Dr. Joe Ritter proposes using ultra-lightweight photonic muscles to control the shape of space telescope mirrors, allowing for much larger apertures with significantly reduced mass and cost compared to current technologies. The photonic muscles would use optically-controlled molecular actuators embedded in a thin polymer film to maintain the mirror's shape through laser actuation. Initial proof-of-concept experiments demonstrated reversible shape changes and micron-scale figure control. Further development is needed but the concept could enable inexpensive giant space telescopes by reducing mirror mass by two orders of magnitude.
Temporal Frequency Probing for 5D Transient Analysis of Global Light TransportMatthew O'Toole
Temporal Frequency Probing for 5D Transient Analysis of Global Light Transport
Matthew O'Toole, Felix Heide, Lei Xiao, Matthias B. Hullin, Wolfgang Heidrich, and Kiriakos N. Kutulakos. ACM SIGGRAPH, 2014.
Abstract:
We analyze light propagation in an unknown scene using projectors and cameras that operate at transient timescales. In this new photography regime, the projector emits a spatio-temporal 3D signal and the camera receives a transformed version of it, determined by the set of all light transport paths through the scene and the time delays they induce. The underlying 3D-to-3D transformation encodes scene geometry and global transport in great detail, but individual transport components (e.g., direct reflections, inter-reflections, caustics, etc.) are coupled nontrivially in both space and time. To overcome this complexity, we observe that transient light transport is always separable in the temporal frequency domain. This makes it possible to analyze transient transport one temporal frequency at a time by trivially adapting techniques from conventional projector-to-camera transport. We use this idea in a prototype that offers three never-seen-before abilities: (1) acquiring time-of-flight depth images that are robust to general indirect transport, such as inter-reflections and caustics; (2) distinguishing between direct views of objects and their mirror reflection; and (3) using a photonic mixer device to capture sharp, evolving wavefronts of "light-in-flight".
Blake Bullock
James Webb Space Telescope Campaign Lead
Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems
For more information, please visit: https://give.fit.edu/james-webb-space-telescope
Temporal Frequency Probing for 5D Transient Analysis of Global Light TransportMatthew O'Toole
Temporal Frequency Probing for 5D Transient Analysis of Global Light Transport
Matthew O'Toole, Felix Heide, Lei Xiao, Matthias B. Hullin, Wolfgang Heidrich, and Kiriakos N. Kutulakos. ACM SIGGRAPH, 2014.
Abstract:
We analyze light propagation in an unknown scene using projectors and cameras that operate at transient timescales. In this new photography regime, the projector emits a spatio-temporal 3D signal and the camera receives a transformed version of it, determined by the set of all light transport paths through the scene and the time delays they induce. The underlying 3D-to-3D transformation encodes scene geometry and global transport in great detail, but individual transport components (e.g., direct reflections, inter-reflections, caustics, etc.) are coupled nontrivially in both space and time. To overcome this complexity, we observe that transient light transport is always separable in the temporal frequency domain. This makes it possible to analyze transient transport one temporal frequency at a time by trivially adapting techniques from conventional projector-to-camera transport. We use this idea in a prototype that offers three never-seen-before abilities: (1) acquiring time-of-flight depth images that are robust to general indirect transport, such as inter-reflections and caustics; (2) distinguishing between direct views of objects and their mirror reflection; and (3) using a photonic mixer device to capture sharp, evolving wavefronts of "light-in-flight".
Blake Bullock
James Webb Space Telescope Campaign Lead
Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems
For more information, please visit: https://give.fit.edu/james-webb-space-telescope
The Hubble Space Telescope is a robotic telescope located at the outer edges of the atmosphere, in circular orbit around the Earth. It’s called like that in honor to Edwin Hubble, and it was launched on 24th April 1990.
Reference Guide To The International Space StationSérgio Sacani
The International Space Station is a unique place – a convergence of science, technology and human innovation that demonstrates new technologies and makes research breakthroughs not possible on Earth.
It is a microgravity laboratory in which an international crew of six people live and work while traveling at a speed of five miles per second, orbiting Earth every 90 minutes.
The space station has been continuously occupied since November 2000. In that time, more than 200 people from 15 countries have visited.
Crew members spend about 35 hours each week conducting research in many disciplines to advance scientific knowledge in Earth, space, physical, and biological sciences for the benefit of people living on our home planet.
The station facilitates the growth of a robust commercial market in low-Earth orbit, operating as a national laboratory for scientific research and facilitating the development of U.S. commercial cargo and commercial crew space transportation capabilities.
More than an acre of solar arrays provide power to the station, and also make it the next brightest object in the night sky after the moon. You don’t even need a telescope to see it zoom over your house. And we’ll even send you a text message or email alert to let you know when (and where) to look up, spot the station, and wave!
The James Webb Space Telescope is NASA's next flagship mission. Webb will revolutionize astronomy in the infrared like the Hubble Space Telescope has done for the visible portion of the spectrum over the last 22 years. Webb will reveal the story of the formation of the first starts and galaxies, investigate the processes of planet formation, and trace the origins of life.
Prezentare in limba engleza realizata de elevii cls. IXG: Seican Luciana, Lancranjan Giorgiana, Vlad Alina
Prezentare multimedia realizata in cadrul Concursului Stiintific National de Astronomie- editia 2015 "Nicolaus Copernic"
Colegiul National "Horea, Closca si Crisan " Alba Iulia, Jud. Alba
Physics ( human eye and the colourful world).Nikhil Dahiya
ppt on human eye and its structure. shows different parts of the eye . helps the student to learn about the eye more breifly.it is a science ppt which will be helpfull . teachers can also take it in the us for letting the students understand better .
it includes generations and advancement in CT. In generations fifth generation CT is described in detail.
UFC detector, stellar detectors and gemstone detector is also described
straton x-ray tube, MRC, LIMAX and aquillion one xray tube
different techniques used in CT
dual energy CT is also described
The Hubble Space Telescope is a robotic telescope located at the outer edges of the atmosphere, in circular orbit around the Earth. It’s called like that in honor to Edwin Hubble, and it was launched on 24th April 1990.
Reference Guide To The International Space StationSérgio Sacani
The International Space Station is a unique place – a convergence of science, technology and human innovation that demonstrates new technologies and makes research breakthroughs not possible on Earth.
It is a microgravity laboratory in which an international crew of six people live and work while traveling at a speed of five miles per second, orbiting Earth every 90 minutes.
The space station has been continuously occupied since November 2000. In that time, more than 200 people from 15 countries have visited.
Crew members spend about 35 hours each week conducting research in many disciplines to advance scientific knowledge in Earth, space, physical, and biological sciences for the benefit of people living on our home planet.
The station facilitates the growth of a robust commercial market in low-Earth orbit, operating as a national laboratory for scientific research and facilitating the development of U.S. commercial cargo and commercial crew space transportation capabilities.
More than an acre of solar arrays provide power to the station, and also make it the next brightest object in the night sky after the moon. You don’t even need a telescope to see it zoom over your house. And we’ll even send you a text message or email alert to let you know when (and where) to look up, spot the station, and wave!
The James Webb Space Telescope is NASA's next flagship mission. Webb will revolutionize astronomy in the infrared like the Hubble Space Telescope has done for the visible portion of the spectrum over the last 22 years. Webb will reveal the story of the formation of the first starts and galaxies, investigate the processes of planet formation, and trace the origins of life.
Prezentare in limba engleza realizata de elevii cls. IXG: Seican Luciana, Lancranjan Giorgiana, Vlad Alina
Prezentare multimedia realizata in cadrul Concursului Stiintific National de Astronomie- editia 2015 "Nicolaus Copernic"
Colegiul National "Horea, Closca si Crisan " Alba Iulia, Jud. Alba
Physics ( human eye and the colourful world).Nikhil Dahiya
ppt on human eye and its structure. shows different parts of the eye . helps the student to learn about the eye more breifly.it is a science ppt which will be helpfull . teachers can also take it in the us for letting the students understand better .
it includes generations and advancement in CT. In generations fifth generation CT is described in detail.
UFC detector, stellar detectors and gemstone detector is also described
straton x-ray tube, MRC, LIMAX and aquillion one xray tube
different techniques used in CT
dual energy CT is also described
This Presentation can be used by the Students of Engineering who Deals with the Subject Measurement and Instrumentation and use it for Refrence (Anyways you Guys will Copy Paste or Download it) ;) .
X ray crystallography to visualize protein structure.Ritam38
This ppt discusses in detail the process of X ray Crystallography.
Made by the following 3rd year Bs-Ms students of IISER Kolkata:
B Sri Sindhu
Rasiwala Hassan Shabbir
Ritam Samanta
Himanshu Gupta
Sakshi Ajay Shrisath
Aditya Borkar
Diana Denzil Fernandez
Neha Kumari
.Sowmya
Anjali Mohan
Debanjana Mondal
Aanandita Gope
Shruti Santosh Sail
Different types of Nanolithography technique.
Types: Electron beam lithography, Photolithography, electron-beam writing, ion- lithography, X-ray lithography, and related images, concepts and graphical views.
I hope this presentation helpful for you.
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Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
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Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
Draft proposal for concepts for opto memristor and proposed microscope design...M. Faisal Halim
Draft proposal for concepts for opto memristor and proposed microscope design for testing the said optical memristor materials.
The follow up to this is here:
http://www.slideshare.net/faissal.bd/nonthermal-optomagnetic-memristors-and-characterization-by-ultrafast-pump-and-probe-polarimetric-microscopy/v1
Designing a low cost UV-Exposure System for Optical MicrolithographySushenDhali
Designing a low cost (about 52 $) UV-Exposure system for lithography and other UV-ray induced chemical reactions. These slides also describes detail process of photolithography.
1. Ultra-Lightweight Photonic Muscle
Space Telescope
Dr. Joe Ritter
Neoteric Physics Inc.
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
2. Tools
• The advancement of science=f(Tools)
• Tools=f(materials)
• Stone age-2.5 million years
• ended 4500-2000 BC with advent of
metalworking BECAUSE ofBronze age
• 60 years ago Semiconductors, then lasers
• Now Photonics and Meta-materials- New age
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
3. On the subject of tools for science and exploration…
Here is how to build an Inexpensive Giant Telescope
Video
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
4. Photons weigh nothing
Q:Why must even small space telescopes
weigh tons? (or require high mass…)
• A:Telescopes require sub-wavelength figure (shape)
error in order to achieve acceptable Strehl ratios.
• Traditional methods of achieving this require
expensive long grinding, rigid and therefore heavy
mirrors and reaction structures as well as
proportionally expensive spacecraft busses and launch
vehicles.
• Using novel optically controlled molecular actuators
will allow the substitution of optically induced control
for rigidity and mass. (Factor of >>100 Improvement)
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
5. Why develop optically controlled active optics?
Specific goals
• Enable larger apertures 2 reasons : θ~λ/D A=πr2
• Enable factor of 100 reduction in mirror areal density
• Reduce telescope fabrication cost 20x
• Reduce launch mass and costs 10x
Grand Challenges:
Find life, understand formation of universe
exploration of exoplanets….
Other applications:Proprietary content
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6. History-HST Mirror:<8 foot diameter, not active optics
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6
7. HST: one of the greatest tools ever built
M1 Diameter: 94.5 in
(2.4 m)
Weight: 1,825 lb (828 kg)
180kg/m2
$2B
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8. M1:6.5m
m/A:25kg/m2 ?
$8.7B ??
2018 launch???
The Webb telescope
(originally $500M with a
2011 launch)
.Economics and
Risk Mitigation
Next ??
JWST
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9. Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
9
Examples of (scrapped)
potential missions:
Space Interferometry
Mission
Images from NASA
12. Bigger Telescopes –
How?
One route:
HST
SBL
JWST
Past Future
•Segmentation? =Brute force
•Actuation? =Elegant
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
14. How it is done now:
from NASA Advanced Telescope and Observatories Capability
Roadmap. Cost not current:
Mirrors are expensive and slow to make
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
15. How to make an ultra-lightweight mirror:
Tradespace- mirror actuation primer
• REQUIRE :
Optical figure tolerance human hair D/1000
• For glass, Thickness = 1/6 of diameter
• no actuation required (no figure control)
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16. Mirror actuation
• Thickness < 1/6 of diameter, actuation required
This is “Active optics”
• Can be thinner requires more actuators to
maintain shape
• Obvious design trade space limit:
infinitely thin with an infinite number of actuators!
• Can this be done ? Is there a sweet spot?
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17. How Does a Photonic Muscle Work?
The chromophore molecule azo-benzene has two isomer
structures; “Cis” and “Trans”, which can be switched by
using specific wavelengths of light
N N
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
N N
Some Azobenzene moieties undergo Cis-Trans
photoisomerization, a reversible reorganization of
molecular structure induced by light, which is
accompanied by a change in the overall shape and volume
of the molecule.
Induced strain is over 40% !
Forces are pico-newtons/molecule.
18. Thermal
Reverse-Isomerization
Photoisomerization Theory
1 trans
E E
cis
cis trans -
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cis
2 UV Excitation
360 nm
3 Relaxation
p *
1. UV irradiation: p-p*
electronic transition
1. Azo bond order
decreased from 2 to 1
2. Rotation at azo bond in the
excited (photolyzed) state
causes interconversion
between isomers
3. Upon de-excitation, some
molecules are trapped in the
cis conformation
# Predicted by Boltzmann
distribution exp( )
k T
trans
B
-
19. Quantum ab-initio calculations: Shape change
Cis
• Optically actuated
Trans
ΔL = 4Ǻ = 9Ǻ-5Ǻ
When irradiated by the correct wavelength of light or
polarization chromophores in a matrix (polymer, crystal,
or other) can cause movement of the matrix.
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20. Cis-Trans
Photoisomerization
• Excitation Bands are Narrow
– Minimizes ambient light as a control signal
issue
• Without photo-isomerization, molecular
movement is induced only by heating the polymer
above its Tg,
– material shape is stable, shape is reversible
– these materials will work for cold aperture
space optics and ground based adaptive optics
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
21. Control- How It Works:
Orientation & PhotoIsomerization
• Deformation is produced along the polarization direction
of linearly polarized light
• Polarized beams can exploit these traits to produce shape
changes in 3 dimensions in a deformable mirror
• Color/polarization switch state
Use:
• to compensate for errors in primary mirror figure due to
processing (or using a membrane)
• to damp out oscillations caused by telescope repointing
and environmental perturbations
• to induce controlled deformations in AO systems used to
correct wavefront aberrations induced by atmospheric
propagation
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22. Density Functional Theory Calculations/Modeling
Using quantum ab-initio techniques obtained optimized geometries
for both the cis and trans isomers. Trying to understand the potential
energy surface and how it is perturbed to cause motion…
In both cases the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) is a non-bonding
orbital located on the nitrogen atoms and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
(LUMO) is a π * orbital located on the benzene rings.
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
26. A Helium Cadmium laser was used to
illuminate samples with linearly
polarized Light.
Diverger reduced beam power so we
would not melt samples.
Polarization analyzer ensured pure
linearly polarized light
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
26
Proof of concept successful:
A ½ wave plate (optical retarder) was
used to rotate the polarization direction
of linear polarized light actuating the
sample.
CMOS camera digitized the live video
Various test samples were illuminated
Realtime
Result:
27. Best Material So Far
Proprietary content
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
28. Functional Characteristics- Proof of Concept
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28
Photonic Muscle Membrane Actuation with left IFA sample HeCd
Laser (>3000 microns)
• The laser-induced figure variations include;
• A set and forget polymer (zero power consumption mode)
• Reversible bi-directional bending of the polymer by switching the
polarization of the beam in orthogonal directions
• Large deformation range, over 140 slope of deformation
• demonstrated micron scale control
• High speed of photoinduced deformations (1000 microns/second)
• Stability for weeks
The large photomechanical effect is obtained in thin polymers (10-50
μm thick) and is controlled with low power radiation (~0.1 W/cm2).
29. Shape needed for feedback: Shack Hartmann Sensor
x
kx Mf (x, y)
is the Relation between displacement of Hartmann spots and slope
of wavefront where:
k = 2p/l
x = lateral displacement of a subaperture image
M = ftelescope / fcollimator is the demagnification of the system
f = focal length of the lenslets in the lenslet array
(x,y) is the incoming wavefront
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30. Shack Hartmann Demo
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31. Old Mark 1 control system
Laser
Laser
Beam
Expander
Beam
Expander
Phase and Amplitude
Spatial Light
Modulators
Beam
Expander
Diagnostic Laser
CCD
Laser Line
Bandpass
Shack
Hartmann
Sensor
Beam
Expander
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
Beam
Expander
Removable λ/20
reference flat
I Ф
12 mm
TEST
MIRROR
7 mm
Diverger
Null
Corrector
32. Mirror Geometry Results:
Polarized Illumination Controls the Shape
Polarized Unpolarized
In addition to large motion for control of dynamics
we are also studying micron scale control authority
Here polarized illumination selectively flattens the
sample when properly illuminated
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
33. It has been suggested
that (redacted
Proprietary content)
would work for large
ground based
telescopes
so I attempted a crude
quick measurement.
Scale precision of 0.0001
grams
Viability?
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
34. A new look at an old material
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35. Crude test of (Proprietary content)
without molecular alignment
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
36. Large telescope: PMT Actuation System
Polarization and
Amplitude
Modulators
Semiconductor
Laser
Beam
Expander
I Ф
Active
Membrane
Mirror
Scanning
Galvanometer
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
37. I needed a
Phase I PMTVDT
Versatile
Development
Test bed
computer control of
•beam polarization
•beam power
•beam pointing (2 axis scan galvo )
•new custom software for controlling the above
simultaneously
• low level and high level interfacing routines
•special software to generate calibration tables to control
these parameters precisely
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38. Since Jan report:
New Testbed, Mark 2 Control System
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39. PMTVDT Target array
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
41. Other Software Development
Shack Hartman feedback
Close the loop !
In progress
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42. Polarization Modulation
Orientation of liquid crystals varies with applied AC square wave
peak to peak voltage, rotates electric field (Polarization)
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
43. Polarization Modulation
Calibration software hardware and data
Calibration as variable attenuator now, next at 45 , then
retardance δ is simply given by : T(δ )=Tmax* (1-cos(δ ))/2
LCVR
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44. PMTVDT Software Development - Calibrations
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
45. Polarization Modulation
Polarization rotation under computer control
Video
Modulation of the square wave P-P voltage rotates
liquid crystal to rotate the photons electric field
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
46. Laser Power Modulation
Calibration software hardware and data
Target Array
Polarization
Mirror
Photometer
Beam
Dump
Galvo
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
47. Laser Power Modulation Demo
Galvo
Photometer
Video
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
48. Scanning and Beam Control Modules
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
50. Beam position
servo controlled ortho
scanning galvanometer
Video
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
51. Viability: Yes Realistic approach: Yes
• In my solution, mirrors are as thick as saran wrap, and
every molecule is a laser powered nanoactuator.
• The concept has been demonstrated
• The substrates are 1/2000 the areal density of the
Hubble Space Telescope!
• Mirror and spacecraft bus are all proportionally
cheaper
• Inexpensive space telescopes are feasible!
• Giant Mirrors and interferometers will
be possible- think the size of a football
field, not a human.
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
52. Next steps…
Require further study of
• Control authority
• Control system loop
• O1 and UV resistance
• Scaling
• Complex powered optics
• Design trade-space of
actual design-Off axis?
• Packing ratio
• 0.5, 1, 2 4, 8 meters
• Funding venues
• Launch
Programmatic benefits
• Cost
• Risk mitigation
• Resolution
• Cheaper than TMT
Mission contexts
• Any large aperture
• Cheap NIAC based NST
• SIM TPF etc.
• Multi use system-….
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
53. New mission concepts
SS
STP
Photon
drive
Multimode propulsion+ Imaging,
Power generation, LD Comm dish…
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
54. We are ready to accelerate development now
One Goal: Make a 6 meter diameter active mirror
that Weighs 6 kilograms not 600 kilos
Costing <1% of current technology
Toroidal
support
OD - 7.3 m
ID - 6.1 m
Same size as
NASA JWST
Telescope
Cast Seamless CP2 Polyimide Film
52 microns Thick, 3.6-Meter Diameter
Only 80 grams/m2
Design to fit in a
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved
backpack
(or small satellite)?
This is not far off
55. Thank you
to
NIAC/OCT
Photons weigh nothing…
Why must space
telescopes have high
mass? They do not!
Dr. Joe Ritter
Art Credit Ariel Amato
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com
Joe.Ritter@yahoo.com copyright Joe Ritter 2012 All rights reserved