This document discusses resins, which are amorphous solid or semisolid substances that are water insoluble but soluble in organic solvents like alcohol. Resins are complex mixtures that are physically hard and fusible when heated. They are found distributed throughout seed plants, especially in secretory structures like resin cells, schizogenous ducts, and glandular hairs. Resins have various physical properties like being brittle, transparent or translucent, insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They also have chemical properties like being mixtures of compounds like resin acids, resinols, and resin esters. The document discusses the distribution, occurrence, properties, solubility, and preparation of various resins.
A fruitful approach to resins by Dr. Waqar ahmadAhmad228
This document provides definitions and information about resins and oleoresins. It begins by defining resins as solid or semi-solid amorphous products that are derived from natural plant sources and are oxidation products of terpenes. Oleoresins are defined as homogeneous mixtures of resins and volatile oils. The document then discusses the chemical composition, classification, identification tests, sources, and pharmaceutical applications of various resins such as colophony, podophyllum, cannabis, turpentine, and myrrh. It also provides details on the cultivation, collection and chemical constituents of some specific resins.
This document defines resins as hydrocarbon secretions from plants, especially coniferous trees. It discusses the occurrence, properties, classification, chemical tests, and functions of resins. Resins are defined as amorphous solid or semisolid substances that are water insoluble but soluble in organic solvents. They are classified based on their formation, chemical nature, occurrence with other metabolites, and taxonomical origin. Chemical tests for resins involve using hydrochloric acid or ferric chloride solution to produce pink or greenish-blue colors respectively. Resins have various roles like acting as local irritants, anticancer agents, and being used externally as antiseptics.
Resins are complex mixtures found throughout the plant kingdom but rarely in ferns. They occur in secretory structures like resin cells, schizogenous ducts, and glandular hairs. Resins are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include constituents like resin acids, resinols, resin esters. Common resins discussed include colophony, podophyllum, cannabis, and turpentine. Colophony is obtained from pine trees and contains abietic acid. Podophyllum resin is extracted from the rhizome and contains podophyllotoxin. Cannabis resin contains tetrahydrocannabinol and is used medicinally. Turpentine is the oleoresin secreted from pine trees
This document provides information about various resins and their combinations. It defines resins as amorphous products with complex chemical nature. Resins are classified into 5 groups based on their combinations: balsams, oleoresins, gum resins, oleo-gum resins, and glycoresins. The key chemical constituents of resins are discussed. Examples of commonly used resins like capsicum, ginger, cannabis are described along with their chemical constituents and uses.
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
This document defines and describes different types of drugs obtained from plants, including organized and unorganized drugs. It discusses rhizomes, roots, resins, alkaloids, and glycosides that are used as drugs. It then focuses on describing resins, including their physical and chemical properties, distribution in plants, occurrence in secretory structures, and classification based on constituents. Finally, it describes the main chemical components of resins - resin acids, resin alcohols including resinotannols and resinols, and resenes.
A fruitful approach to resins by Dr. Waqar ahmadAhmad228
This document provides definitions and information about resins and oleoresins. It begins by defining resins as solid or semi-solid amorphous products that are derived from natural plant sources and are oxidation products of terpenes. Oleoresins are defined as homogeneous mixtures of resins and volatile oils. The document then discusses the chemical composition, classification, identification tests, sources, and pharmaceutical applications of various resins such as colophony, podophyllum, cannabis, turpentine, and myrrh. It also provides details on the cultivation, collection and chemical constituents of some specific resins.
This document defines resins as hydrocarbon secretions from plants, especially coniferous trees. It discusses the occurrence, properties, classification, chemical tests, and functions of resins. Resins are defined as amorphous solid or semisolid substances that are water insoluble but soluble in organic solvents. They are classified based on their formation, chemical nature, occurrence with other metabolites, and taxonomical origin. Chemical tests for resins involve using hydrochloric acid or ferric chloride solution to produce pink or greenish-blue colors respectively. Resins have various roles like acting as local irritants, anticancer agents, and being used externally as antiseptics.
Resins are complex mixtures found throughout the plant kingdom but rarely in ferns. They occur in secretory structures like resin cells, schizogenous ducts, and glandular hairs. Resins are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include constituents like resin acids, resinols, resin esters. Common resins discussed include colophony, podophyllum, cannabis, and turpentine. Colophony is obtained from pine trees and contains abietic acid. Podophyllum resin is extracted from the rhizome and contains podophyllotoxin. Cannabis resin contains tetrahydrocannabinol and is used medicinally. Turpentine is the oleoresin secreted from pine trees
This document provides information about various resins and their combinations. It defines resins as amorphous products with complex chemical nature. Resins are classified into 5 groups based on their combinations: balsams, oleoresins, gum resins, oleo-gum resins, and glycoresins. The key chemical constituents of resins are discussed. Examples of commonly used resins like capsicum, ginger, cannabis are described along with their chemical constituents and uses.
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
This document defines and describes different types of drugs obtained from plants, including organized and unorganized drugs. It discusses rhizomes, roots, resins, alkaloids, and glycosides that are used as drugs. It then focuses on describing resins, including their physical and chemical properties, distribution in plants, occurrence in secretory structures, and classification based on constituents. Finally, it describes the main chemical components of resins - resin acids, resin alcohols including resinotannols and resinols, and resenes.
1. Resins are complex mixtures derived primarily from plant sources that are solid or semisolid and amorphous. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Upon heating, resins soften and melt.
2. Resins are classified based on their chemical composition and whether they contain volatile oils, gums, or aromatic acids. Major types include resin acids, resin esters, resin alcohols, resin phenols, and resenes.
3. Several important resins are described including colophony, myrrh, Sumatra benzoin, Siam benzoin, tolu balsam, and peru balsam. Their sources, chemical
Cell inclusions, also known as ergastic substances or ergastic bodies, are non-living substances found inside cells. They include reserve foods like starch, glycogen, and fats that are used for energy storage. Excretory products like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, resins, and volatile oils are also cell inclusions. Secretory products such as enzymes, pigments, nectar, vitamins, and hormones are a third category of cell inclusions. Common examples of reserve foods found as cell inclusions are starch grains, glycogen, and fat droplets, while excretory products include essential oils, alkaloids, resins, and calcium oxalate crystals.
Resins are amorphous products of complex chemical nature. They are transparent or translucent solids, semi-solids or liquid substances containing large number of carbon atoms. They are hard, electrically non-conductive and combustible masses. They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysigenous cavities or ducts as end products of metabolism.
Most of the resins are heavier than water. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrate and non-polar organic solvents like benzene and ether.
This document provides information on various types of resins used in herbal medicine. It discusses the classification, constituents, and pharmacological uses of resins. Key resins described include turpentine, obtained from pine trees, benzoin from Styrax trees, rosin produced by heating pine resin, podophyllum from the mayapple plant, cannabis/marijuana, asafoetida gum resin, and myrrh resin extracted from Commiphora trees. The document also covers balsams, which are resinous mixtures containing benzoic or cinnamic acid esters, listing storax, Peruvian balsam, tolu balsam, and benzoin as examples.
Cell inclusions found in plant cells include vacuoles, ergastic substances, and calcium oxalates. Vacuoles are membrane-bound structures that store various substances like pigments, secondary products, and reserve foods. Ergastic substances are non-living inclusions that include reserve foods like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, as well as secretory products and excretory products. Calcium oxalate crystals exist in different forms and assist in plant drug identification.
Tannins are one of the most widely occuring group of natural substances in different families of higher plants. They are of two types-
1. Hydrolysable
2. Condensed
The catechu is an example of hydrolysable tannins which gets easily hydrolysed by action of enzymes and acids.
This document discusses various types of drugs that can be classified based on their origin and nature, including resins, gums, dried latices, dried juices, dried extracts, and saccharine substances. It provides examples of each type and describes the composition, preparation, and properties of several resins - including turpentine, colophony, guaiacum resin, and mastic resin. It also discusses the oleo-resin male fern and its active constituents and identification test.
1. Staining techniques are used to increase visibility and provide extra information about cells and tissues in pathogen diagnosis. Stains are chemical substances that bind to specific components of cells.
2. There are different types of stains including acidic, basic, neutral, simple, differential and special stains. Simple stains use one dye while differential stains use multiple dyes to categorize cells. Special stains highlight specific structures.
3. Common staining techniques discussed are Gram staining, acid-fast staining, capsule staining, endospore staining and lactophenol cotton blue staining for fungi diagnosis and analysis. Staining aids in visualizing various cell components and classifying pathogens.
The document describes a procedure to isolate mentha oil from mentha leaves using hydrodistillation with a Clavenger apparatus. It involves extracting the volatile oils from the leaves through distillation with water in the apparatus. Volatile oils are complex mixtures found in plants that are odorous and evaporate at room temperature. They are identified and standardized based on their volatile oil content and characteristics. The procedure aims to isolate mentha oil and identify menthol within it using thin layer chromatography.
This document provides information about the plant Ferula assafoetida. It discusses the biological source, distribution, macroscopic features, composition, uses in cooking, medicine and as an antiflatulent, adulterants, and preparations of Ferula assafoetida resin. The plant is a perennial herb that is the source of the dried latex or gum oleoresin known as asafoetida or hing. It grows in Central Asia and the Mediterranean region and is used as a spice and in Ayurvedic medicine to aid digestion and balance vata dosha.
Human: Thank you for the summary. Summarize the following document in 3 sentences or less:
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The document discusses various techniques used in the study of plant development biology, including free hand sectioning, squash or smear technique, fixation, staining, embedding, and maceration of tissues. Free hand sectioning is used to study structural organization and involves cutting stem or leaf specimens without a supporting matrix. The squash or smear technique is useful for counting chromosomes and studying their structure. Various fixatives, stains, and embedding methods are described for preparing plant materials for microscopic examination.
This document summarizes natural product extraction and analysis methods. It discusses the definition of natural products as chemicals produced by living organisms. Common extraction techniques described include maceration, infusion, decoction, digestion, percolation, and Soxhlet extraction. Methods of separation and purification discussed are fractional crystallization, chromatography, and thin layer chromatography. The document also covers plant identification, drying, solvent selection, and various tests to identify classes of compounds like alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, and tannins.
Merits and demerits of different fixativesRoohi1234
There are several types of fixatives that can be used to preserve tissue samples for histological examination, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Simple fixatives include formalin, glutaraldehyde, acrolein, potassium permanganate, and osmium tetroxide. Compound fixatives include Zenker's fluid and Bouin's fluid. Formalin is rapid but can lose concentration over time. Glutaraldehyde preserves enzymes but can cause shrinkage. Acrolein penetrates quickly but is highly toxic. Osmium tetroxide stains lipids well but is also toxic and slow penetrating. The choice of fixative depends on the specific structures and components needing preservation in the tissue sample.
This document provides information about alkaloids found in plants. It defines alkaloids as nitrogenous organic compounds that are basic in nature. Alkaloids are found distributed across many angiosperm and gymnosperm families as well as some fungi. They serve functions like protecting plants from herbivores and regulating growth. Alkaloids are extracted from plants using organic solvents and tested for using precipitating and coloring reagents. They exhibit a variety of pharmacological activities and are used as medicines, like morphine as a pain reliever.
Patel college of pharmacy m sandeep mewada.ppt.pptmSANDEEP MEWADA
The document discusses various common staining techniques used in microbiology. It begins by explaining the purpose of staining and some key terms like stain, staining, and fixation. It then describes different types of stains including simple stains like methylene blue and differential stains like Gram staining. Gram staining technique and the gram positive and gram negative reactions are explained in detail. Another differential staining method discussed is acid-fast staining using Ziehl-Neelsen stain for tuberculosis diagnosis. Various staining procedures and their applications are outlined.
Identification of bacteria by staining methodsNAGALAKSHMI R
The document discusses the importance of identifying bacteria, including determining clinical significance, guiding patient care, and identifying appropriate antibiotic therapy. It describes various identification methods, including traditional phenotypic methods examining morphology, staining characteristics, and biochemical tests, as well as newer genotypic and molecular methods. Specific staining techniques are explained in detail, including simple staining, differential staining, Gram staining, and acid-fast staining. The staining methods allow visualization of bacteria and differentiation of structures under a microscope.
Staining techniques are used in microbiology to increase the visibility and contrast of bacterial structures under a light microscope. There are several types of staining including simple stains that color all bacteria the same hue, differential stains that color different types of bacteria differently, and special stains like acid-fast stains. Gram staining is a common differential technique that divides bacteria into Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on differences in cell wall structure. Acid-fast staining identifies bacteria with high mycolic acid in their cell walls like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proper fixation of smears is also important to preserve cell structure before staining.
This document discusses various techniques for preparing and staining specimens for microscopy. It describes smearing specimens on slides, methods of fixation including heat and chemical fixation, types of dyes including basic and acidic dyes. It also explains different staining techniques such as simple staining, differential staining including Gram and acid-fast staining, and special staining for structures like capsules, endospores, and flagella. The goal of these techniques is to preserve cellular structures and emphasize specific components for microscopic observation.
This document discusses resins, which are amorphous solid or semisolid substances that are water insoluble but soluble in organic solvents like alcohol. Resins are complex mixtures that can include resin acids, resin alcohols, resin esters, and other compounds. They are found distributed throughout seed plants and are the result of plant metabolism. The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of resins, how they are distributed in plants, their occurrence in different plant structures, methods of preparation, and classification. Key resin constituents discussed include resin acids like abietic acid and resin alcohols.
This document discusses resins, which are amorphous substances produced by plants as end products of metabolism. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Resins are composed mainly of terpenes and can be extracted through solvent extraction, distillation, incisions, or heating the plant. Physically, resins are hard, brittle solids or semi-solids that burn readily. Chemically, resins contain mostly carbon and are classified based on their predominant constituents like acids, esters, or alcohols. Tests can identify resins based on solubility, chemical reactions, or specific constituents. Resins have various uses like adhesives, emulsifiers, antiseptics,
1. Resins are complex mixtures derived primarily from plant sources that are solid or semisolid and amorphous. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Upon heating, resins soften and melt.
2. Resins are classified based on their chemical composition and whether they contain volatile oils, gums, or aromatic acids. Major types include resin acids, resin esters, resin alcohols, resin phenols, and resenes.
3. Several important resins are described including colophony, myrrh, Sumatra benzoin, Siam benzoin, tolu balsam, and peru balsam. Their sources, chemical
Cell inclusions, also known as ergastic substances or ergastic bodies, are non-living substances found inside cells. They include reserve foods like starch, glycogen, and fats that are used for energy storage. Excretory products like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, resins, and volatile oils are also cell inclusions. Secretory products such as enzymes, pigments, nectar, vitamins, and hormones are a third category of cell inclusions. Common examples of reserve foods found as cell inclusions are starch grains, glycogen, and fat droplets, while excretory products include essential oils, alkaloids, resins, and calcium oxalate crystals.
Resins are amorphous products of complex chemical nature. They are transparent or translucent solids, semi-solids or liquid substances containing large number of carbon atoms. They are hard, electrically non-conductive and combustible masses. They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysigenous cavities or ducts as end products of metabolism.
Most of the resins are heavier than water. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrate and non-polar organic solvents like benzene and ether.
This document provides information on various types of resins used in herbal medicine. It discusses the classification, constituents, and pharmacological uses of resins. Key resins described include turpentine, obtained from pine trees, benzoin from Styrax trees, rosin produced by heating pine resin, podophyllum from the mayapple plant, cannabis/marijuana, asafoetida gum resin, and myrrh resin extracted from Commiphora trees. The document also covers balsams, which are resinous mixtures containing benzoic or cinnamic acid esters, listing storax, Peruvian balsam, tolu balsam, and benzoin as examples.
Cell inclusions found in plant cells include vacuoles, ergastic substances, and calcium oxalates. Vacuoles are membrane-bound structures that store various substances like pigments, secondary products, and reserve foods. Ergastic substances are non-living inclusions that include reserve foods like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, as well as secretory products and excretory products. Calcium oxalate crystals exist in different forms and assist in plant drug identification.
Tannins are one of the most widely occuring group of natural substances in different families of higher plants. They are of two types-
1. Hydrolysable
2. Condensed
The catechu is an example of hydrolysable tannins which gets easily hydrolysed by action of enzymes and acids.
This document discusses various types of drugs that can be classified based on their origin and nature, including resins, gums, dried latices, dried juices, dried extracts, and saccharine substances. It provides examples of each type and describes the composition, preparation, and properties of several resins - including turpentine, colophony, guaiacum resin, and mastic resin. It also discusses the oleo-resin male fern and its active constituents and identification test.
1. Staining techniques are used to increase visibility and provide extra information about cells and tissues in pathogen diagnosis. Stains are chemical substances that bind to specific components of cells.
2. There are different types of stains including acidic, basic, neutral, simple, differential and special stains. Simple stains use one dye while differential stains use multiple dyes to categorize cells. Special stains highlight specific structures.
3. Common staining techniques discussed are Gram staining, acid-fast staining, capsule staining, endospore staining and lactophenol cotton blue staining for fungi diagnosis and analysis. Staining aids in visualizing various cell components and classifying pathogens.
The document describes a procedure to isolate mentha oil from mentha leaves using hydrodistillation with a Clavenger apparatus. It involves extracting the volatile oils from the leaves through distillation with water in the apparatus. Volatile oils are complex mixtures found in plants that are odorous and evaporate at room temperature. They are identified and standardized based on their volatile oil content and characteristics. The procedure aims to isolate mentha oil and identify menthol within it using thin layer chromatography.
This document provides information about the plant Ferula assafoetida. It discusses the biological source, distribution, macroscopic features, composition, uses in cooking, medicine and as an antiflatulent, adulterants, and preparations of Ferula assafoetida resin. The plant is a perennial herb that is the source of the dried latex or gum oleoresin known as asafoetida or hing. It grows in Central Asia and the Mediterranean region and is used as a spice and in Ayurvedic medicine to aid digestion and balance vata dosha.
Human: Thank you for the summary. Summarize the following document in 3 sentences or less:
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The document discusses various techniques used in the study of plant development biology, including free hand sectioning, squash or smear technique, fixation, staining, embedding, and maceration of tissues. Free hand sectioning is used to study structural organization and involves cutting stem or leaf specimens without a supporting matrix. The squash or smear technique is useful for counting chromosomes and studying their structure. Various fixatives, stains, and embedding methods are described for preparing plant materials for microscopic examination.
This document summarizes natural product extraction and analysis methods. It discusses the definition of natural products as chemicals produced by living organisms. Common extraction techniques described include maceration, infusion, decoction, digestion, percolation, and Soxhlet extraction. Methods of separation and purification discussed are fractional crystallization, chromatography, and thin layer chromatography. The document also covers plant identification, drying, solvent selection, and various tests to identify classes of compounds like alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, and tannins.
Merits and demerits of different fixativesRoohi1234
There are several types of fixatives that can be used to preserve tissue samples for histological examination, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Simple fixatives include formalin, glutaraldehyde, acrolein, potassium permanganate, and osmium tetroxide. Compound fixatives include Zenker's fluid and Bouin's fluid. Formalin is rapid but can lose concentration over time. Glutaraldehyde preserves enzymes but can cause shrinkage. Acrolein penetrates quickly but is highly toxic. Osmium tetroxide stains lipids well but is also toxic and slow penetrating. The choice of fixative depends on the specific structures and components needing preservation in the tissue sample.
This document provides information about alkaloids found in plants. It defines alkaloids as nitrogenous organic compounds that are basic in nature. Alkaloids are found distributed across many angiosperm and gymnosperm families as well as some fungi. They serve functions like protecting plants from herbivores and regulating growth. Alkaloids are extracted from plants using organic solvents and tested for using precipitating and coloring reagents. They exhibit a variety of pharmacological activities and are used as medicines, like morphine as a pain reliever.
Patel college of pharmacy m sandeep mewada.ppt.pptmSANDEEP MEWADA
The document discusses various common staining techniques used in microbiology. It begins by explaining the purpose of staining and some key terms like stain, staining, and fixation. It then describes different types of stains including simple stains like methylene blue and differential stains like Gram staining. Gram staining technique and the gram positive and gram negative reactions are explained in detail. Another differential staining method discussed is acid-fast staining using Ziehl-Neelsen stain for tuberculosis diagnosis. Various staining procedures and their applications are outlined.
Identification of bacteria by staining methodsNAGALAKSHMI R
The document discusses the importance of identifying bacteria, including determining clinical significance, guiding patient care, and identifying appropriate antibiotic therapy. It describes various identification methods, including traditional phenotypic methods examining morphology, staining characteristics, and biochemical tests, as well as newer genotypic and molecular methods. Specific staining techniques are explained in detail, including simple staining, differential staining, Gram staining, and acid-fast staining. The staining methods allow visualization of bacteria and differentiation of structures under a microscope.
Staining techniques are used in microbiology to increase the visibility and contrast of bacterial structures under a light microscope. There are several types of staining including simple stains that color all bacteria the same hue, differential stains that color different types of bacteria differently, and special stains like acid-fast stains. Gram staining is a common differential technique that divides bacteria into Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on differences in cell wall structure. Acid-fast staining identifies bacteria with high mycolic acid in their cell walls like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proper fixation of smears is also important to preserve cell structure before staining.
This document discusses various techniques for preparing and staining specimens for microscopy. It describes smearing specimens on slides, methods of fixation including heat and chemical fixation, types of dyes including basic and acidic dyes. It also explains different staining techniques such as simple staining, differential staining including Gram and acid-fast staining, and special staining for structures like capsules, endospores, and flagella. The goal of these techniques is to preserve cellular structures and emphasize specific components for microscopic observation.
This document discusses resins, which are amorphous solid or semisolid substances that are water insoluble but soluble in organic solvents like alcohol. Resins are complex mixtures that can include resin acids, resin alcohols, resin esters, and other compounds. They are found distributed throughout seed plants and are the result of plant metabolism. The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of resins, how they are distributed in plants, their occurrence in different plant structures, methods of preparation, and classification. Key resin constituents discussed include resin acids like abietic acid and resin alcohols.
This document discusses resins, which are amorphous substances produced by plants as end products of metabolism. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Resins are composed mainly of terpenes and can be extracted through solvent extraction, distillation, incisions, or heating the plant. Physically, resins are hard, brittle solids or semi-solids that burn readily. Chemically, resins contain mostly carbon and are classified based on their predominant constituents like acids, esters, or alcohols. Tests can identify resins based on solubility, chemical reactions, or specific constituents. Resins have various uses like adhesives, emulsifiers, antiseptics,
Resin is a hydrocarbon secreted by many plants, particularly coniferous trees, valued for its chemical constituents and uses such as in varnishes and adhesives. Plants produce resins for various reasons whose relative importance is debated. It is known that resins seal plant's wounds, kill insects and fungi, and also allow the plant to eliminate excess metabolites. It is distinct from other liquid compounds found inside plants or exuded by plants, such as sap, latex, or mucilage. More broadly, the term "resin" is also used for many thick liquids, some of them artificial polymer bases (synthetic resins), that during normal use, harden into transparent or opaque solids. The word resin comes from French resine, from Latin resina "resin", which either derives from or is a cognate of the Greek ῥητίνη rhētinē "resin of the pine", of unknown earlier origin, though probably non-Indo-European.
This document defines and describes different types of drugs obtained from plants, including organized and unorganized drugs. It discusses rhizomes, roots, resins, alkaloids, and glycosides that are used as drugs. It then focuses on describing resins, including their physical and chemical properties, distribution in plants, occurrence in secretory structures, and classification based on constituents. Finally, it describes the main chemical components of resins - resin acids, resin alcohols including resinotannols and resinols, and resenes.
This document provides information on various types of resins. It begins by defining resins and their general properties such as being heavier than water, insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and ether. It then classifies resins based on their chemical constituents such as acid resins, ester resins, resin alcohols, resin phenols and resenes. Examples are given for each classification. The document also discusses various crude drugs that contain resins and resin combinations, including their botanical source, chemical constituents and uses.
The document discusses the extraction and classification of alkaloids. It states that alkaloids can be extracted from plants using various solvents based on their basicity and solubility in water and organic solvents. The extraction aims to separate alkaloids from other plant materials like fats and pigments. Alkaloids can then be classified based on their biological origin, biosynthetic pathway, or heterocyclic chemical structure, with the most common classification grouping them according to their heterocyclic ring structure containing nitrogen.
This document discusses resins and resin combinations. It defines resins as amorphous mixtures produced by plants. Resins are usually insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, chloroform and ether. Chemically, resins are complex mixtures that can include resin acids, resinols, resinotannols, and esters. Resins are classified by their botanical origin, predominant chemical constituents, or the main portions of the resin combination, such as acids, esters, alcohols, or sugars. Examples of commonly used resins are also provided.
Galenical Preparations .. by Dr. Duryab JamilDr. DURYAB
Galenical preparations are medicines prepared according to formulas of Galen that contain mainly herbal or vegetable matter. They are prepared through extraction of active plant principles using solvents like water or alcohol. Common types include infusions, decoctions, tinctures, oils, and extracts. Extraction methods involve comminution, penetration of the plant material by the solvent, dissolution and diffusion of active principles, and separation from insoluble material. Key terms include menstruum (solvent), marc (insoluble plant material), and various extraction techniques like percolation, expression, filtration, and distillation. Common classes of compounds extracted include volatile oils, resins, gums, glucosides, alkaloids
This document provides an overview of resins and resin combinations. It defines resins as solid or semi-solid amorphous products derived mostly from plants. Resins can occur alone or in combination with other plant metabolites like volatile oils, gums, or oils and gums. The document discusses the properties, types, occurrence, extraction and identification of resins. It provides examples of specific resins and their constituents and uses, including cannabis, capsicum, myrrh, asafoetida, balsam of tolu, balsam of peru, benzoin, turmeric and ginger.
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants, animals, and microorganisms that often have physiological effects.
- They are classified based on their biological origin, biosynthetic pathway, and chemical structure, with the main classes being proto, typical, and pseudo alkaloids.
- Common alkaloids include morphine, codeine, caffeine, and cocaine. Extraction methods take advantage of alkaloids' basic properties, using organic solvents to extract them from plant materials into aqueous solutions as salts.
Volatile Oils-Introduction for pharmacy students and graduatesAhmed Metwaly
Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are complex mixtures of organic compounds extracted from plants. They are volatile and evaporate easily at room temperature. There are several methods used to extract volatile oils from plants, the most common being distillation which involves using water or steam to facilitate evaporation at lower temperatures. Volatile oils have various applications as fragrances, flavors, and traditional medicines due to their biological properties.
This document discusses plant secondary metabolites, specifically alkaloids. It provides details about the extraction, isolation, classification, and properties of alkaloids. Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing compounds found in many plants and have various pharmacological effects including antimalarial, antiasthma, and anticancer properties. The document focuses on the specific alkaloid-containing plant Vinca, describing its constituents, uses to extract alkaloids like vincristine and vinblastine which are important anticancer drugs, as well as cultivation and characteristics of the plant.
This slide contains all information on resin meant for Second year B.Pharmacy students. Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Resins
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing plant compounds that are typically bitter tasting and have physiological effects in humans. They are extracted from plants using alkaline or acidic solvents and purified using techniques like crystallization or chromatography. Alkaloids have a variety of pharmacological actions including effects on the central nervous system as stimulants or depressants, on the autonomic nervous system, and as local anesthetics, anti-malarials, and anti-tumor agents. Common extraction and isolation methods are outlined.
This document provides an overview of alkaloids, including their history, characteristics, classification, distribution in plants, biosynthesis, and uses. Some key points are:
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants that are usually bitter-tasting and have pharmacological effects.
- They are classified based on their amino acid precursors and ring structures. Major groups include pyridine, tropane, quinoline, and indole alkaloids.
- Important alkaloids include morphine, codeine, caffeine, and vinca alkaloids like vinblastine and vincristine, which are used to treat cancers.
- Alkaloids serve functions like
Resins are solid or semisolid plant exudates formed in plant ducts or cavities. They are complex chemical mixtures that are end products of plant metabolism. Resins can be classified based on how they are formed (physiological or pathological), components present (resin acids, resin alcohols, resin esters, resenes), and combinations with other substances (balsams, oleoresins, gum resins, oleo-gum resins, glycoresins). Resins have a variety of uses including as adhesives, coatings, in composites, and molding/casting. They also have therapeutic properties such as being anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and antioxidant
Lipids, with carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids, are one of the four major classes of biologically essential organic molecules found in all living organisms; their amounts and quality in diet are able to influence cell, tissue and body physiology.
This document discusses plant secondary metabolites. It explains that secondary metabolites are compounds produced through secondary plant metabolism that are not essential for plant growth and development. Some examples provided include morphine, caffeine, and rubber. Secondary metabolites serve ecological roles like attracting pollinators with pigments or protecting the plant from herbivores with toxic compounds. They are grouped into classes like alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics. The document also discusses the history of ethnobotany, the study of how humans interact with and use plants.
Resins are amorphous mixtures of essential oils and oxygenated products of terpenes. They are classified depending on their constituents such as acid resins, ester resins, and resin alcohols. Resins have various uses including as local irritants, expectorants, and antiseptics. Extraction methods involve using organic solvents like alcohol and ether since resins are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents.
Similar to Resin combinations office word document (2) (20)
This document provides information on the cultivation and processing of medicinal plants. It discusses topics such as the advantages and disadvantages of cultivation, methods of propagation (sexual and asexual), nursery bed preparation, pest control, harvesting, drying, packing, and storage of crude drugs. Details are given on cultivation factors like climate, soil, fertilizers and irrigation methods. Specific propagation techniques like cutting, layering, grafting and tissue culture are also outlined.
This document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. It describes the different classes of alkaloids based on their chemical structure, including pyrrole, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, steroidal, and terpenoid alkaloids. Over 10,000 alkaloids have been isolated from plants to date. Alkaloids show great diversity in their botanical origin, chemical structure, and pharmacological effects. While many alkaloids are toxic, some such as morphine and quinine have historically been important medicines.
This document discusses chemotaxonomy of medicinal plants. It defines chemotaxonomy as the approach of using chemical characteristics of plants to develop plant classifications or solve taxonomic problems. Primary metabolites like carbohydrates and secondary metabolites like alkaloids, glycosides, and terpenoids are important for chemotaxonomy. The distribution and types of these compounds provide insights into the phylogenetic relationships between plant taxa. Chemotaxonomic studies analyze qualitative and quantitative chemical variation within and between plant parts to better understand plant relationships.
This document provides an overview of herbal metabolites and natural products. It discusses different classes of compounds commonly found in plants, including slimes, fats/lipids, anthocyanins, alkaloids, and more. Specific examples are given for important compounds like palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, and fat-soluble vitamins. Biogenetic pathways and groups of natural products such as coumarins, quinones, and flavonoids are also reviewed. The document serves as a reference for medicinal chemistry students on phytochemistry and pharmacognosy.
Umbelliferous fruits like fennel, anise, and coriander have several common characteristics:
1. They usually have cremocarps that are either entire or separated into mericarps. Each mericarp has ridges and contains a single seed with a large endosperm and small embryo.
2. The mericarps contain vascular bundles in the ridges and schizogenous secretory ducts called vittae on the surfaces.
3. Microscopically, the pericarp has an epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. The endosperm contains oil, aleurone grains and calcium oxalate crystals.
4. These fruits typically
Glycosides are compounds that yield reducing sugars upon hydrolysis. They can be classified based on their aglycone (non-sugar portion), sugar components, number of sugar units, physiological activity, and plant source. Common cardiac glycosides contain steroidal aglycones and deoxy sugars. They increase the force of heart contractions and are found in plants like Digitalis and Strophanthus. Glycosides are isolated from plants using solvent extraction and purified via crystallization. Their properties and identities can be confirmed through hydrolysis and chemical tests.
This document provides an overview of alkaloids, including their definition, classification, properties, extraction, and pharmacological activity. It discusses various classes of alkaloids derived from different amino acids, such as tropane alkaloids from ornithine, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, quinolizidine alkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids from papaver somniferum, and more. Specific alkaloids and the plants they are derived from are also mentioned, like caffeine from Coffea arabica, nicotine from tobacco, and morphine and codeine from opium.
This document provides details on the macroscopic and microscopic characterization of several plants used in pharmacognosy experiments. It describes the aim, references, theory, macroscopic characters, chemical constituents, uses and cautions for each of the following plants: datura, withania, vinca, rauwolfia, nuxvomica. It also gives the transverse section and powder microscopy of rauwolfia, noting features like cork, phloederrm, xylem, medullary rays, calcium oxalate crystals, and starch grains. The aim is to study the physical properties of these medicinal plants.
This document discusses analytical evaluation and quality control of herbal drugs. It notes that while herbal medicines have been used for thousands of years, they lack modern scientific evaluation and standardization. Adulteration of herbal drugs is a major problem for the herbal industry. Adulteration can occur intentionally by substituting inferior materials, or unintentionally due to issues in the collection, preparation, or storage of herbal materials. Proper standardization and quality control methods are needed to ensure herbal drugs are reliable, effective, and safe.
This document provides an overview of alkaloids, including their definition, classification, properties, extraction, and pharmacological activity. It discusses various classes of alkaloids derived from different amino acids, such as tropane alkaloids from ornithine, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, quinolizidine alkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids from papaver somniferum, indole alkaloids like those in rauwolfia serpentina, and purine alkaloids including caffeine. The document also examines specific alkaloid-containing plants, the alkaloids they contain, and their traditional uses.
This document describes various plant tissue culture techniques and their applications in plant improvement. It lists techniques such as seed culture, embryo culture, ovary or ovule culture, anther and microspore culture, and in vitro pollination. For each technique, it provides examples of applications such as producing haploid plants, overcoming embryo abortion, and genetic transformation. The document serves as a comprehensive reference of how different plant tissue culture techniques can be utilized.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses standardization of herbal formulations, which is essential to ensure quality, safety, and efficacy. It outlines various techniques used for standardization, including authentication of raw materials, assessment of identity, purity, and content/assay. Key aspects of standardization addressed are quality control procedures, stability assessment and shelf-life determination, and safety and efficacy evaluation. The World Health Organization provides guidelines for quality control of herbal drugs and standardized herbal formulations.
Umbelliferous fruits have several common characteristics. They usually have 5 mericarps that are either whole or separated. Each mericarp has ridges on its dorsal surface corresponding to vascular bundles and secretory ducts called vittae. The mericarps enclose a single seed with a large endosperm and small embryo. The pericarp has epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp layers. The mesocarp contains vittae and vascular bundles. The endocarp is made of narrow cells arranged in groups. Specific fruits discussed include fennel, anise, and coriander. Fennel and anise fruits contain volatile oils high in anethole. Coriander fruit
This document provides an introduction to plant constituents and their chemical tests. It discusses that plants contain primary and secondary metabolites. Primary metabolites include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids which are essential for plant life. Secondary metabolites have therapeutic effects and include alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, volatile oils, tannins, and resins. The document then focuses on carbohydrates, describing monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It provides examples and discusses their structures and chemical properties. Tests to identify carbohydrates are also outlined.
1) Glycosides are compounds that contain a sugar component (glycone) bonded to a non-sugar component (aglycone) through a glycosidic linkage. Common types include O-glycosides (with an alcoholic hydroxyl group), S-glycosides (with a sulfur group), and N-glycosides (with a nitrogen group).
2) Glycosides can be classified in several ways, including by the type of sugar (e.g. glucosides contain glucose), number of sugars, physiological activity, chemical nature of the aglycone, and plant family. All natural glycosides contain beta-linked sugars.
3) Glycosides exhibit diversity in properties
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Resin combinations office word document (2)
1. Resins and Resin Combinations
Resins, in general, are amorphous solid or semisolid substances that are
invariably water insoluble but mostly soluble in alcohol or other organic solvents.
However, physically they are found to be hard, translucent or transparent and
fusible i.e., upon heating they first get softened and ultimately melt. But
chemically, they are complex mixtures of allied substances, such as: resin acids,
resin alcohols (or resinols), resinotannols, resin esters, glucoresins and the like.
Another school of thought considers Resins as amorphous products having an
inherent
complex
chemical
entity.
These
are
normally
produced either in
schizogenous or in sehizolysigenous ducts or in carities and are regarded as the
end products of metabolism. The physical general characteristic features of resins
are namely: hard, transparent, or translucent and, when heated they yield usually
complex mixtures that comprise of resin acids, resin alcoholds, resinotannols,
esters and resenes. Some researehers do believe that the resins are nothing but
the oxidation products of the terpenes. They are found to be mostly insoluble in
water, but soluble in ethanol and organic solvents. They are electrically nonconductive and combustible in nature.
Resins shall now be discussed at length in their various aspects as enumerated
here under:
(a)Distribution of Resins in Plants
(b)Occurrence in Plants
(c)Physical Properties of Resins
(d)Chemical Properties of Resins
(e)Solubility
(f) Preparation of Resins
(g)Chemical Composition of Resins
(h)Classification of Resins.
Distribution of Resins in Plants
Interestingly, the resins and resinous substances are more or less extensively
distributed throughout the entire plant kingdom, specifically the Spermatophyta
i.e., the seed plants. Notably, their presence is almost rare and practically
negligible in thePteridophyta i.e., the ferns and their allies. However, the resins
have not been reported in the Thallophyta i.e., the sea-weeds, fungi etc.
2. Therefore, all these findings and observations lead one to the fact
the resins are the overall and net result of metabolism in the higher plants, since
the majority of them belong to the phyllum Angiosperum i.e., seed-enclosed
flowering plants, and Gymnosperm i.e., naked-seed non-flowering plants.
In general, the most important and extensively studied resin-containing families
are, namely: Pinaceae (Colophory or Rosin); Leguminosae (Tolu Balsam and Balsam of
Peru);Dipterocarpaceae (‘Garijan’—a
Balsam
substitute
for
copaiba); Burseraceae (Myrrh) andUmbelliferae (Asafoetida).
Occurrence in Plants
In the plants resins usually occur in different secretory zones or structures. A
few typical examples of such plant sources along with their specific secretary
structures are given below:
(i) Resin Cells : Ginger–Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Family: Zingiberaceae);
(ii) Schizogenous Ducts : Pine Wood–Pinus polustris Miller.
or Schizolysogenous (Family: Pinaceae).
Ducts or Cavities
(iii) Glandular Hairs : Cannabis–Cannabis sativa Linne’. (Family: Moraceae)
The formation of resins in the plant is by virtue of its normal physiological
functions. However, its yield may be enhanced in certain exceptional instances by
inflicting injury to the living plant, for instance: Pinus. Furthermore, many resisnous
products are not formed by the plant itself unless and until purposeful and
methodical injuries in the shape of incisions are made on them and the secretions
or plant exudates are tapped carefully, such as: Balsam of Talu and Benzoin. In
other words, these resins are of pathological origin. One school of thought has
categorically termed the secretion exclusively obtained from the naturally
occurring secretory structure as the Primary Flow, whereas the one collected
through man-made-incisions on the plant i.e., abnormally formed secretary
structures, as the Secondary Flow.
In normal practice, it has been observed evidently that resins are invariably
produced in ducts as well as cavities; sometimes they do not occur in the so called
specialized-secretory structures, but tend to get impregnated in all the elements
of a tissue, for example: Guaiacum Resin—is obtained from the heartwood
of Guaiacum officinale Linn. and G. sanctum Linn., (Family: Zygophyllaceae) i.e., it is
3. found in the vessels, fibres, medullary ray cells and wood parenchyma. In this
particular instance, the resins occur astyloses, achieved by chopping off the
conduction in these areas so as to enhance the effective usage of root pressure
and the capillaries in forcing both the nutritive contents and forcing water to
reach the top end of these tall trees.
It is pertinent to mention here that in some exceptionally rare instances the
resin occurs as a result of sucking the juice of the plant by scale insects and
converting the sucked-juice into a resinous substance that ultimately covers the
insect
itself
and
twigs
of
the
plant
as
well,
for
instance: Laccifer lacca (Family: Coccidae)-Shellac.
Physical Properties of Resins
The various physical properties of resins can be generalized as detailed below:
1. Resins, as a class, are hard, transparent or translucent brittle materials.
2. They are invariably heavier than water having the specific gravity ranging
from 0.9-1.25.
3. Resins are more or less amorphous materials but rarely crystallisable in
nature.
4. On being heated at a relatively low temperature resins first get softened and
ultimately melt down thereby forming either an adhesive or a sticky massive fluid,
without undergoing any sort of decomposition or volatilization.
5. On being heated in the air i.e., in the presence of oxygen, resins usually burn
readily with a smoky flame by virtue of the presence of a large number of C-atoms
in their structure.
6. On being heated in a closed container i.e., in the absence of oxygen, they
undergo decomposition and very often give rise to empyreumatic products i.e.,
products chiefly comprising of hydrocarbons.
7. Resins are bad conductors of electricity, but when rubbed usually become
negatively charged.
8. They are practically insoluble in water, but frequently soluble in ethanol,
volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrate and non-polar organic solvents e.g., benzene,
n-hexane and petroleum ether.
Chemical Properties of Resins
The various chemical properties of resins may be summarized as stated below:
4. 1. Resins, in general, are enriched with carbon, deprived of nitrogen and contain a
few oxygen in their respective molecules.
2. Majority of them undergo slow atmospheric oxidation whereby their colour
get darkened with impaired solubility.
3. Resins are found to be a mixture of numerous compounds rather than a single
pure chemical entity.
4. Their chemical properties are exclusively based upon the functional groups
present in these substances.
5. Consequently, the resins are broadly divided into resin alcohols, resin acids,
resin esters, glycosidal resins and resenes (i.e., inert neutral compounds).
6. Resins are regarded as complex mixtures of a variety of substances, such
as:resinotannols, resin acids, resin esters, resin alcohols and resenes.
7. One school of thought believes that resins are nothing but oxidative products
of terpenes.
8. They may also be regarded as the end-products of destructive metabolism.
9. The acidic resins when treated with alkaline solutions they yield soaps
(or resin-soaps).
Solubility
The solubility of various types of resins are as follows:
1. Majority of resins are water-insoluble and hence they have practically little
taste.
2. They are usually insoluble in petroleum ether (a non-polar solvent) but with a
few exceptions, such as: colophory (freshly powdered) and mastic.
3. Resins mostly got completely dissolved in a number of polar organic solvents,
for instance: ethanol, ether and chloroform, thereby forming their respective
solutions which on evaporation, leaves behind a thin-varnish-like film deposit.
4. They are also freely soluble in many other organic solvents, namely: acetone,
carbon disulphide, as well as in fixed oils and volatile oils.
5. Resins dissolve in chloral hydrate solution, normally employed for clarification
of certain sections of plant organs.
Preparation of Resins
So far, no general method has either been suggested or proposed for the
preparation of resins. In fact, there are two categories of resinous products,
5. namely: (a) Natural Resins;and (b) Prepared Resins, have been duly accepted and
recognized. Therefore, this classification forms the basis of the methods
employed in the preparation of the twoaforesaid resins.
A. Natural Resins:
These resins usually formed as the exudates from various plants obtained either
normally or as a result of pathogenic conditions (i.e., by causing artificial
punctures), such as: mastic, sandarac. These are also obtained by causing deep
incisions or cuts in the trunk of the plant, for instance: turpentine. They may also
be procured by hammering and scorching, such as: balsam of Peru.
B. Prepared Resins:
The resins obtained here are by different methods as described below:
(i) The crude drug containing resins is powdered and extracted with ethanol
several times till complete exhaustion takes place. The combined alcoholic extract
is either, evaporated on a electric water-bath slowly in a fuming cup-board or
poured slowly into cold distilled water.
The precipitated resin is collected, washed with cold water and dried carefully
under shade or in a vacuum desiccator,
Examples: Podophyllum; Scammony and Jalap.
(ii) In the case of alco-resins, organic solvents with lower boiling points are
normally employed e.g., solvent ether (bp 37°C); acetone (bp 56.5°C), for their
extraction. However, the volatile oil fraction can be removed conveniently through
distillation under vacuo.
(iii) In the instance of gum-resins, the resin is aptly extracted with 95% (v/v)
ethanol while leaving the insoluble gum residue in the flask (or soxhlet thimble).
Chemical Composition of Resins
The copious volume of information with regard to the ‘chemistry of resins’ is
mainly attributed by the meaningful research carried out by Tschirch and Stock,
who advocated that the proximate constituents of resins may be classified under
the following heads, namely:
6. (i) Resin Acids
(ii) Resin Esters and their Decomposition Products i.e., Resin Alcohols (Resinols)
andResin Phenols (Resinotannols).
(iii) Resenes i.e., the chemical inert compounds.
However,
it
has
been
observed
that
in
majority
of
the
known resins these threeaforesaid categories evidently predominates and thus the
resulting product consequently falls into one of these groups. It is worth
mentioning here that representatives of all the three said groups are rarely
present in the same product.
Given below are some typical examples of resin substances that predominates
the threeclasses suggested by Tschirch and Stock, namely:
A. Resin-Esters : Examples: Ammoniacum; Asafoetida; Benzoin; Balsam of Peru
and Tolu; Galbanum; Storax;
B. Resin-Acids : Examples: Colophony; Copaiba; and
C. Resenes : Examples: Bdellium; Dammar; Mastic; Myrrh; Olibanum.
A few important and typical chemical constituents that have been duly isolated
and characterized from various naturally occurring resins are discussed below:
(iii) Resenes i.e., the chemical inert compounds.
However,
it
has
been
observed
that
in
majority
of
the
known resins these threeaforesaid categories evidently predominates and thus the
resulting product consequently falls into one of these groups. It is worth
mentioning here that representatives of all the three said groups are rarely
present in the same product.
Given below are some typical examples of resin substances that predominates
the threeclasses suggested by Tschirch and Stock, namely:
A. Resin-Esters : Examples: Ammoniacum; Asafoetida; Benzoin; Balsam of Peru
and Tolu; Galbanum; Storax;
7. B. Resin-Acids : Examples: Colophony; Copaiba; and
C. Resenes : Examples: Bdellium; Dammar; Mastic; Myrrh; Olibanum.
A few important and typical chemical constituents that have been duly isolated
and characterized from various naturally occurring resins are discussed below:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------* Tschirch. A, and L. Stock: Die Harze, Borntraegr, Berlin, Vols. 1 & 2, 1933-36.
1. Resin Acids
Synonyms Resinolic Acid.
The resin acids essentially contain a large portion of carboxylic acids and
phenols. However, they occur both in the free state and as their respective esters.
They are usually found to be soluble in aqueous solutions of the alkalies, thereby
forming either soap like solutions or colloidal suspensions.
Resinates, i.e., the metallic salts of these acids find their extensive usage in
the manufacture of inferior varities of soaps and varnishes.
A few typical examples of resin acids are enumerated below:
8. Out of all the six commonly found resin acids Abietic Acid shall be discussed
here under:
Abietic Acid (Synonym Sylvic Acid)
Chemical Structure 13-Isopropylpodocarpa-7, 13-dien-15-oic acid; (C20 H30O2).
9. It is a tricyclic diterpene embedded with four isoprene units. It is studded with
four methyl moieties and a carboxylic acid function. Besides, it also has two double
bonds one each in ring-Band ring-C of the phenanthrene nucleus.
Preparation It is a widely available organic acid, prepared by the isomerization
of rosin.* It may also be synthesized from dehydroabietic acid.**
The commercial grade of abietic acid is normally obtained by heating either
rosin alone or with mineral acids. The product thus achieved may be glassy or
partly crystalline in nature. It is usually of yellow colour and has a mp 85°C i.e.,
much lower than the pure product (mp 172-175°C).
Characteristic Features It is obtained as monoclinic plates from alcohol and
water. Its physical parameters are: mp 172-175°C; [α]24D -106° (c = 1 in absolute
alcohol); UVmax 235, 241.5, 250 nm (ε 19500, 22000, 14300). It is practically
insoluble in water, but freely soluble in ethanol, benzene, chloroform, ether,
acetone, carbon disulphide and also in dilute NaOH solution.
Identification It readily forms the corresponding methyl ester as methyl
abietate (C21 H32O2), which is colourless to yellow thick liquid bp 360-365°C,
d2020 1.040, and n20D 1.530.
Uses
1. It is used for manufacture of esters (ester gums), such as: methyl, vinyl and
glyceryl esters for use in lacquers and varnishes.
2. It is also employed extensively in the manufacture of ‘metal resinates’ e.g.,
soaps, plastics and paper sizes.
3. It also assists in the growth of butyric and lactic acid bacteria.
-----------------------------------------------* Harris, Sanderson, Org. Syn. Coll. Vol. IV, 1 (1963); and Fieser and Fieser, The
chemistry of Natural Products Related
to Phenanthrene (New York, 3rd. edn., 1949).
10. ** A.W. Burgastahler, and L.W. Worden., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 83, 2587, (1961) E.
Wenkert et
al.,
ibid, 86,
2038,
(1964)
2. Resin Alcohols
In general, resin alcohols are complex alcohols having higher molecular weight.
These are of two types, namely:
(a) Resinotannols: The resin alcohols which give a specific tannin reaction with
iron salts are termed as resinotannols.
A number of resinotannols have been isolated from the plant kingdom. It is an
usual practice to name them according to the resins in which they are found, such
as:
Alocresinotannol – From Aloe species viz., Aloe
Aloes);Aloe
perryi Baker,
(Socotrine
barbedensis Miller, (Curacao
Aloes); Aloe ferrox
Miller, Aloe
africana Miller, Aloe spicataBaper. All these belong to the natural order Liaceae.
Ammoresinotannol – From Ammoniacum i.e., the oleo-gum-resin from Dorema
ammoniacum D. Don. (Family: Umbelliferae).
Galbaresinotannol –
From Galbanm
i.e.,
the
oleo-gum-resin
from Ferula
galbanifluaBoiss et Bubse (Family: Unbelliferae).
Peruresinotannol –
From
Balsam
of
Peru i.e.,
the
balsam
obtained
from Myroxylon balsamum var Pereirae (Royle) Harms (Family: Fabaceae);
Siaresinotannol – From Sumatra Benzoin (Benzoin, Styrax) i.e., the gum exuded
fromStyrax benzoin Dryander (Family: Styracaceae).
Toluresinotallol – From Balsam of Tolu i.e., the Balsam obtained from Myroxylon
balsamum (Linn.) Harms. (belonging to the family. Leguminosae).
(b) Resinols: The resin alcohols that fail to give a positive reaction with tannin
and iron salts are known as resinols. The following are some typical examples
of resinols, for instance:
11. Benzoresinol – From Benzoin which is purely a pathological product obtained
either from Styrax benzoin Dryander and Styrax paralleloneurus Brans. (Sumatra
Benzoin) or from Styrax
tonkinensis Craib. (Siam
Benzoin) belonging to
familyStyraceae.
Storesinol – From storax which is the balsamic resin usually obtained from the
trunk ofLiquidamber orientalis Mill. family Hamamelidaceae.
Gurjuresinol –
From
Gurjun
Balsam
that
is
the
aleo-resin
obtained
from Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. F. belonging to family: Dipterocarpaceae.
Guaiaresinol – From Guaiacum Resin obtained from the heartwood of Guaiacum
officinale Linn. and Guaiacum sanctum Linn. belonging to family: Zygophyllaceae.
3. Resenes
These are oxygenated compounds, but are not affected either by alkalies or
acids. In fact, they are more or less neutral substances being devoid of
characteristic functional groups, and, therefore, do not exhibit any characteristic
chemical properties. Interestingly, they are immune to oxidizing agents and variant
climatic conditions, a fact which essentially attributes the resins containing them
one of their major plus points for the manufacture of varnishes. A few important
examples of resenes are as follows:
Dracoresene –
Derived
from
the
scales
of
the
fruit
of
Dragon’s
Blood i.e., Daemonorops draco Bl. (and other species) belonging to the natural order
(Arecaceae).
Masticoresene – Derived from Mastic-an oleo-resin obtained from Pistacia
lentiscusLinn belonging to family: Anacardiaceae.
Fluavil – Obtained from Gutta-percha and also from the bark of various trees.
Guttapercha is hard and has a very low elasticity. X-ray diffraction studies have
12.
13. Glycoresins – e.g.,
Jalap
Resin
from
Jalap i.e., Ipomea
purga Hayne;
(Family:Conrulvulaceae) Podophylloresin from the dried roots and rhizomes
of Podophyllum hexandrum (P. emodi) Royle. (Family Berberidae).
C. Constituents of Resin Invariably, to maintain the simplicity, resins may also
be
classified
according
to
the
major
constituents
present
either
in
the resin or resin combinations.
Examples: Resins; Oleo-resins; Oleo-gum resins; Balsams.
After having been exposed to the various aspects of resins with regard to their
physical and chemical, properties, occurrence and distribution, preparation,
chemical composition and classification, it would be worthwhile to gain some indepth knowledge about certain typical examples belonging to Resins; Oleo-resins;
Oleo-gum-resins; Balsams; andGlycoresins