What are three sources of error that can happen in traverses? Give specific examples and make
an estimate as to the amount of error likely for each source.
What advantages are there to performing an accurate traverse in an area before surveying?
Why is it important to tie into monuments when performing a traverse?
Solution
Some sources of error in running a traverse are:
1.Poor selection of stations, resulting in bad sighting conditions caused by alternatesun and
shadow, visibility of inly the rod’s top, line of sight passing too close to theground, lines that are
too short, and sighting into the sun.
2.Errors in observations of angles and distances.
3.Failure to observe angle an equal number of time directs and reversed.
The advantages of performing an accurate traverse in an area are as follows:
1. The main advantage is that it takes much less effort for traversing than chain surveying.
2. The accuracy of traverse surveying is much more than the chain surveying.
3. The closed traverse is suitable for locating the boundaries of lakes, woods, etc and for survey
of large areas. the open traverse is suitable for surveying a long narrow strip of land as required
for a road of canal or the coast line.
4. Difficult terrains can be covered.
5. Accurate measurement of angles leads to accurate measurement of elevations and distances.
6. The error accuring due to sagging of chains and human effor is minimized.
It is important to tie the monuments when performing traverse because monuments acts as Bench
Marks. Bench marks are fixed reference points of known elevation. as the monuments are not
supoosed to change or alter due to their importance they can be used as bench marks..
Introduction, triangulation, principle and uses of triangulation, triangulation systems and its classification, well-conditioned triangles, strength of figure, selection of triangulation stations and their inter-visibility, stations marks, signals, towers and scaffolds, base line, site selection and base line measurement, tape corrections, the base net, extension of base line, satellite station and reduction to centre.
Introduction, triangulation, principle and uses of triangulation, triangulation systems and its classification, well-conditioned triangles, strength of figure, selection of triangulation stations and their inter-visibility, stations marks, signals, towers and scaffolds, base line, site selection and base line measurement, tape corrections, the base net, extension of base line, satellite station and reduction to centre.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS. Ahmed Nassar
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS.
The total station, (also known as electronic tacheometer) is an instrument that can measure horizontal and vertical angles together with slope distance and can be considered as combined EDM plus electronic theodolite. In common with other electronic surveying equipment, total stations are operated using a multi-function keyboard which is connected to a microprocessor built into the instrument. The microprocessor not only controls both the angle and distance measuring systems but is also used as a small computer that can calculate slope corrections, vertical components, rectangular coordinates and, in some cases, can also store observations directly using an internal memory. Nowadays surveying systems are available which can be use in an integrated manner with Global Positioning System (GPS). so, future total stations may have integrated GPS receivers as part of the measurement unit.
What are the values of M if l 2m -5 l 12 ( m is a positive integer.pdfananyainfotech
What are the values of M if l 2m -5 l < 12 ( m is a positive integer).
Solution
To solve for |2m-5|<12.
For 2m-5> 5 or m> 5/2 , |2m-5| <12 implies 2m-5 < 12.
So for m > 5/2 = 2.5,
2m-5 = 12.
2m = 12+5
m = 17/2 = 8.5.
m 8.5.
When m < 5/2 = 2.5
|2m-5| = 5-2m.
Therefore the inequality becomes:
5-2m = 12.
5 = 12+2m.
5-12 = 2m
-7 = 2m.
-7/2 = m.
-3.5 = m
Therefore m = -3.5.
Therefore the solutions of the inequality are x = -3.5 and x = 8.5..
What are the various ways to discharge a valid contract Discuss the.pdfananyainfotech
What are the various ways to discharge a valid contract? Discuss the procedure in detail.
Solution
Discharge of contract is when the contract actually ends andboth parties are no longer obligated
to perform anything stipulatedwithin the agreement.
Adischarge can happen in various ways.
A contract may be discharged by an agreement tothat effect between the parties. This may be -
(a) By waiver, cancellation, orrescission.
(b) By a substituted contract.
(c) By the happening of conditions subsequent,expressed or implied in the contract.
Such an agreement must possess all the elementsrequisite to the formation of any other valid
agreement. There aresome exceptions as to the necessity for consideration, which willbe
hereafter noticed.
As it is their agreement which binds the parties,so by their agreement they may be loosed from
the contractual tie.It is scarcely necessary to say that to render an agreementeffective as a
discharge it must be a valid agreement; and, to beso, it must be accompanied by all the elements,
such ascommunication of mutual intention, real consent, parties havingcapacity.
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS. Ahmed Nassar
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS.
The total station, (also known as electronic tacheometer) is an instrument that can measure horizontal and vertical angles together with slope distance and can be considered as combined EDM plus electronic theodolite. In common with other electronic surveying equipment, total stations are operated using a multi-function keyboard which is connected to a microprocessor built into the instrument. The microprocessor not only controls both the angle and distance measuring systems but is also used as a small computer that can calculate slope corrections, vertical components, rectangular coordinates and, in some cases, can also store observations directly using an internal memory. Nowadays surveying systems are available which can be use in an integrated manner with Global Positioning System (GPS). so, future total stations may have integrated GPS receivers as part of the measurement unit.
What are the values of M if l 2m -5 l 12 ( m is a positive integer.pdfananyainfotech
What are the values of M if l 2m -5 l < 12 ( m is a positive integer).
Solution
To solve for |2m-5|<12.
For 2m-5> 5 or m> 5/2 , |2m-5| <12 implies 2m-5 < 12.
So for m > 5/2 = 2.5,
2m-5 = 12.
2m = 12+5
m = 17/2 = 8.5.
m 8.5.
When m < 5/2 = 2.5
|2m-5| = 5-2m.
Therefore the inequality becomes:
5-2m = 12.
5 = 12+2m.
5-12 = 2m
-7 = 2m.
-7/2 = m.
-3.5 = m
Therefore m = -3.5.
Therefore the solutions of the inequality are x = -3.5 and x = 8.5..
What are the various ways to discharge a valid contract Discuss the.pdfananyainfotech
What are the various ways to discharge a valid contract? Discuss the procedure in detail.
Solution
Discharge of contract is when the contract actually ends andboth parties are no longer obligated
to perform anything stipulatedwithin the agreement.
Adischarge can happen in various ways.
A contract may be discharged by an agreement tothat effect between the parties. This may be -
(a) By waiver, cancellation, orrescission.
(b) By a substituted contract.
(c) By the happening of conditions subsequent,expressed or implied in the contract.
Such an agreement must possess all the elementsrequisite to the formation of any other valid
agreement. There aresome exceptions as to the necessity for consideration, which willbe
hereafter noticed.
As it is their agreement which binds the parties,so by their agreement they may be loosed from
the contractual tie.It is scarcely necessary to say that to render an agreementeffective as a
discharge it must be a valid agreement; and, to beso, it must be accompanied by all the elements,
such ascommunication of mutual intention, real consent, parties havingcapacity.
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what are the types of tarrifs?
Solution
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What are the Type I and Type II errors for the null hypothesis \"lipitor is not considered to be a
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research and find that lipitor really isn\'t considered to be a calcium blocker, but something goes
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What are the two key words to differentiate between the multiplication rule and the addition
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What are the three components of the Decision Rule?
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What are the four components of the Decision Model?
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What are the vulnerabilities of Nuclear energy and what effect might.pdfananyainfotech
What are the vulnerabilities of Nuclear energy and what effect might an attack on a single reactor
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Solution
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1. Main problem with electricity generation from a nuclear power plant is its fuel requirements.
we need uranium, plutonium etc as the fuel inputs to nuclear power plants which are not easily
available due to its lackness and cost.
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crushed at a proper place located far away from populated areas. If not handled at a proper
locations, radiations caused due to its wastage may harmful for human beings and radio isotopes
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4. We need a huge amount of money so as to install a nuclear power plant and also its fuel input
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5. Although a nuclear power plant generate a huge amount of energy but in near future may be
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Tthe three chapters of bakruptcy adn their purpose
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SO .....
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development of Asia, South America, and Africa. By the end of the 19th century, advances in
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in the first half of the twentieth century, but an even more closely bound world economy
emerged in the aftermath of the period of conflict.
In more recent times, multinational corporations have grown in power and visibility, but have
come to be viewed more ambivalently by both governments and consumers worldwide. Indeed,
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their overseas subsidiaries are tied to their headquarters operations, and their interaction with
national governmental agencies and national and international labor organizations.
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What are three sources of error that can happen in traverses Give s.pdf
1. What are three sources of error that can happen in traverses? Give specific examples and make
an estimate as to the amount of error likely for each source.
What advantages are there to performing an accurate traverse in an area before surveying?
Why is it important to tie into monuments when performing a traverse?
Solution
Some sources of error in running a traverse are:
1.Poor selection of stations, resulting in bad sighting conditions caused by alternatesun and
shadow, visibility of inly the rod’s top, line of sight passing too close to theground, lines that are
too short, and sighting into the sun.
2.Errors in observations of angles and distances.
3.Failure to observe angle an equal number of time directs and reversed.
The advantages of performing an accurate traverse in an area are as follows:
1. The main advantage is that it takes much less effort for traversing than chain surveying.
2. The accuracy of traverse surveying is much more than the chain surveying.
3. The closed traverse is suitable for locating the boundaries of lakes, woods, etc and for survey
of large areas. the open traverse is suitable for surveying a long narrow strip of land as required
for a road of canal or the coast line.
4. Difficult terrains can be covered.
5. Accurate measurement of angles leads to accurate measurement of elevations and distances.
6. The error accuring due to sagging of chains and human effor is minimized.
It is important to tie the monuments when performing traverse because monuments acts as Bench
Marks. Bench marks are fixed reference points of known elevation. as the monuments are not
supoosed to change or alter due to their importance they can be used as bench marks.
