This document discusses potential future technologies for machine-to-machine (m2m) communications over cellular networks. It predicts that over 20 billion devices will be wirelessly connected by 2020 as part of the Internet of Things. Existing cellular technologies do not fully meet the needs of the mass IoT market, which requires ubiquitous connectivity, deep indoor coverage, very low-cost devices, and long battery life. The document proposes two options for a new cellular IoT technology: 1) evolving LTE to better support IoT needs or 2) developing a dedicated new radio access technology optimized for IoT. Either approach would need to provide the key characteristics of using licensed spectrum, supporting low-cost devices, very low power consumption, small pay
A fresh approach to remote IoT connectivity | by Podsystem Kira Ugai
There are a huge number of IoT devices, often roaming across countries and continents, that are located outside urban areas.
This poses significant challenges to both the design and connectivity of the device, the biggest concern being that there is no room for error, as troubleshooting and maintenance of remote and roaming devices is complicated and costly.
As part of the Internet Of Things North America conference in Chicago Illinois (April 13th – 14th 2016), Podsystem Inc. CEO Sam Colley will be presenting ‘A Fresh Approach to Remote IoT Connectivity’ at 11:30 on April 14th.
Sam will address the challenges faced by remote IoT applications developers and discuss ways of overcoming them.
His presentation is centered around an infographic which outlines the main issues involved in developing remote IoT applications and explains how to make the correct choices in terms of device design, connectivity and future proofing to prolong the lifespan of the application and avoid costly mistakes.
Our infographic “A Fresh Approach to remote IoT Connectivity” has been designed to provide IoT applications developers – particularly those focused on remote, roaming and mission critical applications – with information and advice on connectivity options, device design and future-proofing to prolong the lifespan of the application and avoid costly mistakes.
White Paper: Understanding the Networked Society – new logics for an age of e...Ericsson
Technology has the potential to transform how we organize our lives, businesses and societies. But if the era we are now entering is to be more inclusive, equitable and empowering, we must start by examining the fundamentally different nature of a physical world fueled by digital connectivity.
A fresh approach to remote IoT connectivity | by Podsystem Kira Ugai
There are a huge number of IoT devices, often roaming across countries and continents, that are located outside urban areas.
This poses significant challenges to both the design and connectivity of the device, the biggest concern being that there is no room for error, as troubleshooting and maintenance of remote and roaming devices is complicated and costly.
As part of the Internet Of Things North America conference in Chicago Illinois (April 13th – 14th 2016), Podsystem Inc. CEO Sam Colley will be presenting ‘A Fresh Approach to Remote IoT Connectivity’ at 11:30 on April 14th.
Sam will address the challenges faced by remote IoT applications developers and discuss ways of overcoming them.
His presentation is centered around an infographic which outlines the main issues involved in developing remote IoT applications and explains how to make the correct choices in terms of device design, connectivity and future proofing to prolong the lifespan of the application and avoid costly mistakes.
Our infographic “A Fresh Approach to remote IoT Connectivity” has been designed to provide IoT applications developers – particularly those focused on remote, roaming and mission critical applications – with information and advice on connectivity options, device design and future-proofing to prolong the lifespan of the application and avoid costly mistakes.
White Paper: Understanding the Networked Society – new logics for an age of e...Ericsson
Technology has the potential to transform how we organize our lives, businesses and societies. But if the era we are now entering is to be more inclusive, equitable and empowering, we must start by examining the fundamentally different nature of a physical world fueled by digital connectivity.
Ericsson Technology Review: Flexibility in 5G transport networks: the key to ...Ericsson
http://www.ericsson.com/thecompany/our_publications/ericsson_technology_review
The more people have been able to achieve while on the move, the more dependent society has become on mobile broadband networks. As applications like self-driving vehicles and remotely operated machinery evolve, become more innovative, and more widespread, the level of performance that 5G networks need to deliver will inevitably rise. Keeping pace with ever-increasing demand calls for greater flexibility in all parts of the network, which in turn requires tight integration between 5G radio, transport networks, and cloud infrastructures.
Enabling a Big Vision for 5G with Small Cells - CyientPercy-Mitchell
5G promises to transform the way we live and work, offering extremely low latency of less than 10 milliseconds coupled with ultra-high-speed broadband networks. And small cells are an indispensable component of next-generation networks
6G INTERNET - "Connecting Communities"
6G is an internet service provider positioned at the forefront of the digital revolution.
Using new, future-proof technologies, we supply superfast broadband services to the UK’s commercial and residential consumer markets.
Governed by Ofcom and adhering to the broadband industry’s code of practice, 6G’s unique network is constructed of wired and radio telecommunications that permit greater access, scalability and the rapid deployment of internet solutions from the single residential user to1000 + enterprise level users.
Fuelling innovation, we invest one third of our profits back into our R&D programme to ensure that our products and services remain ever-evolving within the telecommunications playing field.
Working with local councils, chambers of commerce and social housing providers, 6G Business is an active supporter of the government’s digital inclusion strategy and is an accredited partner of the Super Connected Cities voucher scheme for businesses.
Website: https://6gdsi.co.uk/
Read on to find out how 6G is committed to delivering digital inclusion in the real world
How three wireless technologies will soon ignite the edge computing revolutionAbaram Network Solutions
Raimundo, who is the chief information officer for the town of Cary, North Carolina, believes high-quality live streams will redefine the way responders, caregivers and law enforcement authorities manage crises. Police departments across a region will be able to assess an emergency and dispatch officers accordingly. Doctors and nurses will diagnose injuries via high-definition video before patients reach the emergency room. Traffic control systems will automatically adjust stoplights and re-route traffic to speed emergency vehicles on their way.
5G-Enabled Personal Computers Competitive Intelligence Report Netscribes
A deep dive competitive analysis of the top manufacturers of 5G-enabled PCs and how they stack up
To purchase the full report, write to us at info@netscribes.com
https://www.netscribes.com/subscriptions/5g/5g-enabled-personal-computers-competitive-intelligence-report/
The fifth generation (5G) technologies ushering in a new era of digital transformation across industries. With the promise of extreme bandwidth ( nearly 100 times faster than 4G),
ultra-low latency, high levels of security and reliability, 5G holds the promise to transform industries in ways we’re just
beginning to comprehend. The 5G technologies will change the way we connect, consume information and work. More importantly, it brings new capabilities to businesses, enabling them to deliver ground breaking solutions that reach across societies. This whitepaper provides a brief discussion on 5G technologies and importance of precise synchronization to enable 5G technologies for business transformation.
Wireless communication technology takes a leap about every ten years, and every generation has fundamentally changed the world. For the next-generation 5G communications technology, the industry's more consistent goal is to achieve commercial deployment in 2020. In 2015, the global development of 5G technology entered a crucial period for technical R&D and standardization preparation. It has completed the key content of the 5th generation of mobile communication naming, vision, and timetable, and initiated the 5G standard before this year. Compared to previous generations of networks, 5G will play a bigger role - create a connection framework for everything.
Ericsson Technology Review: The future of cloud computing: Highly distributed...Ericsson
The growing interest in cloud computing scenarios that incorporate both distributed computing capabilities and heterogeneous hardware presents a significant opportunity for network operators. With a vast distributed system (the telco network) already in place, the telecom industry has a significant advantage in the transition toward distributed cloud computing.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explores the future of cloud computing from the perspective of network operators, examining how they can best manage the complexity of future cloud deployments and overcome the technical challenges. Redefining cloud to expose and optimize the use of heterogeneous resources is not straightforward, but we are confident that our use cases and proof points validate our approach and will gain traction both in the telecommunications community and beyond.
Iot basics & evolution of 3 gpp technolgies for iot connectivityKAILASH CHAUHAN
#IOT BASICS & EVOLUTION OF 3GPP TECHNOLOGIES FOR IOT CONNECTIVITY
#IOT-Internet of Things Handbook
#Cellular NW for Massive IOT
#LTE_Evolution_for_IoT_Connectivity
A Fresh Approach to Remote IoT ConnectivityPodsystem M2M
Our infographic “A Fresh Approach to remote IoT Connectivity” has been designed to provide IoT applications developers – particularly those focused on remote, roaming and mission critical applications – with information and advice on connectivity options, device design and future-proofing to prolong the lifespan of the application and avoid costly mistakes.
5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G pushed over a VOIP-enabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data transmission never experienced before.5G technology is offering the services in Product Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc. As the customer becomes more and more aware of the mobile phone technology, he or she will look for a decent package all together, including all the advanced features a cellular phone can have. Hence the search for new technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to out innovate their competitors. Recently apple has produced shivers all around the electronic world by launching its new handset, the I-phone. Features that are getting embedded in such a small piece of electronics are huge.
Ericsson Technology Review: Flexibility in 5G transport networks: the key to ...Ericsson
http://www.ericsson.com/thecompany/our_publications/ericsson_technology_review
The more people have been able to achieve while on the move, the more dependent society has become on mobile broadband networks. As applications like self-driving vehicles and remotely operated machinery evolve, become more innovative, and more widespread, the level of performance that 5G networks need to deliver will inevitably rise. Keeping pace with ever-increasing demand calls for greater flexibility in all parts of the network, which in turn requires tight integration between 5G radio, transport networks, and cloud infrastructures.
Enabling a Big Vision for 5G with Small Cells - CyientPercy-Mitchell
5G promises to transform the way we live and work, offering extremely low latency of less than 10 milliseconds coupled with ultra-high-speed broadband networks. And small cells are an indispensable component of next-generation networks
6G INTERNET - "Connecting Communities"
6G is an internet service provider positioned at the forefront of the digital revolution.
Using new, future-proof technologies, we supply superfast broadband services to the UK’s commercial and residential consumer markets.
Governed by Ofcom and adhering to the broadband industry’s code of practice, 6G’s unique network is constructed of wired and radio telecommunications that permit greater access, scalability and the rapid deployment of internet solutions from the single residential user to1000 + enterprise level users.
Fuelling innovation, we invest one third of our profits back into our R&D programme to ensure that our products and services remain ever-evolving within the telecommunications playing field.
Working with local councils, chambers of commerce and social housing providers, 6G Business is an active supporter of the government’s digital inclusion strategy and is an accredited partner of the Super Connected Cities voucher scheme for businesses.
Website: https://6gdsi.co.uk/
Read on to find out how 6G is committed to delivering digital inclusion in the real world
How three wireless technologies will soon ignite the edge computing revolutionAbaram Network Solutions
Raimundo, who is the chief information officer for the town of Cary, North Carolina, believes high-quality live streams will redefine the way responders, caregivers and law enforcement authorities manage crises. Police departments across a region will be able to assess an emergency and dispatch officers accordingly. Doctors and nurses will diagnose injuries via high-definition video before patients reach the emergency room. Traffic control systems will automatically adjust stoplights and re-route traffic to speed emergency vehicles on their way.
5G-Enabled Personal Computers Competitive Intelligence Report Netscribes
A deep dive competitive analysis of the top manufacturers of 5G-enabled PCs and how they stack up
To purchase the full report, write to us at info@netscribes.com
https://www.netscribes.com/subscriptions/5g/5g-enabled-personal-computers-competitive-intelligence-report/
The fifth generation (5G) technologies ushering in a new era of digital transformation across industries. With the promise of extreme bandwidth ( nearly 100 times faster than 4G),
ultra-low latency, high levels of security and reliability, 5G holds the promise to transform industries in ways we’re just
beginning to comprehend. The 5G technologies will change the way we connect, consume information and work. More importantly, it brings new capabilities to businesses, enabling them to deliver ground breaking solutions that reach across societies. This whitepaper provides a brief discussion on 5G technologies and importance of precise synchronization to enable 5G technologies for business transformation.
Wireless communication technology takes a leap about every ten years, and every generation has fundamentally changed the world. For the next-generation 5G communications technology, the industry's more consistent goal is to achieve commercial deployment in 2020. In 2015, the global development of 5G technology entered a crucial period for technical R&D and standardization preparation. It has completed the key content of the 5th generation of mobile communication naming, vision, and timetable, and initiated the 5G standard before this year. Compared to previous generations of networks, 5G will play a bigger role - create a connection framework for everything.
Ericsson Technology Review: The future of cloud computing: Highly distributed...Ericsson
The growing interest in cloud computing scenarios that incorporate both distributed computing capabilities and heterogeneous hardware presents a significant opportunity for network operators. With a vast distributed system (the telco network) already in place, the telecom industry has a significant advantage in the transition toward distributed cloud computing.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explores the future of cloud computing from the perspective of network operators, examining how they can best manage the complexity of future cloud deployments and overcome the technical challenges. Redefining cloud to expose and optimize the use of heterogeneous resources is not straightforward, but we are confident that our use cases and proof points validate our approach and will gain traction both in the telecommunications community and beyond.
Iot basics & evolution of 3 gpp technolgies for iot connectivityKAILASH CHAUHAN
#IOT BASICS & EVOLUTION OF 3GPP TECHNOLOGIES FOR IOT CONNECTIVITY
#IOT-Internet of Things Handbook
#Cellular NW for Massive IOT
#LTE_Evolution_for_IoT_Connectivity
A Fresh Approach to Remote IoT ConnectivityPodsystem M2M
Our infographic “A Fresh Approach to remote IoT Connectivity” has been designed to provide IoT applications developers – particularly those focused on remote, roaming and mission critical applications – with information and advice on connectivity options, device design and future-proofing to prolong the lifespan of the application and avoid costly mistakes.
5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G pushed over a VOIP-enabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data transmission never experienced before.5G technology is offering the services in Product Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc. As the customer becomes more and more aware of the mobile phone technology, he or she will look for a decent package all together, including all the advanced features a cellular phone can have. Hence the search for new technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to out innovate their competitors. Recently apple has produced shivers all around the electronic world by launching its new handset, the I-phone. Features that are getting embedded in such a small piece of electronics are huge.
A fresh approach to remote IoT Connectivity by Podsystempodsystem1
There are a huge number of IoT devices, often roaming across countries and continents, that are located outside urban areas.
This poses significant challenges to both the design and connectivity of the device, the biggest concern being that there is no room for error, as troubleshooting and maintenance of remote and roaming devices is complicated and costly.
As part of the Internet of Things North America conference in Chicago Illinois (April 13th – 14th 2016), Podsystem Inc. CEO Sam Colley will be presenting ‘A Fresh Approach to Remote IoT Connectivity’ at 11:30 on April 14th.
Sam will address the challenges faced by remote IoT applications developers and discuss ways of overcoming them.
His presentation is centered around an infographic which outlines the main issues involved in developing remote IoT applications and explains how to make the correct choices in terms of device design, connectivity and future proofing to prolong the lifespan of the application and avoid costly mistakes.
5G wireless networks will support 1,000-fold gains
in capacity, connections for at least 100 billion
devices, and a 10 Gb/s individual user experience
capable of extremely low latency and response times.
Deployment of these networks will emerge between
2020 and 2030.
HOW TO CHOOSE BETWEEN LTE-M AND
NB-IOT FOR GLOBAL DEPLOYMENTS. LTE-M AND NB-IOT TECHNOLOGIES - INCREASED
BATTERY LIFE, ENHANCED COVERAGE AND SIMPLIFIED
HARDWARE
We have seen all the mobile broadband technologies like 1G, 2G, 3G and most recent 4G and upcoming is 5G. And they were very successful and motivated by the need to meet the requirement of the mobile users.
Future European society and economy will strongly rely on 5G infrastructure.
The impact will go far beyond existing wireless access networks with the aim for communication services, reachable everywhere, all the time, and faster. 5G is an opportunity for the European ICT sector which is already well positioned in the global R&D race. 5G technologies will be adopted and deployed globally in alignment with developed and emerging markets’ needs.
The cellular IoT is a method of connecting physical devices (sensors, etc.) to the Internet, and transmits physical devices (sensors, etc.) on the same mobile network as smartphones. With its simple infrastructure and the advent of 5G, the Cellular IoT has become a strong participant in the field of connectivity.
The cellular network connects your iPhone to WeChat, Weibo, and Douyin and spreads your voice in the air. But the days of just wanting to connect with friends and family are gone.
Now you can also see the value of connecting with surrounding physical objects such as street lights, parking fee systems, hospitals that occupy everyday urban life, or myriad industrial applications (such as manufacturing and agriculture). All of these can strengthen the connection. ..
Ericsson predicts that the total number of connected IoT devices will exceed 20 billion in 2023. Specifically, the number of IoT devices connected via LTE and 5G exceeds 3.5 billion, mainly in China and Northeast Asia.
5G for Sweden; a program to boost the competitiveness of Swedish industry. Presentation at the annual FFI conference November 2015 at Berns Salonger in Stockholm.
Technologies for the Internet of ThingsBjörn Ekelund
Internet of things is one of the pillars of Ericsson's Networked Society vision. Internet of things is becoming a reality here and now driven by a number of business and technology factors. This presentation discuss key technologies that will enable and drive the Internet of Things.
Disruption is a natural part of all product and technology life cycles. This presentation touches on the general nature of disruptions and more specifically, on the recent mobile phone/smartphone disruption. This presentation was first held at the Tolpagorni Market Insight Conference in Stockholm, November 2014.
The Transformation of Life, Universe and EverythingBjörn Ekelund
Our planet is facing a transformation bigger than the introduction of railways, electricity or even the internet. Over the coming decade, ICT will transform public as well as private sectors and have fundamental impact on our daily lives. It will change manufacturing, services, health and transport. In the future, everything that benefits from being connected, will be. However, the "internet of things" is only one part of this transformation. In Ericsson we call this new reality the Networked Society. Countries, regions and companies embracing it already today will thrive and stand out from those who don't. With its concentration of creative innovators, incubators, universities, research institutes, and seasoned entrepreneurs, Skåne is in a unique position to take a lead.
Björn Ekelund at the annual ELLIIT Workshop 2013Björn Ekelund
ICT and distributed cloud technology is vital for Europe and Sweden. Software and communications will affect every industry and every public sector in the coming decade.
In recent media, much attention has been paid to the battery life of VoLTE enabled LTE
phones in comparison to existing 2G and 3G circuit switched telephony. This white paper
aims to address the confusion and uncertainty around the topic and demonstrate the true
potential of VoLTE.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
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The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3
Cellular Internet of Things white paper
1. 2014-3-28 Page 1 of 16
A Choice of Future m2m Access Technologies for
Mobile Network Operators
Contributors:
Alcatel Lucent Sony
Ericsson TU Dresden
Huawei u-blox
Neul Verizon Wireless
NSN Vodafone
2. 2014-3-28 Page 2 of 16
Executive Summary
It is predicted that by the early years of the next decade over 20 billion devices will be wirelessly
connected in the Internet of Things (IoT). Many of these will use short-range wireless systems such
as Bluetooth Smart, Wi-Fi or Zigbee, but, if so, they will depend on some private infrastructure being
in-place, accessible and reliable. A ubiquitous public cellular network that was easy to use, penetrated
deeply into almost all locations, and allowed for truly low-cost/low-energy devices capable of
operating for years on a small battery, would be of enormous benefit. It would serve many existing
machine-to-machine (m2m) applications such as metering, remote sensing, and telemetry; but more
importantly would fuel the rapid development of the mass Internet of Things market by providing
reliable and accessible connectivity for even the most low-cost/low-energy device. It would be a
platform for substantial revenue growth for mobile network operators globally.
Today’s cellular networks have a few shortcomings in relation to the new demands from IoT. Whilst
existing cellular technologies give in-building service they do not provide sufficiently deep coverage
for some m2m applications such as metering. No current cellular technology (Rel-11 and earlier) can
support very long terminal operating life on a small battery. Today, cellular GSM/GPRS comes
closest to serving this market but does not sufficiently provide all characteristics of the ubiquitous
cellular network for IoT. LTE, the latest cellular radio access technology, has been designed from the
ground up to provide efficient mobile broadband data communications. Both LTE and UMTS/HSPA
devices in their current forms are significantly more expensive than GSM/GPRS.
This White Paper discusses two alternative approaches to address these concerns: an evolution of LTE;
or the development of a dedicated new radio access technology. Either approach must combine the
following characteristics:
• Use licensed spectrum to allow controlled quality of service and provide global coverage,
ideally over existing cellular bands using existing sites, transceivers and antennas
• Support deep coverage for low-rate services into highly-shadowed locations such as
basements, meter closets, manholes and even under ground
• Support low-cost devices that could even be disposable.
• Provide an adapted IPR licensing regime based on the FRAND principles and reflecting the
reduced functionality that the new standard will provide for the specific M2M market (low
cost, high volume).
• Support very low device energy consumption allowing devices to operate for a decade or
more on small primary batteries without recharging
• Optimized for small payloads, as needed for remote monitoring and control applications with
low signalling and control overhead
• Deployable as extensions in GSM/GPRS, UMTS/HSPA or LTE networks.
The purpose of this paper is to share across the industry a vision of how a low-cost m2m solution
could be developed, either as an integrated part of or a complement to the evolution of current cellular
3. 2014-3-28 Page 3 of 16
technology. This would allow operators to provide connectivity for all sorts of devices in the future in
the mass Internet of Things (IoT) market.
4. 2014-3-28 Page 4 of 16
Contents
Executive Summary..............................................................................................................................................2
1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................................5
2 Industry trend and standards progress......................................................................................................8
3 Cellular IoT technology overview.............................................................................................................10
4 Modem Costs ..............................................................................................................................................13
5 Conclusions and recommendations...........................................................................................................13
References ...........................................................................................................................................................16
5. 2014-3-28 Page 5 of 16
1 Introduction
Machine-to-Machine (m2m) communications has been one of the more successful growth stories for
cellular network operators in recent years, with annual growth in the region of 30% and around 200
million1
global network connections by end 2013.
As new applications take advantage of low cost connectivity to large numbers of sensors and
controllers, new services are being generated which provide exciting and revenue-generating
opportunities to improve our lives and businesses and further optimize the use of valuable natural and
human resources. These opportunities are at the heart of the mass Internet of Things explosion; they
are necessarily and rapidly changing the shape of the m2m market.
Already the ratio of connected Things to People on the planet has reached almost 2.0, with Cisco
estimating there were 8.7 billion connected Things at end-2012 and 10.8 billion today2
. The vast
majority of these Things are quite familiar to us - cellphones (6.8 billion in 2012)3
, tablets (0.2 billion
in 2012) and PCs (1.1 billion in 2012, the majority of which are connected)4
. Cisco, NSN5
and
Ericsson6
each believe that the ratio of connected Things:People will rise sharply over the next 5-10
years, perhaps reaching around 7:1 by 2020, meaning there could be as many as 50 billion connected
Things that year. In a similar vein, GSMA7
believes the total figure for connected Things could grow
to 24 billion by 2020 whilst Gartner8
forecasts that number at 30 billion. Those connections will span
automotive, intelligent building, metering, smart city, healthcare and consumer electronics
applications; the exact number is not easy to determine, but all analysts agree it will be huge.
One segment analyst, Machina Research, has constructed a bottom-up projection which aggregates to
15.0 billion connected devices, other than cellphones, PCs and tablets, by 2020, consistent with the
GSMA and Gartner estimates, of which 2.0 billion9
will be connected on cellular m2m networks and
the remaining 13.0 billion will be connected using short-range wireless systems such as Bluetooth
Smart, Wi-Fi or Zigbee. Their analysis identified that a proportion of those connections could be
carried over a wide-area network if it met the requirements of low terminal power, extended coverage,
and low cost. Not only could 5.5 billion of the projected 13.0 billion LAN/PAN connections in 2020
be addressable fully by such a technology but the existence of such a technology could accelerate
additional WAN connections on top, adding a further 5.7 billion connections that same year,
expanding the whole mass IoT connectivity market to over 20 billion.
1
GSMA, “Mobile Operators’ Global M2M Footprint.”
2
Tillman, “Cisco Blog.”
3
Wikipedia, “List of Countries by Number of Mobile Phones in Use.”
4
“How Many Computers in the World?”.
5
Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN), “Cumulocity - The Key to the World of Machine-to-Machine Connectivity.”
6
Ericsson, “More Than 50 BIllion Connected Devices.”
7
GSMA, “Europe Response to the European Commission Public Consultation on the Internet of Things.”
8
Gartner, “IT in 2020: Internet of Things, Digital Business Enthusiasm Abounds.”
9
Machina, “The Global M2M Market in 2013.”
6. 2014-3-28 Page 6 of 16
Identified and included in this total is a large class of new products and services that are very difficult
to develop and roll-out if they depend on a short-range link. If, for example, they depend on
opportunistic Wi-Fi access, it may disappear or access may be hard to engineer; if they depend on
adding Zigbee access points and backhaul links, the business case may vanish. What is needed is a
reliable connection; available "everywhere"; that only needs a low cost radio to access; and has a low
service cost that can be absorbed either in an overall service charge or even in the up-front cost of the
product.
The growing market is already leading to the development and partial roll-out of proprietary or
lightly-standardized systems. Inevitably these operate in various types of licence-exempt spectrum,
such as ISM, SRD or PLMR bands or even TV white space. All such bands allow only limited
transmit power and many are regulated by duty cycle restrictions or listen-before-talk provisions.
Whilst they can be used by a wide variety of products, that also means there is no guarantee of service
availability, coverage, or capacity.
An Internet of Things (IoT) network operating in licensed spectrum offers the best of all worlds: a
much lower cost of connectivity, a true "plug and play" experience, a vastly increased battery life,
robust device authentication and reliable connectivity. This sector is the target of the systems that are
discussed in this report, and will be referred to as the "Cellular IoT" sector.
Many network operators see addressing the Cellular IoT sector as a priority – not as a defensive step
to guard existing m2m revenue streams, although this would be a consequence – but primarily as a
means to build the customer relationship and widen the range of higher-value service layers delivered
to enterprise and consumer users of such a network.
5.5billion
2.0billion
5.7billion
-
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Not appropriate for WAN
7.4 billion in 2020
Market expansion and
acceleration through
WAN solutions with
improved IoT support
Addressable
LAN/PAN connections
with Cellular IoT
GlobalIoTConnections(000s)
7. 2014-3-28 Page 7 of 16
The Industry Challenge
The technology evolution in cellular from 2G to 3G and 4G has delivered enormous spectral
efficiency gains and much improved resource utilization with availability of greater peak data rates
and lower latency. For high-end m2m applications this improved functionality has value, but for
low-end m2m applications, it may add unnecessary cost and complexity to the terminal. It is partially
for this reason that the vast majority of m2m devices are GSM-based, where the cost of a GSM
module in high volume may be around $10, roughly one third of the cost of a m2m dual-band UMTS
3G module, and one quarter that of current LTE (Rel-11 and earlier) m2m modules10
.
The increasing importance of low-end m2m applications has motivated and triggered standardization
activities in 3GPP in order to facilitate development of low-cost m2m devices by stripping them of
functionality which is not required to be supported for many low-end m2m applications. As can be
seen from the proposals in this paper, there is a potential for further evolution in this direction.
For innovators in the IoT market, the challenge is to obtain the connectivity needed to unlock the
potential for connecting billions of devices and develop novel products and services. The operator’s
challenge is therefore how to continue the evolution towards more efficient mobile broadband
platforms supporting billions of smartphones; whilst also providing the connectivity that the IoT
needs.
Requirements
In recognition of this challenge, this paper addresses the Cellular IoT sector identified above.
The requirements for the technology are as follows:
• Use licensed spectrum to allow controlled quality of service and provide global coverage,
ideally over existing cellular bands using existing sites, transceivers and antennas
• Support deep coverage of low-rate services into highly-shadowed locations including
basements, meter closets, manholes and even underground
• Support low-cost devices that can be regarded as disposable.
• Support a very large number of devices per cell
• Provide an adapted IPR licensing regime based on the FRAND principles and reflecting the
reduced functionality that the new standard will provide for the specific M2M market (low
cost, high volume).
• Support very low device energy consumption allowing operation for a decade or more on
small primary batteries
• Optimized for small payloads, as needed for remote monitoring and control applications, with
low signalling and control overhead
• Deployable multiplexed with LTE carriers; in individual GSM sub-carriers or multiple GSM
sub-carriers; in niches created by re-farming GSM; in the guard bands of LTE; or perhaps
also in an LTE physical resource block
10
Machina, “Global M2M Modules Report: Advancing LTE Migration Heralds Massive Change in Global
M2M Modules Market.”
8. 2014-3-28 Page 8 of 16
• Deployable as extensions in GSM/GPRS, UMTS/HSPA or LTE networks.
Scope of this paper
This paper analyses two feasible radio access technology options for Cellular IoT that address the
requirements noted above. The purpose of the analysis is to present options that can be deployed in
licensed cellular spectrum bands and thereby re-use much of the radio and core network infrastructure.
The focus of this paper is the radio access and physical layer; the higher layers and security model are
being worked on too, but are out of scope.
2 Industry trend and standards progress
Positioning Cellular IoT in the Hierarchy of Solutions
Today, most m2m applications use GPRS for wide-area connectivity; in some markets cdma2000 is
also used. HSPA currently has a relatively low penetration for m2m devices, partly as its broadband
capabilities are irrelevant for many m2m applications, though dual-mode m2m devices including
HSPA support are used, for example in situations where the user is concerned about longevity of
GPRS. LTE-based m2m devices are also appearing, still primarily for applications that need
broadband and/or very-low-latency connectivity (security cameras, feedback control in Smart Grid,
etc.).
In addition, there are m2m services relying on other, typically short-range technologies, in some cases
including mesh functionality. But today there is no technology solution providing the combination of
very low cost and deep coverage needed to address the full set of potential Cellular IoT applications.
At the high end, applications will benefit from the data-rate capability of LTE and the associated
high-end device categories. With regards to device cost, in Release 12 LTE a new terminal type
(Category 0) with more limited mandatory capabilities is also introduced, specifically targeting
lower-cost m2m devices that will approach the bill of materials cost associated with GSM. But in
general, there is an area of m2m applications, indicated by the base of the pyramid in the above figure,
9. 2014-3-28 Page 9 of 16
for which there is still room for new technology solutions, solutions that might be a candidate for
Release 13 and beyond.
In markets where 2G, 3G, and 4G are currently available a possible roadmap in technology evolution
may emerge as follows.
Summary
The high level trends, and market opportunity have been described, and the requirements for a
mass-market-potential low-cost/deep-coverage m2m radio access technology have been outlined. The
availability of such a solution, with the ability to operate in licensed spectrum, and reusing existing
cellular network assets, offers a potential technology roadmap for m2m network evolution.
Cellular IoT will
be deployed on
a larger scale
offering an
optimised
solution for ultra
low-cost m2m
connectivity and
deeper
coverage.
2017-2018
4G solutions
based on LTE
Release 12 will
emerge in
greater volume
and terminal
costs will
reduce.
4G becomes
cost-competitive
relative to other
existing cellular
technologies
2015-2016
2G m2m solutions
dominate
3G used to supplement
bespoke solutions.
4G (Rel-9, Cat-3) devices
begin to be used in
relatively small volume,
and for high value
connectivity.
Proprietary wide area
access technologies using
licence-exempt spectrum.
2014
10. 2014-3-28 Page 10 of 16
3 Cellular IoT technology overview
The challenge of delivering cellular IoT could potentially be met in various ways. In this section, two
alternative solution classes will be introduced. Each has various benefits and disadvantages, and
different consequences in terms of the standardization and regulatory routes that could be followed.
Option 1 – based on an evolution from LTE Rel-12
Develop an enhanced Cellular IoT solution based on an evolution of LTE, allowing for
either a stand-alone Cellular IoT carrier, or support for enhanced Cellular IoT multiplexed
with other services such as conventional mobile broadband on the same carrier.
Such a solution would build on the evolution steps11
towards lower device cost, enhanced
coverage and reduced power consumption taken already in LTE Rel-12. Regarding the
transmission bandwidth for the Cellular IoT service of such a solution, there are two possibilities:
- Rely on any of the existing LTE bandwidths, with a cellular IoT device bandwidth of
1.4MHz (option 1a).
- Extend to even lower bandwidth, down to a bandwidth corresponding to a single LTE
resource block (roughly 200 kHz bandwidth) (option 1b)
The reduction of the device bandwidth to 1.4 MHz serves the purpose to reduce the device
complexity and hence the device cost. Reduction of the device bandwidth below 1.4 MHz allows
deployment in very narrow system bandwidths (e.g. 200 kHz).
It should be noted that a narrow-band Cellular IoT device bandwidth does not prevent
co-existence in the same spectrum with mobile-broadband services using a much wider
bandwidth. However, the use of a bandwidth smaller than 1.4 MHz would require the design of
new synchronization signals and channels for system information to be used for/by the Cellular
IoT devices.
The benefits of this approach are
- Less standardization/development effort as the approach would reuse any existing
functionality when applicable (especially option 1a)
- Full spectrum-compatibility with LTE allowing for efficient utilization of existing LTE
spectrum resources
- Smooth migration of GSM spectrum in 200 kHz blocks (option 1b)
An evolution of other cellular technologies such as GSM and UMTS to address the Cellular IoT
requirements could also be considered but this is beyond the scope of this white paper.
11
3GPP, “TR 36.888 Study on Low-Cost Machine Type Comms (MTC).”
11. 2014-3-28 Page 11 of 16
Option 2 – a new radio access technology for Cellular IoT
Develop a new clean-slate radio access solution specifically targeting the Cellular IoT
application.
A solution is proposed that can operate in a narrow 200 kHz spectrum bandwidth and would
specifically target low-rate long-range and low-cost devices with low energy consumption.
The proposal uses half-duplex FDD and single carrier modulation with frequency and time
division multiple access for downlink and uplink. It uses a 15 kHz carrier spacing on the
downlink and an integral division of 15 kHz for the carrier spacing on the uplink (either 3 kHz or
5 kHz), with allowance for uplink channel bonding to provide higher data rates.
The benefit of this clean-slate approach is that the design can be fully optimized for the Cellular
IoT application with no consideration for any legacy functionality. Thus, this approach should
have the potential for driving major benefits e.g. enabling ultra-low cost/low energy devices.
The Cellular IoT carrier could operate in refarmed GSM spectrum. Alternatively/additionally it is
proposed that it can operate within the guardbands of an LTE carrier (the impact on the traffic on
the LTE carrier and adjacent systems is an area being carefully researched and characterized.
Summary
The presented broad options towards offering a solution for Cellular IoT requirements and some of
their benefits and drawbacks are summarized in the table below.
Technology
option
Key characteristics Benefits Drawbacks
1a
Evolution of
Rel-12 using
existing
bandwidth
Operation on a normal
LTE carrier with system
bandwidth 1.4-20 MHz
and 15 kHz sub-carrier
spacing
Further enhancements
for M2M compared to
Rel-12, e.g. reduced RF
receive bandwidth in
the device
Full spectrum
compatibility with
current LTE releases
Lowest
standardization and
development effort
Allowing for
dedicated m2m
carrier as well as
overlay with mobile
broadband services
on same carrier
Less smooth migration
of GSM spectrum
Not fully optimized for
the low-cost/low-energy
use case (benefit of
further optimization
unclear)
1b
Evolution of
Rel-12 using
narrower
Operation on an LTE
carrier with a new
narrow (200 kHz)
system bandwidth and
15 kHz sub-carrier
Full spectrum
compatibility with
current LTE releases
Allowing for
More standardization
and development effort
compared with option 1a
Not fully optimized for
12. 2014-3-28 Page 12 of 16
bandwidth spacing.
Further enhancements
for M2M compared to
Rel-12, e.g. reduced UE
RF bandwidth
dedicated m2m
carrier as well as
overlay with mobile
broadband services
on same carrier
Smooth migration of
GSM spectrum
the low-cost/low-energy
use case (benefit of
further optimization
unclear)
2
Clean-slate, based
on single carrier
using asymmetric
channel spacings
Operation in 200-kHz
bandwidth
Sub carrier spacing of
15 kHz in the downlink
and an integral division
of 15 kHz in the uplink,
typically 3 kHz or 5
kHz, with allowance for
channel bonding on the
uplink
Development effort
can fully focus on
optimization for low
cost/energy
Smooth migration of
GSM spectrum
More standardization
and development effort
compared with option
1b
Limited data rate
scalability
13. 2014-3-28 Page 13 of 16
4 Modem Costs
For this price-sensitive market a key objective is to ensure a competitive cost of the modem:
significantly less than that of GPRS in comparable volumes, and competitive with alternative
proprietary solutions that operate in licence-exempt spectrum.
There are several key contributors to the modem cost:
• Core transceiver and baseband IC, with protocol stack software;
• RF components such as PA, antenna switch (if needed) and antenna;
• External components such as crystal, memory and discrete components for decoupling &
matching and for power management;
• PCB, connectors and screening can.
Depending on design and implementation, power supply components and secure element for
authentication and security could be integrated in a single baseband/transceiver IC or provided
through discrete components.
A final module cost comprises not just the above bill of electronic materials but will include
additional expense associated to manufacturing, assembly and testing, yield loss, swap, packaging,
freight, royalties and OEM margin. Current LTE licensing costs do not take into account the reduced
functionality that the new standard will provide for the specific M2M market. Further optimisation on
licensing costs can therefore be expected and should reflect the specific anticipated dynamics of this
market (low cost, high volume).
Current estimates place the price of an LTE m2m module (Rel-11) around $4012
. The ongoing cost
reduction efforts in Rel-1213
may result in a cost level for LTE based on an electronic bill of materials
that approaches that of GPRS.
For the Cellular IoT market the module price evolution is one of the critical issues; module pricing
should reach the $5 region, and preferably even lower levels in future.
5 Conclusions and recommendations
The opportunity space for Cellular IoT is much larger than that served by today’s mobile market. LTE
is designed to deliver high-peak data rates and spectrum efficiency for smartphones and tablets, and
there is a need to improve the support for devices that are cost-sensitive, tolerant to latency, power
constrained, located in deep shadows, and have small data payloads.
12
Ibid.
13
3GPP, “TR 36.888 Study on Low-Cost Machine Type Comms (MTC).”
14. 2014-3-28 Page 14 of 16
Two broad options exist to address this challenge and potentially open a much greater business
opportunity for mobile network operators by going beyond the improvements introduced in LTE
Release 12. Each has their own advantages and challenges.
In the first case, existing cellular radio access technologies, e.g. LTE, are evolved (potentially within
Release 13) to better suit IoT requirements. This approach offers an evolutionary route using the
established standardization process and regulatory framework but may have to overcome legacy
issues that limit its ability to meet the target cost-point, use spectrum efficiently, achieve low energy
consumption and attain high coverage.
In the second case, a solution optimised according to the specific requirements of Cellular IoT is
proposed. The challenge is that the departure from current LTE technology will require wider industry
support to initiate a new standards activity, and gather regulatory support.
Both options could be deployed in an operator’s licensed spectrum band to deliver improved coverage
and have low complexity in the m2m module which should lead to lower cost. Options 1a and 1b can
be embedded into existing allocated LTE spectrum carriers. Options 1b and 2 can also be deployed in
200-kHz narrowband allocations of spectrum allocations which may operate alongside LTE or arise
from 2G spectrum refarming.
This paper has been written to seek views across the industry, and particularly from mobile network
operators, that have an interest in addressing this market opportunity.
Feedback is requested on the following:
Do you have a preference towards a solution based on an evolution of LTE using existing
physical layer characteristics (Option 1) or a new access solution built specifically for
low-end m2m (Option 2).
15. 2014-3-28 Page 15 of 16
This paper reflects the outcome from an industry working group, intitiated to accelerate the provision
of a 3GPP standardised technology for mass-market, low-cost, low-data rate, low-power, machine to
machine communications with ubiquitous coverage. Further details on each option are available on
request from the members that participated in this working group.
Company Contact name Email Address
Vodafone David Lister david.lister@vodafone.com
Alcatel Lucent Stephan Saur stephan.saur@alcatel-lucent.com
Ericsson Johan Bergman johan.bergman@ericsson.com
Huawei Gaoke Du (Gavin) dugaoke@huawei.com
Neul Stan Boland stan.boland@neul.com
NSN Amitava Ghosh amitava.ghosh@nsn.com
Sony Chris Clifton chris.clifton@eu.sony.com
TU Dresden Prof. Dr. Gerhard Feitweis gerhard.fettweis@vodafone-chair.com
u-blox John Haine john.haine@u-blox.com
Verizon Jeremy Nacer jeremy.nacer@verizonwireless.com
16. 2014-3-28 Page 16 of 16
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