This document is a seminar paper on malaria written by Abubakar Musa Zumoni. It discusses the introduction, epidemiology, prevention, treatment, control measures, and conclusions regarding malaria. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. It affects 300-500 million people annually, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where it is a major cause of death. Prevention methods include insecticide treated nets, indoor residual spraying, and chemoprophylaxis. Treatment differs for uncomplicated and complicated cases, utilizing drugs like chloroquine, mefloquine, and quinine. Controlling mosquito breeding sites and biological controls can help prevent the spread of malaria.

1. A SEMINAR PAPER
BY
ABUBAKAR MUSA ZUMONI
NAS/15/BIO/1016
SUPERVISOR: MR. EDEGBENE A. OVIE
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE, FACULTY OF
NATURALAND APPLIED SCIENCES, SULE LAMIDO
UNIVERSITY KAFIN HAUSA
JANUARY, 2019
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2. INTRODUCTION
 Malaria is an infectious disease caused by
protozoans of the genus Plasmodium. Five
species cause human malaria: Plasmodium
falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium
malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium
knowlesi (James et al., 2010).
 The protozoans are transmitted to humans by
female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles
(Yusif, 2015).
 Some signs and symptoms of the illness are
high fever, chills, headache, anemia, and
splenomegaly. Most serious and fatal
complications are caused by Plasmodium
falciparum (WHO, 2013).
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3. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALARIA
 Yusif, (2015) report that, about 300-500 millions
clinical cases occurs every year worldwide with over
80% occurring in Africa. It was also reported that in
Africa, an estimate of 1 million people die from
malaria each year with 90% of deaths occurring in
Sub-Saharan Africa.
 In Nigeria, Benjamin et al., (2010), estimated that
300,000 deaths occurring each year. In addition, at
least 50% of the population has at least one episode
of malaria annually, while children that are aged less
than 5 years and pregnant women have 2 to 4 attacks
annually. The disease is particularly virulent among
pregnant women and children under 5 years of age,
due to their low levels of immunity.

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4. PREVENTION OF MALARIA
 Preventive measures of malaria are divided into
Personal Protective Measures,
Chemoprophylaxis and Unit Protective Measures
(James et al., 2010).
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES
 Topical repellent
 Permethrin
 Insecticidal Treated Nets (ITNs)
 Mosquito coil
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5. Mosquito coil
Insecticidal Treated Nets (ITNs)
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6. CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS
 Chloroquine
 Mefloquine
 Doxycycline
 Primaquine
 Proguanils
UNIT PROTECTIVE MEASURES
 Displine and training
 Environmental sanitation
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7. MOSQUITOES CONTROL MEASURES
 Biological control
 Elimination of breeding sites
 Insecticides
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8. TREATMENT
TREATMENT OF UNCOMPLICATED MALARIA
Chloroquine
Mefloquine
Halofantrine
Quinine
Doxycycline
Fansider
Coartem
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9. TREATMENT OF COMPLICATED MALARIA
IV THERAPY
 Quinidine gluconate
 Quinine dihydrochloride
ORAL THERAPY
 Mefloquine
 Halofantrine
 Quinine
 Doxycycline
 Fansider
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10. CONCLUSION
 Conclusively there are various options for the
prevention strategies of vector mosquitoes,
which differ in efficiency and input
requirement such as finance, technical
expertise and manpower and community
involvement. When appropriately use each
methods can make a valuable contribution to
the prevention of malaria. With a better
understanding of how mosquitoes breeds and
lives, it will be possible to target prevention
efforts against this public enemy.
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11. RECOMMENDATIONS
 Peoples should use the insecticide treated net
and indoor residual spraying for vectors
prevention.
 Peoples should promptly access to diagnostic
testing of suspected malaria and treatment of
confirmed cases.
 Periodic monitoring and sensitization
program should be done by health workers to
ensure the malaria preventive strategies.
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12. REFERENCES
Benjamin, S.C.U, Obinna E.O, Ogochukwu P.E and Florence T.S.
(2010). Malaria Treatment Service in Nigeria. Journal of Nigeria
Medical Association, 51(3), 10-15.
James, E.L., M.C. and U.S.N (2010). Malaria Prevention and Control.
Journal of Medicine and Surgery, 25(1), 13-26.
Timothy, A. and Abdulhadi B. J. (2015). Prevalence of malaria,
knowledge, attitude and cultural practice of pregnant women.
European Scientific Journal, 10(21), 13-19.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2013). Malaria key facts "www.
medicalnewstoday.com/articles".
Yusif, A.M. (2015), Strategies for Management and Prevention of
Malaria. Kimiyya journal of science and science education, 1(1),
17-25.
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13. THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING
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