3. ► MENINGITIS:
► Meningitis is an infection of the meninges caused by
bacterial or virus.
► Depending on the causative agent, meningitis may
divided in to
► Meningococcal Meningitis
► T.B.Meningitis.
► Influenzal Meningitis.
► Viral Meningitis.
► Pnuemococal Meningitis.
► Staphylococcal Meningitis.
4. ► ETIOLOGY:
1.Most common bacterial causing meningitis
include Neisseria Meningitis, streptococcus
pneumonia, and haemophilus influenza,
2.Infection generally begins in another are such as
upper respiratory tract infection.
3.Ear infection like otitis externa and otitis media.
► Children are more often affected than adults
because of frequent cold and ear infection.
5. ► SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
► The onset of meningitis is usually sudden and
characterized by
-severe headache
-Stiffness of neck
-Irritability, malaise and restlessness
-nausea vomiting
-High fever
-Increase ICP
-Delirium and Photophobia
-Complete disorientation may developed
quickly.
7. (A) To elicit Brudzinski's sign, place the patient supine and flex the head upward.
Resulting flexion of both hips, knees, and ankles with neck flexion indicates
meningeal irritation.
(B) To test for Kernig's sign, once again place the patient supine. Keeping the
bottom leg straight, flex the other hip and knee to form a 90-degree angle.
Slowly extend the upper leg. This places a stretch on the meninges, resulting
in pain and spasm of the hamstring muscle. Resistance to further extension
can be felt.
8. ► Positive KERNIN’G SIGN
► Flex the patient’s hip 90 degree and tries to extend the
patient’s knee.
► The sign is positive if the patient experiencing pain and
spasm in the hamstring.
9. ► Positive BRUDZINSKI’S SIGN:
► This sign is positive when flexion of patient’s neck causes
the hips and knees to flex.
► Nuchal RIGIDITY:
► Pain and stiffness when the neck is moved.
10. ► DIAGNOSTIC TEST:
► 1.History and physical examination
► 2.Sign and symptoms
► 3.Lumber puncture;
► CSF examination
-Routine and
-Culture sensitivity test
4.CT scan of brain
5.MRI of brain
11. ► THERAPUTIC INTERVENTION:
Meningitis can be fatal if not promptly treated.
1.Antibiotics such as penicillin, Cefotaxime, Chloramphenicol, Amikacin,
Augmentin etc.
2.Analgesic and antipyretic drugs
Acetaminophen, Paracetamol, Dicloran, etc.
3.Steroid therapy to decrease swelling
4.Antiemetic such as perinorm, stemetil, domstal
5.Antacide such as ranitidine,digene, famotidine, emset, omeprazole
etc.
6.Intravenous fluid to maintain electrolyte imbalance and to prevent
dehydration.
12. ► NURSING MANAGEMENT:
1.Give analgesic, antipyretic, antibiotics, antiemetics and
anti-inflammatory drugs according to ordered.
Take vital signs frequently.
2.Maintain intake output chart and urine output chart.
3.Cold sponges and cold compresses if require.
4.care of urinary catheter.
5.Basic nursing care like mouth care, back care, clean and
tidy patient’s unit.
13. 6.Important aspect of nursing care focuses on keeping
patients from harming themselves.
7.Teaching the family members about diseases condition of
patient.
8.Provide quite, calm environment to the patient.
9.privide dark environment to lessen photophobia.
10.patient with meningococcal meningitis should be placed
in isolation because this disease can be transmitted to
other.
14.
15. ► ENCEPHALITIS:
► It is an inflammation of brain tissue.
► Nerve cells damage edema and necrosis cause neurological
findings localized to the specific areas of the brain affected.
► Hemorrhage may occur in some time types of encephalitis.
► Increased intracranial pressure may lead to herniation of
the brain.
16. ► ETIOLOGY:
► Most common cause of encephalitis are viruses
► Some viruses , such as west Nile viruse, are carried by
mosquitoes.
► Others are systemic viral infection infectious mononucleosis
or mumps, which spread to the brain.
► Parasites, toxic substances, bacteria, herpes simplex virus,
vaccine and fungi are other potential cause of encephalitis.
17. ► SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
► 1.Headache
► 2.Fever
► 3.Nausea and vomiting
► 4.General malaise
► 5.Confusion
► 6.Nuchal rigidity
► 7.Decreased level of consciousness.
► 8.Seizure
19. ► DIAGNOSTIC TEST:
1.History and physical examination
2.Sign and symptoms
3.Lumber puncture;
CSF examination
-Routine and
-Culture sensitivity test
4.CT scan of brain
5.MRI of brain
6.EEG
20. ► THERAPUTIC INTERVENTION:
► No specific treatment is currently available for insect-borne
encephalitis.
► Careful neurological assessment and treatment of
symptoms may help prevent complications and improve
survival.
► Antibiotics, anticonvulsant, antipyretics, antiemetics,
antacids, analgesics drugs are administered to reduced
seizure, fever, and headache.
21. ► Steroids are used to decreased the swelling.
► Sedatives may be given for irritability.
► Antiviral medication such as ACYCLOVIR may also be used
especially for herpes simplex.
22. ► COMPLICATIONS OF ENCEPHALITIS:
► 1.Cognitive disabilities
► 2.personality change
► 3.Seizures
► 4.Blindness may also occur.
► 5.Deafness and Speech disorders.
► 6.Hemiplegia
► 7.mental retardation.
