6b - Horizontal well structural issues.ppt
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This document discusses structural interpretation of horizontal and inclined wells from image log and dipmeter analysis. It notes that image logs in deviated wells may be muted if features are approached at an acute angle. It also discusses bias effects in horizontal wells, including under-sampling of shallowly dipping beds. Additionally, it explains that increasing uncertainty occurs as the solid angle between features and the wellbore decreases. Broad folds are commonly seen in horizontal wells but may not be identifiable in vertical wells. Structural benefits of imaging deviated wells include identifying fractured reservoirs and assessing lateral structure.
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What are three sources of error that can happen in traverses? Give specific examples and make
an estimate as to the amount of error likely for each source.
What advantages are there to performing an accurate traverse in an area before surveying?
Why is it important to tie into monuments when performing a traverse?
Solution
Some sources of error in running a traverse are:
1.Poor selection of stations, resulting in bad sighting conditions caused by alternatesun and
shadow, visibility of inly the rod’s top, line of sight passing too close to theground, lines that are
too short, and sighting into the sun.
2.Errors in observations of angles and distances.
3.Failure to observe angle an equal number of time directs and reversed.
The advantages of performing an accurate traverse in an area are as follows:
1. The main advantage is that it takes much less effort for traversing than chain surveying.
2. The accuracy of traverse surveying is much more than the chain surveying.
3. The closed traverse is suitable for locating the boundaries of lakes, woods, etc and for survey
of large areas. the open traverse is suitable for surveying a long narrow strip of land as required
for a road of canal or the coast line.
4. Difficult terrains can be covered.
5. Accurate measurement of angles leads to accurate measurement of elevations and distances.
6. The error accuring due to sagging of chains and human effor is minimized.
It is important to tie the monuments when performing traverse because monuments acts as Bench
Marks. Bench marks are fixed reference points of known elevation. as the monuments are not
supoosed to change or alter due to their importance they can be used as bench marks..
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What are three sources of error that can happen in traverses? Give specific examples and make
an estimate as to the amount of error likely for each source.
What advantages are there to performing an accurate traverse in an area before surveying?
Why is it important to tie into monuments when performing a traverse?
Solution
Some sources of error in running a traverse are:
1.Poor selection of stations, resulting in bad sighting conditions caused by alternatesun and
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too short, and sighting into the sun.
2.Errors in observations of angles and distances.
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The advantages of performing an accurate traverse in an area are as follows:
1. The main advantage is that it takes much less effort for traversing than chain surveying.
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of large areas. the open traverse is suitable for surveying a long narrow strip of land as required
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supoosed to change or alter due to their importance they can be used as bench marks..
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This document provides an overview of slope stability and analysis. It defines different types of slopes as natural, man-made, infinite and finite. Common causes of slope failure like erosion, seepage, drawdown, rainfall, earthquakes and external loading are described. Key terms used in slope stability are defined, including slip zone, slip plane, sliding mass and slope angle. Types of slope failures are identified as face/slope failure, toe failure and base failure. Methods for analyzing finite slope stability, like Swedish circle method, Bishop's simplified method and Taylor's stability number are introduced. Infinite slope analysis is described for cohesionless, cohesive and cohesive-frictional soils. Example tutorial problems on slope stability calculations are
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The document discusses subaerial unconformities visible in outcrops and provides examples from various locations around the world. Key criteria to identify subaerial unconformities include evidence of exposure like paleosols, erosion and truncation of underlying strata, paleotopography, and onlap of overlying strata. Photos show unconformities with regolith development, karst features, and basal conglomerates that onlap eroded surfaces. Forced regressive surfaces of marine erosion are also discussed and depicted in outcrops showing scoured contacts and shoreface sandstone wedges.
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The document describes several landforms produced by wave erosion along coastlines, including headlands, bays, wave-cut notches, wave-cut platforms, arches, caves, stacks, and blowholes. Headlands are areas that jut out into the sea, often ending in cliffs, while bays are wide curved inlets. Wave action can erode cliffs from below, forming platforms, notches, arches that eventually collapse into stacks and stumps. Blowholes form through joints in cliff rocks exposed to hydraulic action inside wave-eroded caves.
Formation of headlands and bays.ppt
Waves eroding a coastline of varying rock resistance will form headlands of harder rock separated by bays in weaker rock. Landforms produced by wave erosion include headlands, bays, stacks, caves, arches, pillars, and wave-cut platforms and notches. Caves can develop into blowholes if joints in the rock connect the cave to the cliff top.
bedding planes.ppt
The document describes several landforms produced by wave erosion along coastlines including:
- Stacks, which are pillars of rock isolated from the cliff due to wave erosion.
- Headlands, which are parts of the coastline that jut out into the sea, often ending in cliffs.
- Bays, which are wide curved inlets formed along coastlines with weaker, more erodible rock.
- Arches and caves, which are openings formed when waves erode through headlands or into cliffs.
leaves a stump..ppt
Waves erode cliffs and headlands through various processes, forming different coastal landforms. Caves form where waves attack both sides of headlands. Arches may form if caves erode all the way through. Stacks and stumps are left when arches and stacks eventually collapse. Over time, this differential erosion of harder and weaker rocks creates a series of alternating headlands and bays along the coastline.
Formation of headlands and bays.ppt
This document describes several landforms produced by wave erosion along coastlines:
- Headlands jut out into the sea at the end of cliffs. Bays form sheltered inlets in weaker coastal rocks between headlands.
- Arches form when waves erode caves completely through headlands. Stacks are isolated pillars that remain when arches collapse.
- Other landforms include caves undercut at the base of cliffs, wave-cut platforms of gently sloping land left after cliff retreat, and blowholes which form when joints in cliff rocks connect eroded caves to the surface.
Formation of headlands and bays.ppt
The document describes various landforms produced by wave erosion along coastlines including headlands, bays, wave-cut notches, wave-cut platforms, arches, caves, stacks, and blowholes. It explains how waves erode harder and softer rocks at different rates, forming headlands in harder rocks and sheltered bays in weaker rocks. Arches form when waves erode caves through headlands, and stacks remain when arches collapse, eventually becoming stumps.
vdocument.in_pptintroduction-to-sequence-stratigraphy-jackson-viewstratigraph...
Stratigraphic principles and sequence stratigraphy are methods used to analyze sedimentary rock layers and impose a temporal dimension. Key concepts include:
- Steno's laws of superposition, original horizontality, and lateral continuity which describe how sedimentary layers are deposited.
- Sequence stratigraphy subdivides strata using surfaces that represent changes in relative sea level, including sequence boundaries, maximum flooding surfaces, and systems tracts like transgressive and highstand.
- Facies describe the characteristics of sediment deposited in different environments, and sequence stratigraphy studies the geometric relationships between facies belts to interpret depositional history.
vdocument.in_submarine-canyons-and-fans-submarine-canyons-major-conduits.ppt
Submarine canyons cut across continental shelves and slopes, carrying sediment from rivers and coastal areas to deep ocean basins. Submarine fans form at the mouths of canyons, accumulating sediment across the continental slope in a fan-shaped pattern. Sediment transport within submarine fans occurs through various mechanisms like debris flows, density currents, and turbidity currents, resulting in deposition of turbidite sequences that can be studied to understand ancient submarine fan environments.
vdocument.in_the-floridan-aquiferchipola-river-system-study-the-floridan-aqui...
This document summarizes a study of the Floridan Aquifer/Chipola River System funded by the USGS and FDEP. The objectives are to identify nutrient sources to the aquifer, characterize hydrologic transport processes using modeling, and match nitrate concentrations in springs using the model. The study area includes the Dougherty Karst Plain where the Floridan Aquifer is recharged through sinkholes and rivers. A MODFLOW model is being used to simulate nitrate tracking from recharge areas and calibrate to spring discharge concentrations. Local grid refinement is being added to improve flow path and travel time estimates in key springs.
vdocument.in_unit-1-introduction-to-sedimentology-and-stratigraphy.pptx
Sediments form through the weathering and erosion of rocks, followed by transportation and deposition. There are three main types of sediments: mechanical (clastic), chemical, and organic. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments via the process of diagenesis. Sedimentology involves the study of sediment formation and depositional environments, while stratigraphy examines the temporal and spatial relationships between sedimentary strata. Key methods used in sedimentology include facies analysis, particle size and shape analysis, lithological analysis, and stratigraphic mapping and description.
vdocument.in_petrophysical-properties-of-reservoir-rocks.pptx
This document discusses key petrophysical properties of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir rocks including porosity, permeability, saturation, and capillarity. It defines porosity as the ratio of pore space to total volume, permeability as the ability of rocks to allow fluid flow through interconnected pores, saturation as the volume of pore space occupied by a fluid, and capillarity as the pressure difference between fluids across curved interfaces in rock pores. Accurate analysis and modeling of these petrophysical properties is important for estimating petroleum reserves and recovery efficiency from reservoirs.
vdocument.in_sedimentary-geology-geos-240-chapter-6-facies-analysis.ppt
This document provides an overview of facies analysis and depositional environments in sedimentary geology. It discusses different facies interpretations of successive units in non-marine sandstones, including planar and trough cross-bedding, asymmetric scour surfaces, and rippled sandstone and mudstone. It also examines a transect of a Permian reef margin and hierarchy of depositional units, including migrating dunes, changes in hydraulic regime, lag accumulation, bar migration, channel erosion, and allogenic events driven by tectonics, eustasy, climate. Adjacent environments can result in vertical successions with different sedimentary structures.
vdocument.in_reservoir-petrophysics-pete-311-petrophysics-petrophysics-is-the...
The document discusses reservoir petrophysics, which is the study of rock properties and interactions with fluids. It describes a course on reservoir petrophysics that systematically studies physical rock properties including porosity, permeability, fluid saturation, and fluid-rock interactions. The course objectives are to define key concepts and demonstrate techniques for determining properties like porosity, permeability, and fluid saturation through experiments and calculations.
formation pressure (2).pptx
The document discusses various methods used to prevent sloughing during well drilling operations. Specifically:
1. Circulating refrigerating fluid through the well below the freezing point of the formation to freeze it and prevent sloughing.
2. Circulating brine through the well below the freezing point of water to freeze the formation.
3. Circulating mud-laden fluid through the well below the freezing point of water to freeze the formation.
4. Circulating an emulsion through the well below the freezing point of water to freeze the formation.
5. Causing fluid to flow into the well to seep into the formation, then circulating it below the freezing point of water to freeze the formation
abnormal pressure.pptx
The document discusses methods for drilling wells through formations containing sloughing shale to prevent borehole collapse.
It describes 6 methods:
1. Circulating refrigerated fluid through the well to freeze the formation, with the refrigerant having a freezing point below that of the formation fluid.
2. Circulating brine through the well and cooling it to freeze the formation, with the brine's freezing point below that of water.
3. Circulating mud-laden fluid through the well in the same way as method 2.
4. Circulating an emulsion through the well in the same way as methods 2 and 3.
5. Causing fluid to flow into the well to contact
sloughing formation.pptx
The document discusses the problem of sloughing shale during drilling operations. Sloughing shale occurs when the mud weight is not adequate to control subsurface pressure or the mud salinity causes undesirable osmotic pressure, leading to borehole collapse and stuck drill pipes or bottom hole assembly (BHA). It states that sloughing shale is one of the mechanical issues that can cause stuck pipes. The author provides a personal anecdote about experiencing BHA getting stuck in sloughing shale for the first time and seeing large cuttings, which was shocking. While shale formations can be drilled quickly when conditions are right, sloughing shale turns it into a stressful problem similar to kicks, losses, and other drilling hazards. Close
Carbonate lithofacies.ppt
This document discusses carbonate sedimentology and classification. It summarizes two early carbonate classification systems by Dunham (1962) and Folk (1962). It also notes that while interpretation techniques used for clastic reservoirs can be applied to carbonates, carbonates differ in their importance of biogenic processes and susceptibility to diagenesis. The document stresses that the ultimate goal is understanding carbonate lithofacies and correlating them with well log and core data.
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3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the area advanced Artificial Intelligence. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the research area. Core areas of AI and advanced multi-disciplinary and its applications will be covered during the conferences.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdf
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
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一比一原版(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
ELS: 2.4.1 POWER ELECTRONICS Course objectives: This course will enable stude...
Introduction - Applications of Power Electronics, Power Semiconductor Devices, Control Characteristics of Power Devices, types of Power Electronic Circuits. Power Transistors: Power BJTs: Steady state characteristics. Power MOSFETs: device operation, switching characteristics, IGBTs: device operation, output and transfer characteristics.
Thyristors - Introduction, Principle of Operation of SCR, Static Anode- Cathode Characteristics of SCR, Two transistor model of SCR, Gate Characteristics of SCR, Turn-ON Methods, Turn-OFF Mechanism, Turn-OFF Methods: Natural and Forced Commutation – Class A and Class B types, Gate Trigger Circuit: Resistance Firing Circuit, Resistance capacitance firing circuit.
Object Oriented Analysis and Design - OOAD
This ppt gives detailed description of Object Oriented Analysis and design.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
Volume URL: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html
Abstract URL:https://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v14n5/14522cnc05.html
Pdf URL: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N5/14522cnc05.pdf
#scopuspublication #scopusindexed #callforpapers #researchpapers #cfp #researchers #phdstudent #researchScholar #journalpaper #submission #journalsubmission #WBAN #requirements #tailoredtreatment #MACstrategy #enhancedefficiency #protrcal #computing #analysis #wirelessbodyareanetworks #wirelessnetworks
#adhocnetwork #VANETs #OLSRrouting #routing #MPR #nderesidualenergy #korea #cognitiveradionetworks #radionetworks #rendezvoussequence
Here's where you can reach us : ijcnc@airccse.org or ijcnc@aircconline.com
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Properties of Fluids, Fluid Statics, Pressure Measurement
Properties of Fluids: Density, viscosity, surface tension, compressibility, and specific gravity define fluid behavior.
Fluid Statics: Studies pressure, hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, and fluid forces on surfaces.
Pressure at a Point: In a static fluid, the pressure at any point is the same in all directions. This is known as Pascal's principle. The pressure increases with depth due to the weight of the fluid above.
Hydrostatic Pressure: The pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity. It can be calculated using the formula P=ρghP=ρgh, where PP is the pressure, ρρ is the fluid density, gg is the acceleration due to gravity, and hh is the height of the fluid column above the point in question.
Buoyancy: The upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged or partially submerged object. This force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object, as described by Archimedes' principle. Buoyancy explains why objects float or sink in fluids.
Fluid Pressure on Surfaces: The analysis of pressure forces on surfaces submerged in fluids. This includes calculating the total force and the center of pressure, which is the point where the resultant pressure force acts.
Pressure Measurement: Manometers, barometers, pressure gauges, and differential pressure transducers measure fluid pressure.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Ericsson LTE Throughput Troubleshooting Techniques.ppt
Ericsson LTE Throughput Troubleshooting Techniques
一比一原版(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
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DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF CEILING BOARD USING SAWDUST AND WASTE CARTON MATERI...
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6b - Horizontal well structural issues.ppt
- 1. Structure 3/1 Structural interpretation of horizontal & inclined wells Image log & dipmeter analysis course
- 2. Structure 3/2 Effect upon imaging • Image log response may be muted if features are approached at an acute angle, images may appear defocused as features close to the well bore are seen. • Hole damage is common, notably the development of a low-side furrow and breakout of the sides of the hole • LWD logs of horizontal wells may not show hole damage as the image is logged close to the bit and time-dependent hole damage may not have occurred.
- 3. Structure 3/3 Severe bias effects in horizontal wells North Horizontal well deviated south: Bedding infrequently identified Blue set not intersected Red set not intersected Horizontal well deviated east: Bedding infrequently identified Blue set slightly under-sampled Red set slightly under-sampled • Beds may be under-sampled if shallowly dipping and this can make structural dip difficult to assess. • Steep features will be appear rarely if striking parallel to the well deviation direction and commonly if striking perpendicular. If analysis of a particular fracture set is important, well design must take fracture strike into account.
- 4. Structure 3/4 Uncertainty and bias • Increasing uncertainty as solid angle between features and the well bore decreases. • Cut-off of 10 used for Terzaghi correction • Assumption that features are consistently spaced may well be wrong! 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 20 40 60 80 Angle between fracture and borehole (q) Derived weighting factor Bias correction factor (1/cos q) q = 84.2° Weighting factor = 10
- 5. Structure 3/5 Bias towards steeper features • Bedding in horizontal holes is sampled with a bias that leads to over-sampling of steep surfaces and under-sampling of shallow surfaces. • Local irregularities on surfaces may be emphasised by this effect. Depth, ft Dynam ic RAB im ages 0 Gam m a ray, API 100 Static RAB im ages 0 10 20 30 40 RAB data Many contacts appear steep and can be interpreted as faulted. Mean sand-shale contact inclination was 60°.
- 6. Structure 3/6 Upright folds Dips to SE Dips to NW Crest of fold Bedding pattern and style repeat themselves either side of the fold crest N Great circle fitted to fold data to find the plunge 250 ft Broad folds are commonly seen in horizontal wells but are not identifiable in vertical wells.
- 7. Structure 3/7 Differentiating antiforms from synforms Tadpoles face towards the fold axis - synformal Tadpoles face out from the fold axis - antiformal
- 8. Structure 3/8 Effect of dip on flow Dip has an effect on oil cut during immiscible displacement. Cut is part function of wetting preference, dip and direction of displacement (i.e. up or down dip). We have observed fold axes partially controlling ingress of fluids. For up dip flow larger alpha accentuates stabilisation in oil- water system.
- 9. Structure 3/9 Vertical interval sampled • Well deviated 85° 87 ft TVD in 1000 ft MD • Well deviated 60° 500 ft TVD in 1000 ft MD • Well deviated 30° 866 ft TVD in 1000 ft MD • Well deviated 5° 996 ft TVD in 1000 ft MD Highly deviated wells with shallow structural dip sample very short sections that may be unrepresentative. Strata may be sampled several times, allowing lateral changes to be assessed.
- 10. Structure 3/10 Analysing dips from horizontal wells 15000 15100 15200 15300 15400 15500 15600 15700 15800 Middle Miocene Unconformity M6SB X
- 11. Structure 3/11 Structural benefits of imaging deviated wells • If oriented optimally relative to fractures, deviated wells can be very helpful in identifying and describing fractured reservoirs. • If structural dip is steep, highly deviated wells may yield the best bedding data. • Lateral structure may be assessed. • Broad folds are commonly seen in horizontal well sections. They may be analysed and their effect upon reservoir production assessed. • LWD logs are commonly run for geosteering and geostopping operations. These data-sets often yield good structural information. • If several sidetracks are imaged, geometrical techniques may be used to correlate structure between wells.
Editor's Notes
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