, solid mixing, scale-up considerations, and mechanical design of mixers. Key mixing concepts like batch vs continuous
11.si o0002www.iiste.org call for_paper as an efficient and reusable heteroge...Alexander Decker
This document describes a new method for synthesizing 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles using MoO3-SiO2 as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst. The method involves reacting various substituted benzonitriles with sodium azide in the presence of the MoO3-SiO2 catalyst. The catalyst provides high yields of the tetrazoles under mild reaction conditions. The MoO3-SiO2 catalyst can also be recycled without loss of activity, making the process economical and environmentally friendly.
Si o2 as an efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 5Alexander Decker
This document describes a new method for synthesizing 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles using MoO3-SiO2 as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst. The method involves reacting various substituted benzonitriles with sodium azide in the presence of the MoO3-SiO2 catalyst. The catalyst provides high yields of the tetrazoles under mild reaction conditions. The MoO3-SiO2 catalyst can also be recycled and reused for multiple reactions without loss of activity, making the process economical and environmentally friendly.
This document summarizes a study on the adsorption of a Schiff base ligand onto granulated initiated calcined Iraqi montmorillonite clay via columnar method. The ligand was synthesized from the condensation reaction of hydrazine hydrate and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde. Adsorption experiments were conducted in columns packed with the clay at different pH levels, ligand concentrations, and contact times. The equilibrium adsorption data fit the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 5.7347 mg ligand per 1g clay. The highest removal rate of 75.7% occurred at pH 7. Kinetic data followed pseudo
A new Schiff base 4-chlorophenyl)methanimine
(6R,7R)-3-methyl-8-oxo-7-(2-phenylpropanamido)-5-thia-1-
azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate= (HL)= C23H20
ClN3O4S) has been synthesized from β-lactam antibiotic
(cephalexin mono hydrate(CephH)=(C16H19N3O5S.H2O) and 4-
chlorobenzaldehyde . Figure(1) Metal mixed ligand complexes
of the Schiff base were prepared from chloride salt of
Fe(II),Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),Zn(II) and Cd (II), in 50% (v/v)
ethanol –water medium (SacH ) .in aqueous ethanol(1:1)
containing and Saccharin(C7H5NO3S) = sodium hydroxide.
Several physical tools in particular; IR, CHN, 1H NMR, 13C
NMR for ligand and melting point molar conductance, magnetic
moment. and determination the percentage of the metal in the
complexes by flame(AAS). The ligands and there metal
complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activity against
four bacteria (gram + ve) and (gram -ve) {Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus}.
The proposed structure of the complexes using program, Chem
office 3D(2006). The general formula have been given for the
prepared mixed ligand complexes Na2[M(Sac)3(L)], M(II) = Fe
(II), Co(II) , Ni(II), Cu (II), Zn(II) , and Cd(II).
HL= C29H24 ClN3O4S, L= C29H23 ClN3O4S -.
Sulfonic acid functionalized silica a remarkably efficient heterogeneous reus...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on using a sulfonic acid-functionalized silica catalyst for one-pot multi-component synthesis of amidoalkyl naphthols. Key points:
- The catalyst allows high-yielding synthesis of amidoalkyl naphthols from aryl aldehydes, 2-naphthol, and acetonitrile or amide under solvent-free thermal conditions.
- The catalyst is easily prepared, stable up to 300°C, reusable without loss of activity, and efficient under reaction conditions.
- The method has advantages of being cleaner, simpler, and more environmentally friendly compared to other catalysts due to shorter reaction times, non-toxic reagents, and
Nucleoside analogues synthesis using natural phosphate doped with i2 (npi2) i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on the synthesis of nucleoside analogues using natural phosphate doped with iodine (NP/I2) as a catalyst. Several D-ribonucleosides were prepared from 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranoside and silylated nucleobases under mild conditions using NP/I2. Yields of the desired nucleosides ranged from 35-62% depending on the nucleobase and amount of iodine used. NP/I2 was shown to be a more effective solid catalyst than silica or alumina doped with iodine. The reaction is proposed to
Bidentate Schiff base ligand 3-(3,4-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-2-[(4-dimethylamino-benzylidene)-amino]-2-methyl-propionic acid was prepared and characterized by spectroscopic techniques studies and elemental analysis. The Cd(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Co(II), Cr(III),and Fe(III) of mixed-ligand complexes were structural explicate through moler conductance , [FT-IR, UV-Vis & AAS], chloride contents, , and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Octahedral geometries have been suggested for all complexes. The Schiff base and its complexes were tested against various bacterial species, two of {gram(G+) and gram(G-)} were shown weak to good activity against all bacteria.
This document summarizes the one-pot synthesis of tri- and tetra-substituted imidazoles using 3-picolinic acid as an organocatalyst. A variety of substituted imidazoles were obtained in good yields under mild conditions. The method provides advantages such as short reaction times, high yields, and an easy experimental procedure. The author concludes that this simple method could serve as an effective approach for synthesizing highly substituted imidazole systems.
The document describes the synthesis of novel hydroxy naphthylchalcone compounds as potential inhibitors of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase (tyrosinase). Two of the synthesized compounds showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory activity than the positive control kojic acid. Kinetic analysis revealed the inhibition was reversible and competitive. Molecular docking studies confirmed the active inhibitors strongly interacted with residues in the active site of mushroom tyrosinase.
Novel approach to synthesis of pentofurano nucleoside assisted natural phosph...Alexander Decker
This document describes a novel method for synthesizing various ribonucleosides using natural phosphate doped with CF3SO3H (NP/CF3SO3H) as a catalyst. Several ribonucleosides were prepared from 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranoside and silylated nucleobases under mild conditions using NP/CF3SO3H. The reaction proceeded through an oxonium intermediate to provide the desired nucleosides in good yields ranging from 20-35%. The method was found to be regioselective, stereoselective, simple, efficient and environmentally friendly for synthesizing various D
A new approach for preparing methyl 6 azido-2,3,4-tri-oAlexander Decker
This document describes a new method for synthesizing methyl 6-azido-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranoside from methyl-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranoside. The method uses diphenyl phosphorazidate (DPPA) and 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) in dry DMF at 127°C to directly replace the hydroxyl group at position 6 with an azide group, without needing to first prepare a glycosyl halide. This yields the azide
A new approach for preparing methyl 6 azido-2,3,4-tri-oAlexander Decker
This document describes a new method for synthesizing methyl 6-azido-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside from methyl-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranoside. The method uses diphenyl phosphorazidate (DPPA) and 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) in dry DMF at 127°C to replace the hydroxyl group at position 6 with an azide group, yielding the product in 95% yield without needing to first make
This document describes a one-pot synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones and thiones using 4-nitrophthalic acid as a catalyst under solvent-free conditions. Various aldehydes, 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, and urea or thiourea reacted smoothly in good to excellent yields. The reaction conditions were optimized to use a 2 mol% catalyst loading at 90°C for 30 minutes. 4-Nitrophthalic acid proved to be an effective and inexpensive catalyst for this Biginelli reaction, providing advantages over other reported catalysts such as higher yields, simpler workup, and an environmentally friendly procedure. The products were characterized
A green synthesis of isatoic anhydrides from isatins with urea–hydrogen perox...fer18400
The document describes a green synthesis method for producing isatoic anhydrides from isatins using urea-hydrogen peroxide complex and ultrasound irradiation. Four reaction procedures were tested using urea-hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent and sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The procedures used either acetic anhydride/acetic acid or formic acid as solvents. Ultrasound irradiation was found to dramatically reduce reaction times from 2-24 hours down to 20-135 minutes. The method provides isatoic anhydrides in good yields and with high purity under mild conditions. Combining formic acid and ultrasound yielded the best results for most isatins tested.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A short description of thermal technologies for the recovery of ammonia from N-rich wastewaters and expirementing with membrane distillation for getting better results.
This document describes a study comparing the acetylation of cellulose extracted from Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Dehn wood using microwave irradiation versus conventional heating. Cellulose was acetylated using acetic anhydride with pyridine as a catalyst. The reaction was performed using microwave irradiation for 6 hours and conventional heating for 7 hours. The acetylated products were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy. The results showed that microwave irradiation led to a faster and cleaner reaction compared to conventional heating. Microwave irradiation is proposed as a more efficient method for acetylating cellulose.
A series of novel 5-[2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-6-aryl-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-ylmethylene] thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives (4a-d) were synthesized. These final compounds (4a-d) were synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation of 2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-6-arylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole-5-carbaldehydes (3a-d) with thiazolidine-2,4-dione. All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their invivo hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity in male Wister rats. The Structures of all the newly synthesized compounds were established by analytical and spectral data.
Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue Using Groundnut Shell Activated Carbon C...IOSRJAC
In this work, activated carbon prepared from groundnut shells (GSAC) by sulphuric acid treatment was coated with Fe3O4(GSAC- Fe3O4) and tested for its efficiency as an adsorbentfor the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution. The structural morphology and functional groups present were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Various sorption parameters such as effect of pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage were studied. The percentage removal of methylene blue increased with decrease in initial methylene blue concentration and increased with increase in contact time and dose of the adsorbent. Equilibrium data were analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic data were studied using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models.
Similar to 11.solid silica based sulfonic acid (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
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1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.1, 2012
Solid silica-based sulfonic acid: A remarkably efficient
heterogeneous reusable catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of
2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones
S. Mohammad Sajadi1*, Ali Reza Faraji2, Sarbast Ahmad Mahmud3, Fereshteh Zeidali4
1. Department of Petrolium Geoscience, Faculty of Sciences, University of Soran, PO box 624,
Soran, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq, Tel:+9647503714550
2. Iran Oilseeds and Vegetable Processing Factories Cooperative Company Applied Science and
Technology Academic Center, Iran
3. Department of Petrolium Geoscience, Faculty of Sciences, University of Soran, PO box 624,
Soran, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq
4. Ilam petrochemical Complex, Ilam, Iran
* E-mail of the corresponding author: smohammad.sajadi@gmail.com,
mohammad.s@soranu.com
Abstract
A novel, efficient and one-pot method for preparation of 2H-indazolo [2,1-b] phthalazine-trione
derivatives is reported using solid silica-based sulfonic acid as an effective heterogeneous catalyst
under thermal and solvent-free conditions. This method has the advantages of high yields, a cleaner
reaction, simple methodology, easy work-up and greener conditions. The catalyst is easily prepared,
stable (up to 300 ◦C), reusable and efficient under the reaction conditions.
Keywords: Dimedone, 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-trione, indazolophthalazine, solid silica-based
sulfonic acid
1. Introduction
One of the most important objectives now is to adapt classical processes so that pollution effects are
kept to a minimum, with both a reduction in energy and consumption of raw materials. Solid acid
catalysts play a prominent role in organic synthesis under heterogeneous conditions (Nasrollahzadeh
2009; Sajadi 2011; Habibi 2011; Modarresi-Alam 2008). In general, solid acid catalysts are mainly
based on clay and silica (Nasrollahzadeh 2009; Habibi 2010; Modarresi-Alam 2007; Das 2007;
Bahulayan 1999). In terms of convenience, silica-based catalysts are inexpensive, easy to prepare, and
insoluble in most of the organic solvents, which means they have the advantage of recovery and recycle
from various reactions.
Multi-component reactions (MCRs) are a promising and vital field of chemistry because the synthesis
of complicated molecules can be achieved in a very fast, efficient, and timesaving manner without the
isolation of any intermediate. As a result, it requires minimum effort, which minimizes the
environmental loading and is acceptable from a ‘Green Chemistry’ point of view. In recent years, the
discovery of novel MCRs has become an increasingly active area of research, yielding novel chemical
scaffolds for drug discovery. Thus, the development of new multi-component reactions is a popular
area of research in current organic chemistry (Menendez 2006).
In the past few decades, the synthesis of new heterocyclic compounds has been a subject of great
interest due to their wide applicability. Heterocyclic compounds occur very widely in nature and are
essential to life (Nasrollahzadeh 2011). Among a large variety of heterocyclic compounds, heterocycles
containing phthalazine moiety are of interest because they show some pharmacological and biological
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Vol.2, No.1, 2012
activities (Jain 2004; Carling 2004). Phthalazine derivatives were reported to possess anticonvulsant
(Grasso 2000), cardiotonic (Nomoto 1990), and vasorelaxant (Watanabe 1998) activities.
Recently the synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones has been reported by Bazgir and co-
workers using p-TSA (2008). The development of a catalytic synthetic method for 2H-indazolo[2,1-
b]phthalazine-triones still remains an active research area.
We herein report a new protocol for preparation of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-trione derivatives
using a catalytic amount of recyclable solid silica-based sulfonic acid under solvent-free conditions
(Scheme 1, Table 1).
Solid silica-based sulfonic acid behaves as an organic–inorganic hybrid (interphase) catalyst wherein a
Bronsted acid site has been selectively created (Fig. 1). Recently, solid silica-based sulfonic acid as
heterogeneous solid acid catalyst has been used to catalyze a variety of reactions (Karimi 2005; Das
2006; Shylesh 2004). Recently, Nasrollahzadeh and co-workers reported the synthesis of 1,4-
dihydropyridines using Sulfonic acid-functionalized silica as a heterogeneous catalyst (2010).
2. Experimental
2.1. General
All reagents were purchased from Merck and Aldrich and used without further purification. 13C NMR
and 1H NMR spectra were recorded on Brucker, 300 and 500 MHz using TMS as an internal standard.
Chemical shifts are reported in ppm, and coupling constants are reported in Hz. IR spectra were
recorded on a Shimadzu 470 spectrophotometer. TLC was performed on Merck-precoated silica gel 60-
F254 plates.
2.2. Preparation of 3-mercaptopropylsilica (MPS)
Mesoporous amorphous silica gel (average pore diameter 60 A°) was activated by refluxing in
concentrated hydrochloric acid (6 M) for 24 h and then washed thoroughly with the deionized water
and dried before undergoing chemical surface modification. Refluxing the activated silica gel (10 g)
with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS, 5 mmol) in dry toluene for 18 h. The solid materials
were filtered off and washed with hot toluene for 12 h in a continuous extraction apparatus (Soxhlet)
and then dried in oven at 110 ◦C overnight to give the surface-bound thiol (MPS) group.
2.3. Preparation of solid silica-based sulfonic acid (Karimi 2005)
The thiol groups of the modified silica (MPS, 5 g) were oxidize with a 30% H2O2 solution (50 ml) and
concentrated H2SO4 (two drops) in methanol (15 ml) for 12 h at room temperature and the solid was
filtered off and washed three times with deionized water (50 ml). In order to ensure that all the sulfonic
acid groups were protonated, the solid was suspended in 10 wt.% H2SO4 solution (30 ml) for 4 h. The
solid was then filtered off and washed thoroughly with deionized water and dried at 120 ◦C overnight
(Scheme 2).
2.4. Catalyst characterization
The organic composition of the solid sulfonic acid was quantitatively determined by thermogravimetric
analysis (TGA) and ion-exchange pH analysis (Karimi 2005). Typically a loading of ca. 0.35 mmol/g
was obtained. The catalyst shows high thermal stability (up to 300 ◦C) (Karimi 2005).
2.5. General Procedure for the synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones
To a mixture of dimedone (10 mmol), phthalhydrazide (10 mmol) 3-chlorobenzaldehyde (12 mmol)
and solid silica-based sulfonic acid (0.8 g) was heated at 100 ◦C for the appropriate time (Table 1).
Completion of the reaction was indicated by TLC. After completion, the reaction mass was cooled to
25 ◦C, then H2O was added and the mixture stirred for 5 min. The solid residue was isolated and
dissolved in ethyl acetate. The solid silica-based sulfonic acid was filtered; solvent was evaporated
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Vol.2, No.1, 2012
from the reaction mixture. The solid product was purified by recrystallization procedure in aqueous
EtOH. [M.p.: 205-207 ◦C] 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 1.21 (6H, s), 2.33 (2H, s), 3.20 (1H, d, J =
19.0 Hz), 3. 40 (1H, d, J = 19.0 Hz), 6.41 (1H, s), 7.23-7.88 (6H, m), 8.24-8.39 (2H, m) ppm; 13C NMR
(75 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 28.4, 28.5, 34.6, 38.0, 50.8, 64.3, 117.9, 125.9, 127.1, 127.7, 128.1, 128.9,
129.0, 129.9, 133.7, 134.6, 138.4, 151.3, 154.4, 156.0, 192.0 ppm. Anal. Calcd for C23H19ClN2O3: C,
67.90; H, 4.71; N, 6.89%. Found: C, 67.84; H, 4.78; N, 6.81%.
The desired pure product(s) was characterized by comparison of their physical data with those of
known 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones (Sayyafi 2008).
3. Result and Discussion
In the first set of experiments, the catalytic potential of some catalysts were investigated for the
preparation 3,4-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-13-(4-chlorophenyl)-2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-
1,6,11(13H)-trione under solvent-free thermal conditions at 100 oC (Table 2) and the most efficient
catalyst was solid silica-based sulfonic acid. Next, we optimized the amount of solid silica-based
sulfonic acid as catalyst in the reaction between 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane- 1,3-dione (dimedone),
phthalhydrazide and aromatic aldehydes. The amount of solid silica-based sulfonic acid was chosen to
be 0.08 g.
The effect of temperature was studied by carrying out the reactions at different temperatures [room
temperature, 50 ◦C, 80 ◦C, 100 ◦C and 125 ◦C]. As it shown in Table 3, by raising the reaction
temperature from room temperature to 100 ◦C the yield of reactions increased, but increasing the
reaction temperature above 100 ◦C (120 ◦C) had no effect on yield of reactions. From these results, it
was decided that 100 ◦C temperature would be the best temperature for all reactions.
Thus, we continued preparation of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones in an optimum model
experiment: dimedone (1 mmol), phthalhydrazide (1 mmol), aldehyde (1.2 mmol) in the presence of
solid silica-based sulfonic acid (0.08 g) at 100 ◦C (Scheme 1, Table 1). As shown in Table 3,
benzaldehyde and aromatic aldehhydes containing electron-withdrawing groups or electron-donating
groups were employed and gave the corresponding 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones without the
formation of any side products, in high to excellent yields and in short reaction times under thermal and
solvent-free conditions (Table 1, entries 1-8).
The simplicity, together with the use of inexpensive, non-toxic and environmentally benign catalyst
under solvent free condition are other remarkable features of the procedure. All the products obtained
were fully characterized by spectroscopic methods such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and also by
comparison of the spectral data with those reported.
Under the same conditions, this reaction almost could not be observed when the aliphatic aldehyde was
used as a starting material.
3.1. Catalyst reuse and stability
Solid silica-based sulfonic acid works under heterogeneous conditions but its reaction centres are
highly mobile, as in a homogeneous catalyst. It is an inexpensive and non-hazardous solid acid catalyst.
It can easily be handled and removed from the reaction mixture by simple filtration. The recovered
catalyst was reused consecutive five times with a minimum variation of the yields of the products
(Table 4). After completion of the reaction, catalyst was filtered, thoroughly washed with ethanol and
dried at 100 ◦C for 2 h and use for subsequent runs. Moreover, even after five uses of the solid silica-
based sulfonic acid, there is no decrease in the reaction conversion of the product indicating high
activity of the catalyst. This reusability demonstrates the high stability and turnover of solid silica-
based sulfonic acid under operating condition. The reusability of the catalyst is important for large-
scale operation and an industrial point of view.
4. Conclusion
Solid silica-based sulfonic acid, which can be prepared simply from commercially available and
relatively cheap starting materials, is an efficient, thermally stable (up to 300 ◦C), and recoverable
catalyst for the synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones under solvent-free and thermal
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conditions. The present procedure provides a novel, efficient, and recyclable methodology for the
preparation of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones in a high yield with an easy work-up procedure.
To the best of our knowledge, this protocol is the first example of synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-
b]phthalazine-triones using solid silica-based sulfonic acid in which the catalyst can be recovered and
reused over several reaction cycles without considerable loss of reactivity.
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O O
O
NH Ar
+ ArCHO + C atalyst
S o lve nt-free , 1 00 o C
NH
O N N
C atalyst: solid silica-based sulfonic acid O O O
Scheme 1. 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]-phthalazine-trione derivatives using the solid silica-based sulfonic acid
under solvent-free conditions
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SiO2 O
O Si SO3H
O
Figure 1. 1,4-dihydropyridines using Sulfonic acid-functionalized silica as a heterogeneous catalyst
Scheme 2. Preparation of solid silica-based sulfonic acid
Table 1. Effect of catalytic loading on the reactiona
Entry Catalyst Time (min) Yield (%)b
1 None 90 -
2 Al2O3 70 -
3 Natrolite zeolite 70 -
4 solid silica-based sulfonic acid (0.1 g) 10 90
5 solid silica-based sulfonic acid (0.08 g) 10 90
6 solid silica-based sulfonic acid (0.06 g) 14 87
7 solid silica-based sulfonic acid (0.04) 18 79
a
Reaction conditions: dimedone (1 mmol), phthalhydrazide (1 mmol) 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (1.2
mmol) and solid silica-based sulfonic acid (0.08 g) was reacted at 100 ◦C under solvent-free conditions.
b
Isolated yield.
Table 2. Effect of temperature on reactiona
Entry Catalyst Time (min) Yield (%)b
1 Room temperature 35 -
2 55 65 79
3 80 15 86
4 100 10 90
5 130 7 90
a
Reaction conditions: dimedone (1 mmol), phthalhydrazide (1 mmol) 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (1.2
mmol) and solid silica-based sulfonic acid (0.08 g) was reacted at 100 ◦C under solvent-free conditions.
b
Isolated yield.
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Table 3. Preparation of indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones
Entry Ar Time (min) Yield (%)a Mp (Lit. mp)ref
1 C6H5 15 81 187-189 (188-190)11
2 4-ClC6H4 15 90 172-174 (173-175)11
3 3-NO2C6H4 15 84 127-129 (126-128)11
4 3-BrC6H4 15 83 174-176 (174-176)11
5 3-ClC6H4 17 82 205-207
6 4-NO2C6H4 15 85 176-178 (175-177)11
7 4-BrC6H4 15 86 185-187 (184-186)11
8 4-CH3C6H4 20 83 159-161 (160-162)11
a
Yield refer to the pure isolated products.
Table 4. Reusability of solid silica-based sulfonic acid
Entry No of cycles Yield (%)a
1 0 90
2 1 90
3 2 89
4 3 87
5 4 86
6 5 85
a
Isolated yield.
18
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