The document presents information on using genetically modified mosquitoes to help control diseases spread by mosquitoes like dengue, Zika virus, and chikungunya. It discusses how mosquitoes cause over 700,000 human deaths annually by spreading diseases and how current control methods are not working. The document outlines the process used by Oxitec, a biotech company, to genetically modify mosquitoes so that offspring cannot survive, helping suppress local mosquito populations. Field tests on the Caribbean island of Saba found the release of these mosquitoes results in negligible risks to human health and the environment. The document concludes that new approaches like genetically modified mosquitoes need to be tried to address the serious public health threat posed by disease-spread
This study tested the effects of two commercially available entomopathogenic nematodes used for biological pest control on bumble bees (Bombus terrestris). Both nematode products caused high mortality rates (≥80%) in bees within 96 hours of exposure to soil containing nematodes at the recommended field concentration. Of particular concern, one product containing a mixture of Heterorhabditis and Steinernema nematodes was able to proliferate in the carcasses of dead bees, potentially allowing infection of an entire bee colony or spread into the wider environment. The results suggest entomopathogenic nematodes sold for biological pest control pose a threat to bee populations.
There are four serotypes of the dengue virus that are transmitted to humans by the Aedes mosquito. While dengue fever causes mild illness, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome can be deadly if left untreated. Current control strategies focus on reducing mosquito populations through larvicide use and eliminating breeding sites, but novel biological approaches are being explored including using Wolbachia bacteria to transform mosquito populations or predator copepods. Further research continues into viral genetics and host immunology to better understand disease pathogenesis and identify new treatment targets.
This document provides an overview of genetically modified mosquitoes for vector control. It discusses the mosquito lifecycle and transmission of vector-borne diseases. Methods for vector control include the use of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, which have shown promise in suppressing dengue virus in laboratory and field trials by impairing pathogen development. The document also describes techniques using sterile insects like the sterile insect technique (SIT) and release of insects carrying a dominant lethal gene (RIDL). Field trials on the Cayman Islands demonstrated that Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes can successfully introduce and spread the infection within a native mosquito population. However, more studies are still needed before GM mosquitoes can be effectively used for vector control.
Avian influenza is usually an inapparent or nonclinical
viral infection of wild birds that is caused by a group of
viruses known as type A influenzas. These viruses are maintained in wild birds by fecal-oral routes of transmission. This virus changes rapidly in nature by mixing of its genetic components to form slightly different virus subtypes. Avian influenza is caused by this collection of slightly different viruses rather than by a single virus type. The virus subtypes are identified and classified on the basis of two broad types of antigens, hemagglutinan (H) and neuraminidase (N); 15 H and 9 N antigens have been identified among all of the known type A influenzas.
- The document discusses how human destruction of nature and encroachment on wildlife habitats may be responsible for the emergence of new diseases like Ebola and COVID-19. It describes an Ebola outbreak in a village in Gabon in 1996 that was likely triggered by humans hunting and eating chimpanzees from a nearby forest.
- Researchers now believe that human economic activities like road building, mining, logging and rapid urbanization are bringing people into closer contact with animal species and disrupting ecosystems, allowing viruses to jump from animals to humans. This destruction of biodiversity creates conditions for new pandemics to emerge.
- While diseases have crossed over from animals for centuries, environmental disruption is amplifying the
The document presents information on using genetically modified mosquitoes to help control diseases spread by mosquitoes like dengue, Zika virus, and chikungunya. It discusses how mosquitoes cause over 700,000 human deaths annually by spreading diseases and how current control methods are not working. The document outlines the process used by Oxitec, a biotech company, to genetically modify mosquitoes so that offspring cannot survive, helping suppress local mosquito populations. Field tests on the Caribbean island of Saba found the release of these mosquitoes results in negligible risks to human health and the environment. The document concludes that new approaches like genetically modified mosquitoes need to be tried to address the serious public health threat posed by disease-spread
This study tested the effects of two commercially available entomopathogenic nematodes used for biological pest control on bumble bees (Bombus terrestris). Both nematode products caused high mortality rates (≥80%) in bees within 96 hours of exposure to soil containing nematodes at the recommended field concentration. Of particular concern, one product containing a mixture of Heterorhabditis and Steinernema nematodes was able to proliferate in the carcasses of dead bees, potentially allowing infection of an entire bee colony or spread into the wider environment. The results suggest entomopathogenic nematodes sold for biological pest control pose a threat to bee populations.
There are four serotypes of the dengue virus that are transmitted to humans by the Aedes mosquito. While dengue fever causes mild illness, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome can be deadly if left untreated. Current control strategies focus on reducing mosquito populations through larvicide use and eliminating breeding sites, but novel biological approaches are being explored including using Wolbachia bacteria to transform mosquito populations or predator copepods. Further research continues into viral genetics and host immunology to better understand disease pathogenesis and identify new treatment targets.
This document provides an overview of genetically modified mosquitoes for vector control. It discusses the mosquito lifecycle and transmission of vector-borne diseases. Methods for vector control include the use of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, which have shown promise in suppressing dengue virus in laboratory and field trials by impairing pathogen development. The document also describes techniques using sterile insects like the sterile insect technique (SIT) and release of insects carrying a dominant lethal gene (RIDL). Field trials on the Cayman Islands demonstrated that Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes can successfully introduce and spread the infection within a native mosquito population. However, more studies are still needed before GM mosquitoes can be effectively used for vector control.
Avian influenza is usually an inapparent or nonclinical
viral infection of wild birds that is caused by a group of
viruses known as type A influenzas. These viruses are maintained in wild birds by fecal-oral routes of transmission. This virus changes rapidly in nature by mixing of its genetic components to form slightly different virus subtypes. Avian influenza is caused by this collection of slightly different viruses rather than by a single virus type. The virus subtypes are identified and classified on the basis of two broad types of antigens, hemagglutinan (H) and neuraminidase (N); 15 H and 9 N antigens have been identified among all of the known type A influenzas.
- The document discusses how human destruction of nature and encroachment on wildlife habitats may be responsible for the emergence of new diseases like Ebola and COVID-19. It describes an Ebola outbreak in a village in Gabon in 1996 that was likely triggered by humans hunting and eating chimpanzees from a nearby forest.
- Researchers now believe that human economic activities like road building, mining, logging and rapid urbanization are bringing people into closer contact with animal species and disrupting ecosystems, allowing viruses to jump from animals to humans. This destruction of biodiversity creates conditions for new pandemics to emerge.
- While diseases have crossed over from animals for centuries, environmental disruption is amplifying the
This document discusses the ecology and control of mosquitoes. It notes that over 3,000 mosquito species exist worldwide and breed in various stagnant water sources. Mosquitoes can transmit diseases like malaria, dengue fever, and filariasis to humans and animals. Understanding mosquito ecology, including identifying breeding sites, is important for effective control strategies. Common control methods discussed are insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, larvicides, fish predators, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed. Public education on mosquito biology and reducing contact is also key to controlling mosquito-borne diseases.
Stienstra - Cooperation in public health good for global economyStef Stienstra
The document discusses the benefits of international cooperation in public health to combat infectious diseases in developing countries. It notes that such cooperation is good for the global economy by preventing pandemics and their economic impacts. It provides examples of recent public health crises like Ebola and arguments that more investment in pandemic preparedness through activities like strengthening health systems and coordinating response capabilities can significantly reduce risks to human lives and livelihoods at a relatively low cost compared to reacting to outbreaks. Military resources may also provide valuable support to public health efforts through capabilities in areas like logistics, communications, and mobile medical facilities.
2 ijreh mar-2018-1-evaluation of some insecticidesAI Publications
The present study was planned to test on certain chemical insecticides from different groups such as organophosphates, pyrethroids and Bioinsecticide. Among these compounds two were chemical insecticides (Propetamphos and Cypermethrin), while the third one is Bioinsecticide (Baciloid 5000: Bacillus thuringiensis) against Culex pipiens, the dominant mosquito species in Abha city. Taking LC50 values (concentration which to kill 50% of mosquito larvae) into consideration, mosquito larvae of CX. Pipes against Propetamphos was effective (LC50 0.0162 ppm) against the 3rd instar of the laboratory strain comparing with a field strain which was 0.0442 ppm. At LC90 level, data indicated that Propetamphos (LC90 0.8109 ppm) was effective insecticide against the 3rd instar larvae of laboratory strain, while against field strain gave (LC90 3.31 ppm). Similarly, the results clearly showed that Cypermethrin was also very effective insecticide (LC50 0.0132 ppm) against the adult females against laboratory strain, while against field strain Cypermethrin gave (LC50 0.1192 ppm). On the other hand, the residual activity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis reached from 4 to 20 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in case laboratory strain, while reaching between 6-23 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in case field strain. Mortality percent was also found between 11.7 to 96.8% of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. against laboratory strain in the 1st week, whereas ranged between 0.0 to 70.8% in the 2nd week against the same concentrations finally ranged between 0.0 to 12.7% in the 3rd week. Hence, the field collected larvae of Culex pipens were more susceptible and have prolonged residual effect as compared to laboratory reared.
The document discusses chemical methods for controlling mosquitoes that transmit diseases. It describes commonly used pesticides like malathion, which is an organophosphate adulticide. Resistance to chemicals is a growing problem, so integrated pest management is most effective and includes larviciding, adulticiding, source reduction and public education. The city of Gainesville spends hundreds of thousands of dollars annually on its mosquito control program, which surveys citizens find is working reasonably well.
FLI Seminar on different response strategies: Stamping out or NeutralizationHarm Kiezebrink
During this spring, American poultry producers are losing birds by the millions, due to the High Pathogenic Avian Influenza outbreaks on factory farms. USDA APHIS applied the stamping out strategy in an attempt to prevent the flu from spreading.
With stamping out as the highest priority of the response strategy, large numbers of responders are involved. With in average almost 1 million caged layers per farm in Iowa, there is hardly any room for a proper bio security training for these responders. And existing culling techniques had insufficient capacity, the authorities had to decide to apply drastic techniques like macerating live birds in order to take away the source of virus reproduction.
This strategy didn't work; on the contrary. Instead of slowing down the spreading of the virus, the outbreaks continue to reoccur and have caused death and destruction in 15 USA states, killing almost 50 million birds on mote than 220infected commercial poultry farms, all within a very small time frame.
The question is whether the priority of the response strategy should be on neutralizing the transmission routes instead of on stamping out infections after they occur. All indicators currently point out into the direction that the industry should prioritize on environmental drivers: the connection between outbreaks and wild ducks; wind-mediated transmission; pre-contact probability; on-farm bio security; transmission via rodents etc.
Once the contribution of each transmission route has been determined, a revolutionary new response strategy can be developed based on the principle of neutralizing transmission routes. Neutralizing risks means that fully new techniques need to be developed, based on culling the animals without human – to – animal contact; integrating detergent application into the culling operations; combining culling & disposal into one activity.
This new response strategy will be the main subject of the FLI Animal Welfare and Disease Control Seminar, organized at September 23, 2015 in Celle, Germany
This document summarizes the findings of the Status and Trends of European Pollinators (STEP) Project, which studied the decline of pollinator populations in Europe. The STEP Project found that pollinator declines are being driven by a combination of habitat loss, climate change, diseases, invasive species, and pesticides. It advanced the understanding of trends affecting pollinators and suggested conservation measures. Key recommendations included developing a Red List of European Bees and tools to support pollinator monitoring, assessment and landscape management. The project highlighted the need for coordinated European policy and scientific evidence to safeguard pollinators into the future.
Abstract— There are numerous threats that affect bee populations worldwide such as exposure to pesticides; genetic diversity, poor nutrition and the impact of pathogens. Between them, Ascosphaera apis is the etiological agent of chalkbrood disease that affects honeybees brood. To understand the biology of this pathogen, we revised the phylogeny, morphology, and sexual reproduction. The pathogenesis, closely related to the factors that affect the virulence the A. apis and their interactions with the host, are determinant at moment of developing chalkbood. The honeybee develops several strategies to defend themselves from these pathogens. First, the individual immunity mechanisms such us perithrophic membrane, the microbiota of midgut larvae and the humoral and cellular immunity are the first defense barriers against A. apis. Later, other mechanisms would appear, related to the social immunity, such as their social organization, the polyandry, the hygienic behavior and the social fever, that change the environmental conditions in the bee colony reducing A. apis viability. However, other pathogens such as Nosema spp, Varroa destructor, several viruses, and the presence of pesticides affect the sanitary status of the honeybee allowing the fungus to develop easily. Finally, we describe to our knowledge, the best three natural alternatives that could be studied in order to employ them in field trails.
This document provides an overview of vector control in humanitarian emergencies. It describes the public health importance of vector-borne diseases among displaced populations, characterizes common disease vectors such as mosquitoes and flies, and defines approaches for developing context-appropriate vector control strategies. The document focuses on controlling vectors through methods like indoor residual spraying and larviciding, as well as safely monitoring vector control programs.
This document is a manual published by the World Health Organization in 1997 on vector control methods for use by individuals and communities. It contains 10 chapters that describe the biology, public health importance, and control measures for various disease vectors, including mosquitoes, tsetse flies, triatomine bugs, fleas, lice, ticks, mites, cockroaches, houseflies, freshwater snails, and cyclops. For each vector, the manual provides details on its life cycle, disease transmission, and recommends methods for personal protection as well as community-based control strategies.
This document discusses the impacts of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) on global amphibian populations. Bd is linked to mass die-offs of amphibians on every continent and the decline of over 200 amphibian species. Recent studies indicate that temperature is a key factor regulating the spread of Bd, with an optimal temperature range for growth between 17-23°C. Understanding the relationship between Bd and temperature can help predict outbreaks and guide conservation efforts like prophylactic treatment of at-risk populations.
Review article infectious bronchitis virus variants a review of the history c...mngoher
This document reviews the history of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants worldwide, the current situation, and control measures. It discusses how IBV exists as many different antigenic and genetic types called variants. Variants emerge through mutation and recombination, and some spread widely while others remain localized. The history of variants is reviewed for the USA, Europe, Asia, and Brazil. Vaccination is an important control measure, but the existence of many variants makes vaccination more challenging due to poor cross-protection between variants.
Protection of nature and combating the exploration of wild species to avoid n...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to show how to prevent new pandemics based on the opinion of experts and the stage of research aimed at the development of vaccines to immunize the population against the new Coronavirus based on information on the progress of research on vaccines essential to combat Covid 19. As will be presented in the following paragraphs, humanity will have to make profound changes in its relationship with nature to prevent new pandemics from occurring that threaten its very existence and invest heavily in R&D aimed at developing vaccines to face up to current and new viruses.
The document discusses the biggest threats to global health security, including climate change, noncommunicable diseases, antimicrobial resistance, emerging infectious diseases, bioterrorism, and dual use research. It notes that the world population is now 7 billion compared to 1.5 billion 100 years ago, with more people living in cities and traveling frequently between populations. Emerging diseases often originate from animal sources and are becoming more common due to changes in climate, ecology and human behavior. The growth of antimicrobial resistance could result in millions of deaths annually by 2050 if not addressed. New technologies like genome editing and synthetic biology hold benefits but also risks if misused.
Rotavirus RV is a disease that is extremely spreadable in children whose age ranges between 3'5 years. Rotavirus vaccination RVV is an effective method for combating the diarrhoea disease as rotavirus is the leading cause of diarrhoea worldwide. For fulfilling the aim of reducing the burden of RV caused in children under 5 years for diarrhoea mortality. World Health Organization WHO recommends introducing RVVs worldwide. Globally three RVVs are licensed for local use two monovalent vaccines Rotarix, and Rotavac and a pentavalent vaccine RotaTeq. Safety and efficacy of these vaccines have been proved, however, they require cold chain storage at or below 2oto 8oC before use. In this article, a detailed profile of Rotarix vaccine is being emphasized. Rotavirus Vaccines are in high demand for introduction by many low income countries, but limitations such as price, poor supply and insufficient cold chain capacity at distant delivery points, have restricted their introduction. A. A Bhosale | Dr. V. U Barge "Illustrative Review on Rotavirus Vaccines" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29552.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29552/illustrative-review-on-rotavirus-vaccines/a-a-bhosale
Different environmental drivers of H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birdsHarm Kiezebrink
Different environmental drivers operate on HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe. The probability of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry increases in areas with a higher human population density and a shorter distance to lakes or wetlands.
This reflects areas where the location of farms or trade areas and habitats for wild birds overlap. In wild birds, HPAI H5N1 outbreaks mostly occurred in areas with increased NDVI and lower elevations, which are typically areas where food and shelter for wild birds are available. The association with migratory flyways has also been found in the intra-continental spread of the low pathogenic avian influenza virus in North American wild birds. These different environmental drivers suggest that different spread mechanisms operate.
Disease might spread to poultry via both poultry and wild birds, through direct (via other birds) or indirect (e.g. via contaminated environment) infection. Outbreaks in wild birds are mainly caused by transmission via wild birds alone, through sharing foraging areas or shelters. These findings are in contrast with a previous study, which did not find environmental differences between disease outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe.
Mosquitoes vectors of malaria and their controlnelson oru
Mosquitoes: introduction
There are about 3000 species of mosquito, of which about 100 are vectors of human diseases
Mosquitoes and ticks account for the majority of transmissions of the most important vector-borne diseases, although some close relatives of mosquitoes also get involved, including sand flies and black flies.
Mosquitoes: behavior
Female mosquitoes feed on animals and humans
Attracted by the body odours, carbon dioxide and heat emitted from the animal or person
Some species prefer biting at certain hours, for example at dusk and dawn or in the middle of the night
Feeding usually takes place during the night but daytime biting also occurs
Some species prefer to feed in forests, some outside of houses, others indoors.
Vector surveillance involves the ongoing collection, analysis, and dissemination of mosquito data to inform appropriate public health actions. The key objectives are to monitor mosquito populations and breeding sites to determine infection risk levels and recommend prevention/control measures. Common surveillance methods include adult mosquito collection, pupal surveys, larval surveys, and ovitrapping. Larval surveys inspect water containers to calculate larval indices like House Index, Container Index, and Breteau Index. Analysis of findings considers vector characteristics, community factors, and prioritizes areas for intervention and monitoring based on mosquito density levels. The information benefits various stakeholders for public health decision-making and research.
Presentation by 3. Sabrina Vidaurri, MS, RS; Environmental Health Officer Supervisor, Rodent & Vector Program, Environmental Health Services Division, City of Austin/Travis County Health Department at Lost Creek Civic Organization general meeting on June 2, 2106.
Prepare for and Survive a Pandemic/Biological WarfareBob Mayer
Pandemics are natural occurring-- usually. However, mankind has also used biological warfare since the advent of war. Biological weapons are also a favorite of terrorists and what is on the horizon is truly frightening. Accidents also happen. How do you prepare for and deal with this event?
Cattle Ticks and Risk Factors Related to Tick Infestation of Livestock in Per...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Tick-borne diseases are a global public health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the disease is caused by malaria and many other diseases of viral, parasitic or bacterial origin. This study aimed to identify the bovine tick's species in cattle farms and to determine possible risk factors related to tick infestation in Abidjan district and Azaguié commune. Thus, in July 2019, thirteen (13) herds distributed in these localities were visited for tick sampling and to conduct epidemiological investigations. At each visit, ticks were harvested from 15 cattle per herd. All the farms visited were infested with ticks. 96.92% of sampled animals had ticks. A total of 1796 ticks were collected of which 89.42% (1606) were adults, 10.41% (187) were pupae and 0.17% (3) was larvae. Two species of ticks have been identified, Amblyomma variegatum with 25% of the population and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus with 75%. 96% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species R. (B.) microplus and 56% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species A. variegatum. The co-infestation of cattle by the two identified species was 53%. The distribution of the sexes showed that in the species A. variegatum, males were more numerous (13.44% for males and 8.76% for females). However in the species R. (B.) microplus, females were more numerous (5.08% for males and 62.3% for females).The analysis of risk factors associated with tick infestation in cattle has shown that factors such as Undefined parks, Type of pasture, Training in the use of acaricides and Presence of wild animals contribute to major ectoparasite infestations in cattle. Tick samples collected from peri-urban farms in the district of Abidjan and the locality of Azaguié as part of this study, indicate that the relatively recent introduction of the species Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus presents a threat to animal and human health.
Mason R et al 2013 Journal of Environmental Immunology and ToxicologyHenk Tennekes
This document summarizes research showing that the increasing use of systemic insecticides like neonicotinoids and fipronil has coincided with outbreaks of infectious diseases in pollinators and other wildlife. Recent evidence demonstrates that these insecticides can suppress the immune systems of bees and fish, even at very low levels, increasing their susceptibility to pathogens. While insecticide use has spread globally, environmental authorities have been slow to acknowledge the role of neonicotinoids in driving emerging infectious diseases in ecosystems.
The document discusses National Indoor Toxic Mold Awareness Month and provides information about molds and mycotoxins. It notes that over 200 mold species can be found indoors and outdoors, some of which produce toxic mycotoxins. Exposure to mold spores and mycotoxins can cause various health issues, from skin irritation to respiratory illness to cancer. It is estimated that mold exposure causes 500,000 deaths per year in the U.S. The document provides references and links for additional information.
This document discusses the ecology and control of mosquitoes. It notes that over 3,000 mosquito species exist worldwide and breed in various stagnant water sources. Mosquitoes can transmit diseases like malaria, dengue fever, and filariasis to humans and animals. Understanding mosquito ecology, including identifying breeding sites, is important for effective control strategies. Common control methods discussed are insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, larvicides, fish predators, and eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed. Public education on mosquito biology and reducing contact is also key to controlling mosquito-borne diseases.
Stienstra - Cooperation in public health good for global economyStef Stienstra
The document discusses the benefits of international cooperation in public health to combat infectious diseases in developing countries. It notes that such cooperation is good for the global economy by preventing pandemics and their economic impacts. It provides examples of recent public health crises like Ebola and arguments that more investment in pandemic preparedness through activities like strengthening health systems and coordinating response capabilities can significantly reduce risks to human lives and livelihoods at a relatively low cost compared to reacting to outbreaks. Military resources may also provide valuable support to public health efforts through capabilities in areas like logistics, communications, and mobile medical facilities.
2 ijreh mar-2018-1-evaluation of some insecticidesAI Publications
The present study was planned to test on certain chemical insecticides from different groups such as organophosphates, pyrethroids and Bioinsecticide. Among these compounds two were chemical insecticides (Propetamphos and Cypermethrin), while the third one is Bioinsecticide (Baciloid 5000: Bacillus thuringiensis) against Culex pipiens, the dominant mosquito species in Abha city. Taking LC50 values (concentration which to kill 50% of mosquito larvae) into consideration, mosquito larvae of CX. Pipes against Propetamphos was effective (LC50 0.0162 ppm) against the 3rd instar of the laboratory strain comparing with a field strain which was 0.0442 ppm. At LC90 level, data indicated that Propetamphos (LC90 0.8109 ppm) was effective insecticide against the 3rd instar larvae of laboratory strain, while against field strain gave (LC90 3.31 ppm). Similarly, the results clearly showed that Cypermethrin was also very effective insecticide (LC50 0.0132 ppm) against the adult females against laboratory strain, while against field strain Cypermethrin gave (LC50 0.1192 ppm). On the other hand, the residual activity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis reached from 4 to 20 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in case laboratory strain, while reaching between 6-23 days of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. in case field strain. Mortality percent was also found between 11.7 to 96.8% of concentrations ranged between 0.001 to 100 p.m. against laboratory strain in the 1st week, whereas ranged between 0.0 to 70.8% in the 2nd week against the same concentrations finally ranged between 0.0 to 12.7% in the 3rd week. Hence, the field collected larvae of Culex pipens were more susceptible and have prolonged residual effect as compared to laboratory reared.
The document discusses chemical methods for controlling mosquitoes that transmit diseases. It describes commonly used pesticides like malathion, which is an organophosphate adulticide. Resistance to chemicals is a growing problem, so integrated pest management is most effective and includes larviciding, adulticiding, source reduction and public education. The city of Gainesville spends hundreds of thousands of dollars annually on its mosquito control program, which surveys citizens find is working reasonably well.
FLI Seminar on different response strategies: Stamping out or NeutralizationHarm Kiezebrink
During this spring, American poultry producers are losing birds by the millions, due to the High Pathogenic Avian Influenza outbreaks on factory farms. USDA APHIS applied the stamping out strategy in an attempt to prevent the flu from spreading.
With stamping out as the highest priority of the response strategy, large numbers of responders are involved. With in average almost 1 million caged layers per farm in Iowa, there is hardly any room for a proper bio security training for these responders. And existing culling techniques had insufficient capacity, the authorities had to decide to apply drastic techniques like macerating live birds in order to take away the source of virus reproduction.
This strategy didn't work; on the contrary. Instead of slowing down the spreading of the virus, the outbreaks continue to reoccur and have caused death and destruction in 15 USA states, killing almost 50 million birds on mote than 220infected commercial poultry farms, all within a very small time frame.
The question is whether the priority of the response strategy should be on neutralizing the transmission routes instead of on stamping out infections after they occur. All indicators currently point out into the direction that the industry should prioritize on environmental drivers: the connection between outbreaks and wild ducks; wind-mediated transmission; pre-contact probability; on-farm bio security; transmission via rodents etc.
Once the contribution of each transmission route has been determined, a revolutionary new response strategy can be developed based on the principle of neutralizing transmission routes. Neutralizing risks means that fully new techniques need to be developed, based on culling the animals without human – to – animal contact; integrating detergent application into the culling operations; combining culling & disposal into one activity.
This new response strategy will be the main subject of the FLI Animal Welfare and Disease Control Seminar, organized at September 23, 2015 in Celle, Germany
This document summarizes the findings of the Status and Trends of European Pollinators (STEP) Project, which studied the decline of pollinator populations in Europe. The STEP Project found that pollinator declines are being driven by a combination of habitat loss, climate change, diseases, invasive species, and pesticides. It advanced the understanding of trends affecting pollinators and suggested conservation measures. Key recommendations included developing a Red List of European Bees and tools to support pollinator monitoring, assessment and landscape management. The project highlighted the need for coordinated European policy and scientific evidence to safeguard pollinators into the future.
Abstract— There are numerous threats that affect bee populations worldwide such as exposure to pesticides; genetic diversity, poor nutrition and the impact of pathogens. Between them, Ascosphaera apis is the etiological agent of chalkbrood disease that affects honeybees brood. To understand the biology of this pathogen, we revised the phylogeny, morphology, and sexual reproduction. The pathogenesis, closely related to the factors that affect the virulence the A. apis and their interactions with the host, are determinant at moment of developing chalkbood. The honeybee develops several strategies to defend themselves from these pathogens. First, the individual immunity mechanisms such us perithrophic membrane, the microbiota of midgut larvae and the humoral and cellular immunity are the first defense barriers against A. apis. Later, other mechanisms would appear, related to the social immunity, such as their social organization, the polyandry, the hygienic behavior and the social fever, that change the environmental conditions in the bee colony reducing A. apis viability. However, other pathogens such as Nosema spp, Varroa destructor, several viruses, and the presence of pesticides affect the sanitary status of the honeybee allowing the fungus to develop easily. Finally, we describe to our knowledge, the best three natural alternatives that could be studied in order to employ them in field trails.
This document provides an overview of vector control in humanitarian emergencies. It describes the public health importance of vector-borne diseases among displaced populations, characterizes common disease vectors such as mosquitoes and flies, and defines approaches for developing context-appropriate vector control strategies. The document focuses on controlling vectors through methods like indoor residual spraying and larviciding, as well as safely monitoring vector control programs.
This document is a manual published by the World Health Organization in 1997 on vector control methods for use by individuals and communities. It contains 10 chapters that describe the biology, public health importance, and control measures for various disease vectors, including mosquitoes, tsetse flies, triatomine bugs, fleas, lice, ticks, mites, cockroaches, houseflies, freshwater snails, and cyclops. For each vector, the manual provides details on its life cycle, disease transmission, and recommends methods for personal protection as well as community-based control strategies.
This document discusses the impacts of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) on global amphibian populations. Bd is linked to mass die-offs of amphibians on every continent and the decline of over 200 amphibian species. Recent studies indicate that temperature is a key factor regulating the spread of Bd, with an optimal temperature range for growth between 17-23°C. Understanding the relationship between Bd and temperature can help predict outbreaks and guide conservation efforts like prophylactic treatment of at-risk populations.
Review article infectious bronchitis virus variants a review of the history c...mngoher
This document reviews the history of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants worldwide, the current situation, and control measures. It discusses how IBV exists as many different antigenic and genetic types called variants. Variants emerge through mutation and recombination, and some spread widely while others remain localized. The history of variants is reviewed for the USA, Europe, Asia, and Brazil. Vaccination is an important control measure, but the existence of many variants makes vaccination more challenging due to poor cross-protection between variants.
Protection of nature and combating the exploration of wild species to avoid n...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to show how to prevent new pandemics based on the opinion of experts and the stage of research aimed at the development of vaccines to immunize the population against the new Coronavirus based on information on the progress of research on vaccines essential to combat Covid 19. As will be presented in the following paragraphs, humanity will have to make profound changes in its relationship with nature to prevent new pandemics from occurring that threaten its very existence and invest heavily in R&D aimed at developing vaccines to face up to current and new viruses.
The document discusses the biggest threats to global health security, including climate change, noncommunicable diseases, antimicrobial resistance, emerging infectious diseases, bioterrorism, and dual use research. It notes that the world population is now 7 billion compared to 1.5 billion 100 years ago, with more people living in cities and traveling frequently between populations. Emerging diseases often originate from animal sources and are becoming more common due to changes in climate, ecology and human behavior. The growth of antimicrobial resistance could result in millions of deaths annually by 2050 if not addressed. New technologies like genome editing and synthetic biology hold benefits but also risks if misused.
Rotavirus RV is a disease that is extremely spreadable in children whose age ranges between 3'5 years. Rotavirus vaccination RVV is an effective method for combating the diarrhoea disease as rotavirus is the leading cause of diarrhoea worldwide. For fulfilling the aim of reducing the burden of RV caused in children under 5 years for diarrhoea mortality. World Health Organization WHO recommends introducing RVVs worldwide. Globally three RVVs are licensed for local use two monovalent vaccines Rotarix, and Rotavac and a pentavalent vaccine RotaTeq. Safety and efficacy of these vaccines have been proved, however, they require cold chain storage at or below 2oto 8oC before use. In this article, a detailed profile of Rotarix vaccine is being emphasized. Rotavirus Vaccines are in high demand for introduction by many low income countries, but limitations such as price, poor supply and insufficient cold chain capacity at distant delivery points, have restricted their introduction. A. A Bhosale | Dr. V. U Barge "Illustrative Review on Rotavirus Vaccines" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29552.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29552/illustrative-review-on-rotavirus-vaccines/a-a-bhosale
Different environmental drivers of H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birdsHarm Kiezebrink
Different environmental drivers operate on HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe. The probability of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry increases in areas with a higher human population density and a shorter distance to lakes or wetlands.
This reflects areas where the location of farms or trade areas and habitats for wild birds overlap. In wild birds, HPAI H5N1 outbreaks mostly occurred in areas with increased NDVI and lower elevations, which are typically areas where food and shelter for wild birds are available. The association with migratory flyways has also been found in the intra-continental spread of the low pathogenic avian influenza virus in North American wild birds. These different environmental drivers suggest that different spread mechanisms operate.
Disease might spread to poultry via both poultry and wild birds, through direct (via other birds) or indirect (e.g. via contaminated environment) infection. Outbreaks in wild birds are mainly caused by transmission via wild birds alone, through sharing foraging areas or shelters. These findings are in contrast with a previous study, which did not find environmental differences between disease outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe.
Mosquitoes vectors of malaria and their controlnelson oru
Mosquitoes: introduction
There are about 3000 species of mosquito, of which about 100 are vectors of human diseases
Mosquitoes and ticks account for the majority of transmissions of the most important vector-borne diseases, although some close relatives of mosquitoes also get involved, including sand flies and black flies.
Mosquitoes: behavior
Female mosquitoes feed on animals and humans
Attracted by the body odours, carbon dioxide and heat emitted from the animal or person
Some species prefer biting at certain hours, for example at dusk and dawn or in the middle of the night
Feeding usually takes place during the night but daytime biting also occurs
Some species prefer to feed in forests, some outside of houses, others indoors.
Vector surveillance involves the ongoing collection, analysis, and dissemination of mosquito data to inform appropriate public health actions. The key objectives are to monitor mosquito populations and breeding sites to determine infection risk levels and recommend prevention/control measures. Common surveillance methods include adult mosquito collection, pupal surveys, larval surveys, and ovitrapping. Larval surveys inspect water containers to calculate larval indices like House Index, Container Index, and Breteau Index. Analysis of findings considers vector characteristics, community factors, and prioritizes areas for intervention and monitoring based on mosquito density levels. The information benefits various stakeholders for public health decision-making and research.
Presentation by 3. Sabrina Vidaurri, MS, RS; Environmental Health Officer Supervisor, Rodent & Vector Program, Environmental Health Services Division, City of Austin/Travis County Health Department at Lost Creek Civic Organization general meeting on June 2, 2106.
Prepare for and Survive a Pandemic/Biological WarfareBob Mayer
Pandemics are natural occurring-- usually. However, mankind has also used biological warfare since the advent of war. Biological weapons are also a favorite of terrorists and what is on the horizon is truly frightening. Accidents also happen. How do you prepare for and deal with this event?
Cattle Ticks and Risk Factors Related to Tick Infestation of Livestock in Per...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Tick-borne diseases are a global public health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the disease is caused by malaria and many other diseases of viral, parasitic or bacterial origin. This study aimed to identify the bovine tick's species in cattle farms and to determine possible risk factors related to tick infestation in Abidjan district and Azaguié commune. Thus, in July 2019, thirteen (13) herds distributed in these localities were visited for tick sampling and to conduct epidemiological investigations. At each visit, ticks were harvested from 15 cattle per herd. All the farms visited were infested with ticks. 96.92% of sampled animals had ticks. A total of 1796 ticks were collected of which 89.42% (1606) were adults, 10.41% (187) were pupae and 0.17% (3) was larvae. Two species of ticks have been identified, Amblyomma variegatum with 25% of the population and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus with 75%. 96% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species R. (B.) microplus and 56% of the cattle were infested by ticks of the species A. variegatum. The co-infestation of cattle by the two identified species was 53%. The distribution of the sexes showed that in the species A. variegatum, males were more numerous (13.44% for males and 8.76% for females). However in the species R. (B.) microplus, females were more numerous (5.08% for males and 62.3% for females).The analysis of risk factors associated with tick infestation in cattle has shown that factors such as Undefined parks, Type of pasture, Training in the use of acaricides and Presence of wild animals contribute to major ectoparasite infestations in cattle. Tick samples collected from peri-urban farms in the district of Abidjan and the locality of Azaguié as part of this study, indicate that the relatively recent introduction of the species Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus presents a threat to animal and human health.
Mason R et al 2013 Journal of Environmental Immunology and ToxicologyHenk Tennekes
This document summarizes research showing that the increasing use of systemic insecticides like neonicotinoids and fipronil has coincided with outbreaks of infectious diseases in pollinators and other wildlife. Recent evidence demonstrates that these insecticides can suppress the immune systems of bees and fish, even at very low levels, increasing their susceptibility to pathogens. While insecticide use has spread globally, environmental authorities have been slow to acknowledge the role of neonicotinoids in driving emerging infectious diseases in ecosystems.
The document discusses National Indoor Toxic Mold Awareness Month and provides information about molds and mycotoxins. It notes that over 200 mold species can be found indoors and outdoors, some of which produce toxic mycotoxins. Exposure to mold spores and mycotoxins can cause various health issues, from skin irritation to respiratory illness to cancer. It is estimated that mold exposure causes 500,000 deaths per year in the U.S. The document provides references and links for additional information.
According to the document, in 2005 about 42 million people worldwide were infected with HIV/AIDS. There is no vaccine for HIV/AIDS and if contracted, it will eventually lead to death, though drugs can help some infected people live longer. AIDS has reduced life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa significantly. Common risks to human health include biological, chemical, physical, and cultural hazards. Major infectious diseases disproportionately impact the poor in developing nations.
This document discusses lessons that can be applied from controlling infectious diseases to controlling mycotoxins in the food supply. It provides background on mycotoxins like aflatoxin, which are toxic chemicals produced by fungi that contaminate crops like maize and peanuts, posing health risks. The document examines strategies that have been effective in disease control, like prenatal care, sanitation, vaccines, quarantines, antibiotics, and compares them to analogous approaches for mycotoxins - including plant breeding, good agricultural practices, biocontrol, sorting, and fungicides. It also discusses how smallpox eradication succeeded through government support, cost-effective solutions, and the differences between controlling a disease
This document discusses how human activity like deforestation, wildlife trafficking, and habitat destruction are increasing contact between humans and animal species, allowing viruses to jump between species and potentially cause pandemics. Experts warn that if this destruction of nature continues, even deadlier pandemics will emerge more frequently in the future. Implementing measures to reduce human interaction with wildlife through investments in monitoring wildlife trade and preventing deforestation could help avoid future pandemics at a relatively low cost compared to the massive economic impacts of pandemics like COVID-19. Urgent changes are needed in human relationships with nature to protect humanity from pandemics threatening its existence.
The document discusses colony collapse disorder (CCD) which is causing bee populations to rapidly decline worldwide. CCD leaves empty bee colonies containing untouched honey and pollen. Several factors are contributing to CCD, including pesticides, pathogens, poor bee nutrition/health from industrial farming practices, and lack of genetic diversity. The widespread use of pesticides and moving bee hives globally has allowed diseases and parasites to spread more easily. If CCD continues unabated, it could significantly impact global food production and economies that rely on pollinators. The document raises concerns about the effects of consuming honey that may contain residues from pesticides and diseases.
www.AreVaccinesSafe.com
Mary Tocco has been independently researching the topic of “ Are Vaccines Safe? “ and many other health care questions that face the American Family. Mary has a DVD " Are Vaccines Safe? " that covers the many questions parents have about vaccines, and many more issues related to vaccines.
If you have any questions or would like to purchase " Are Vaccines Safe? " visit www.AreVaccinesSafe.com or e-mail Mary@marytocco.com
This document discusses foodborne pathogens and diseases. It begins by stating that foodborne diseases are a major public health issue in the US, causing many illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths each year. It also notes that these diseases can cause long-term health complications. The document emphasizes that understanding the full human health impact of foodborne diseases is important for prioritizing food safety policies and interventions.
The document discusses chicken (poultry) as an animal model for studying human diseases like coronaviruses. It notes that the first coronavirus discovered was the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chickens in the 1930s. Drawing from decades of experience with IBV, the poultry industry can provide insights into zoonotic coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-2 that cause COVID-19. The document outlines similarities between IBV and human coronaviruses in terms of structure, genome and replication mechanisms.
This document discusses efforts to eliminate mosquito populations in the South Pacific using bacterial infection. Scientists in French Polynesia developed a strategy to infect mosquito larvae with the Wolbachia strain of bacteria, which is harmful to the invasive Aedes polynesiensis mosquito species. The infected male mosquitoes are then released, as their offspring with wild females will not survive. This method has already shown success in isolated South Pacific islands, eliminating mosquito-borne diseases. The implications are that this novel approach could provide an effective, non-chemical means of controlling mosquito-borne illness around the world.
The document discusses bioterrorism preparedness in India. It provides details on India's national agencies for disaster management, including the National Disaster Management Authority and National Disaster Response Force. It also outlines India's disease surveillance network and biosafety levels for handling microorganisms. The document notes India's biodefense research centers and the country's strengths and weaknesses in addressing potential bioterrorism threats.
This document discusses environmental health and toxicology. It begins by defining environmental health and toxicology as focusing on external factors that cause disease, including elements of the natural and technological environments. It then discusses various diseases and their causes, the spread of infectious diseases, toxic chemicals and their effects, and mechanisms of toxicity and resistance. Throughout, it provides examples and details on specific diseases, chemicals, and concepts within environmental health and toxicology.
This document provides information about genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It defines a GMO as an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The document discusses how genetic engineering works by introducing DNA from other species. It then gives examples of common GMOs like Bt crops and Roundup Ready crops. The document also discusses debates around GMO safety and regulation. It concludes by discussing how genetically modified mosquitoes could help reduce diseases like malaria and how sterile insects were used to successfully eradicate screwworm flies in the southern US.
Researchers have genetically modified a bacteria, Pantoes agglomerans, that lives naturally in the gut of mosquitoes. The modified bacteria produces proteins that destroy Plasmodium oocysts, which are early forms of the malaria parasite, reducing malaria infection rates in mosquitoes by 98%. Another approach uses GM mosquitoes with an added gene that kills them as larvae if not given tetracycline, decreasing wild mosquito populations over time. However, long term safety testing of GM mosquitoes interacting with the environment and humans has not been conducted.
This presentation focuses on a short history of bioterrorism, description, its advantages and disadvantages and organisms incorporated into weapons are also shown here.
OMICS Group is an organization committed to making scientific research openly accessible. It hosts over 400 peer-reviewed open access journals and organizes over 300 international conferences annually. The organization has over 3 million readers for its journals. It aims to serve the scientific community by ensuring a rapid peer review process from its large editorial board of over 30,000 reviewers. OMICS Group also partners with over 1000 international societies to make healthcare information openly accessible. It welcomes high-quality research submissions and follows a peer review process to maintain journal excellence.
Tick-borne parasitic infections are caused by protozoan parasites transmitted through tick bites. The most common infections are babesiosis caused by Babesia parasites and theileriosis caused by Theileria species. These infections affect both animals and humans, causing symptoms ranging from fever and fatigue to enlarged lymph nodes. Diagnosis involves identifying the parasites in blood smears or tissue samples. Treatment consists of anti-parasitic drugs. Prevention strategies focus on controlling tick populations and avoiding tick bites through environmental and personal protective measures.
Research plans to release billions of genetically modifiedSrishtiRoy10
Researchers plan to release billions of genetically modified male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Florida and California between 2022-2024. The mosquitoes have been altered to pass a lethal gene to their offspring that kills female larvae before reaching adulthood, in an effort to control diseases spread by this mosquito species like Zika, dengue, and chikungunya. The releases were approved by the EPA after studies showed the mosquitoes posed low risk, and researchers will monitor the impacts on mosquito populations and disease transmission. However, some critics argue the approach could have unintended consequences for other insect populations or public health.
Vaccination - Need to Address the Serious Concernsjagchat01
Vaccinations have become controversial. Attempts are being made to silence critics without transparently addressing the core issues, thus putting subjects at great risk.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...
Global aquatic bio systems infragard tampa area chapter v. 1.2
1. A Presentation by:
Global Aquatic Biosystems, Inc.
1000 N. Ashley Drive, Ste 900 Tampa FL 33602
www.globalaquaticbiosystems.com
info@globalaquaticbiosystems.com
F.D. Parker – 10078465
Tampa Bay Area Alliance
CTO/Global Aquatic BioSystems, Inc.
888-426-4430
FDParker@GlobalAquaticBioSystems.com Confidential 2017
ENVIROMENTAL RISKS BRIEFING
AN INTEGRATED SYSTEMS APPROACH FOR
A SAFE, BIOLOGICALLY - BASED MOSQUITO
DISEASE VECTOR ABATEMENT PROGRAM
2. BRIEFING TAKAWAY
The Threat: Increasing Mosquito Disease Vector Morbidity & Mortality
Current Practices: Mosquito Chemical Control Insecticides – “Adulticides”
Our Program: All Natural Biology-Based Mosquito Control
Cost Effective
Safe and Efficient
Ecologically Responsible
Avoids Toxic Nerve Agents’ Externalities
Industrial-Scale Production/Distribution of Natural Mosquito Larvae
Aquatic Predators can maintain Mosquito Disease Vector Outbreak
Prevention “Firewalls” & Restrict Toxic Nerve Agent Adulticide Use
Add’l References The American Plague: The Untold Story of Yellow Fever, The Epidemic That Shaped Our History
www.globalaquaticbiosystems.com
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN104500.pdf
https://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/mosquito/
Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
3. Biological Mosquito Control
Environmentally Safe …Non Toxic
Natural Predators …Improves Natural Habitat
Patented Technology…Scalable
A Public Benefit Corporation formed to protect the environment, provide value
for our stakeholders and for the greater good.
Global Aquatic BioSystems
Biological Control of Mosquito Disease Vectors
Confidential 2017
4. Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
This presentation addresses the Public Health Risks associated with Mosquito-
borne diseases and the consequences of the toxic neurotoxin chemicals deployed
to control arbovirus epidemics and a Human, Livestock & Environmentally Safe, and
Effective solution.
AN INTEGRATED SYSTEMS APPROACH
Pre-Adult biological
abatement by
aquatic larval
predators and
genetically
modified control.
Biological Larvicides
and Insect Growth
Regulators.
Non-Toxic Airborne
Repellants and
Physical Barriers
A SAFE & BIOLOGICAL MOSQUITO DISEASE VECTOR ABATEMENT PROGRAM
Confidential 2017
5. Worldwide, Mosquitoes cause more than 1 Million deaths - 300 - 500 million malaria cases occur, annually
KILLING A CHILD EVERY 40 SECONDS.
6. "The Aedes Aegypti didn't exist in
the Americas until the 16th
century. That mosquito was
brought from Africa to the
Americas.
Slave Traffic from Africa
FACTOIDS:
MOSQUITOES CHANGED HISTORY
During the US Civil War,
1861-1865, disease
accounted for 2 of every 3
combatant deaths.
Civil War Deaths
During the Spanish American
War, 1898, the US Army’s
casualties from disease were
89.9% of Total US Deaths
Spanish American War
The US Battle against the deadly Mosquitos disease
began with the African Slaves.
Confidential 2017
7. FACTOIDS:
MOSQUITOES CHANGED HISTORY
Mixing DDT in the
World War ll Field
Malaria stikes half of the
British Troops in 1778
Mosquitoes & Malaria
at the Panama Canal
Until the middle of the 20th Century every war had more
disease victims than combat victims.
George Washington
declines to accept terms,
after the siege of
Yorktown from British
General Cornwallis as the
British army had been so
plagued by Malaria.
Malaria was so abundant
that i it was estimated that
one-sixth of the population
was suffering from malarial
attacks during each week.
DDT was found to be a
successful control agent
against Malarial Mosquitos in
the early Pacific Islands actions
and was subsequently used
extensively by US forces during
and following WW2
Confidential 2017
8. According to the CDC there are 3,500 different species of mosquitoes.
WHO HAS THE BIGGEST BITE?
FACTOIDS:
Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc. Confidential 2017
Many Species Of Mosquitos Transmit Extremely Harmful Diseases Including
MALARIA YELLOW FEVER CHIKUNGUNYA WEST NILE VIRUS DENGUE FEVER
ZIKA VIRUS & OTHER ARBOVIRUSES
9. Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
ZIKA GLOBAL HOT SPOTS….
This mosquito originated in Africa, but is now found in
Tropical and Subtropical regions throughout the world
Confidential 2017
10. Meet the “Aedes Aegypti" Mosquito
Carrier of Dangerous Diseases
FACTOIDS
Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
The Species
AEDES AEGYPTi, is one of
ONLY 3
types of mosquito known to
transmit disease among
humans.
The adult life span can
range from
TWO WEEKS TO A MONTH
depending on
environmental
conditions.
Responsible for Denge,
Yellow Fever, Chikungunya &
Lymphatic Filariasis
The
ZIKA MOSQUITO
Is an Ectoparasite
Feeds on the Blood of
Mammals, Reptiles and
Amphibians
11. FACTOIDS
Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
Florida has
reported 46 cases
so far in 2017 due
to international
travel.
The U.S. CDC
reported 5,102
symptomatic Zika
cases in the U.S. in
2016.
Of those, 224
people got the
virus by a
mosquito in their
area, rather than
from a mosquito
overseas.
There have been
123 Zika cases in
the U.S. from Jan.
1 through May 31,
2017.
The numbers may get higher as we start
the summer rainy season, when
mosquitoes are more likely to bite and
thus, spread viruses like Zika.
Confidential 2017
12. Double Health Externalities….
Mosquito Disease Vectors and their Chemical Killers: A Double Jeopardy Danger
Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
PESTICIDES ARE ONE OF THE FIVE WORST THREATS TO CHILDREN'S HEALTH.
The other four are Lead, Air Pollution, Tobacco Smoke, &
Drinking-Water Contamination.
Confidential 2017
13. Toxic Pesticides & Externalities
SYNTHETIC PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES
affect the central nervous system & highly toxic to humans, fish, crustaceans, and bees
Scourge AnvilPermethrin
Active ingredient:
RESMETHRIN
.
Active ingredient:
PERMETHRIN
Active ingredient:
SUMITHRIN
10% Pipernyl Butoxide
Tumor growth in Cancer
- Breast & Prostate
Cancers
A Neurotoxin.
Acutely toxic to children
Human Carcinogen
Causes Birth Defects
A Synergist
Linked with liver and thyroid
Human Carcinogen
Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
**National Center of Sandid Ambiental
"The EPA classifies
PERMETHRIN as a possible
Human Carcinogen
on the basis of animal studies in
which mice developed tumors at
highdose levels.
“The PESTICIDE PERMETHRIN is
able to induce structural
Chromosome Aberrations
(deformaties) human immune
system cells..”**
“The specific chemicals associated
with
Children’s Brain Cancer
were PYRETHRINS and
PYRETHROIDS” *
(which are synthetic pyrethrins, such as
permethrin, tetramethrin, allethrin, resmethrin
and fenvalerate) and chlorpyrifos"
*Environmental Health Perspective
Confidential 2017
14. ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDES
Malathion
Active ingredient:
CHOLINESTERASE
INHIBITOR
Hazard to Humans,
Water Quality &
Aquatic Wildlife
Toxic Pesticides & Externalities
Researchers suspect that
MALATHION caused the
Birth Defect
known as "amyoplasia", which is "a
disorder characterized by almost total
absence of skeletal muscle”*
Naled
Active ingredient:
TRICHLORFON
A Nerve Agent and the most
Toxic - Class 1 Adulticide
Banned in Europe 2005
DANGER - POISON
“Parental exposure to pesticides has been linked with birth defects in children.”
"The most common and Worst
Application of Naled is aerial as it
can drift up to 1/2-mile.
*Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam.
Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
A 2010 study said organophosphates are responsible
for killing 200,000 people a year in developing countries.
Confidential 2017
15. Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
A study from 2011 entitled “Effects of Herbicide Glyphosate and Glyphosate Based Formulations on Aquatic BioSystems”,
researchers outline the effects that glyphosate has on phytoplankton, an ocean-blooming algae, which is the foundation
of the food chain for the entire sea. If the phytoplankton dies, then the entire ocean ecology is disrupted, leading to increased
temperatures and acidification.
ADD NEUROTOXIC NALED TO THE TOXIC COCKTAIL =
DEADLY RESULTS TO OUR ECOSYSTEM
MONSANTO’S GLYPHOSATE LINKED TO THE DEATH OF OUR
WATERWAYS, OCEANS AND CORAL REEFS & HUMAN EXTERNALITIES
Confidential 2017
16. Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
"Adulticiding, or spraying to kill adult
mosquitoes, has not yet been proven
effective. The Centers for Disease
Control state that ground and aerial
spraying is usually the least effective
mosquito control technique
Halogenated hydrocarbon
compounds do not have a Half-
Life - Chlorine compounded
with Hydrogen and Carbon, the
compound maintains their
toxicity ad infinitum
FACTOIDS
Over time Mosquitos have
develop immunity to
chemical control
compounds
Current mosquito control
protocols rely on
chlorinated hydrocarbon
and organophosphate
insecticides and larvicides.
Confidential 2017
17. Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
FACTOIDS
Research is investigating the
possibility that the microcephaly
cases are the results of the
significantly high rates of
Naled/trichlorfon -based
insecticides
Millions of honeybees lie
dead after being sprayed
with an insecticide targeting
Zika in minutes after being
sprayed
Environmental and chemical
exposure factors can cause
damage to the delicate brain
growth with potential to cause
Learning Disabilities,
Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit
Disorder, & other child
Behavior Anomalies.
Confidential 2017
18. The IMPACT of Mosquito Disease
and their Toxic Chemical Solutions
The Children with
Life Long Birth
Disabilities
Chemicals that Harm
our food, water supply
and ecosystem
Dangerous Airborne
Chemicals cause
illness and death
THE ISSUE
THE OUTCOMES
Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc. Confidential 2017
19. Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
INEFFECTIVE, COSTLY, DANGEROUS
BARRIER/RESIDUAL
SPRAYS
ULTRA LOW
VOLUME FOGGING
Spraying /Fogging only effective if
the adult mosquito is in flight!
Current Adult Mosquito Abatement
ULV FOGGINGBARRIER SPRAYS
- Only adult mosquitoes flying in the immediate vicinity
- Only last 30 minutes
- Only effective down wind of Fogging Truck
- Highly variable results due to climatic restrictions
- Leaves large areas outside of the spray block untreated
- Does not eliminate larval mosquitos
- Treats Vegetation Areas Only
- Requested No Spray Zones due to Health Concerns
- Certain Bodies of Water - By Law not Permitted h
- Illegal in Certain Weather Conditions - +10MPH/-1MPH
- Does not Eliminate laval Mosquitos
Confidential 2017
20. Pre Adult - Emergence biological abatement
approach is a proven Ecological, Effective Non GMO
Management of Mosquito Diseases.
Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
Reduce Mosquito Vector Diseases,Naturally!
At the Aquatic Larvae Phase
Confidential 2017
21. Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
GMO Mosquito, Predatory ZooPlankton & FinFish
A Powerful BioLogical Trio
Genetically Modified Mosquito Predatory ZooPlankton
FinFish
90%+Proven Effective Non
Toxic Abatement of
Larvae & Adult
Mosquito Emergence
Confidential 2017
22. Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
“Point of Threat” Modular Systems
This flexible Transportable Modular Unit System can be configured singularly
or in multiples of three (3) to five (5) individual 40 ft Production ISO Shipping
Containers plus appropriate Storage/Distribution Tanks and logistics elements.
The modular systems can provide effective abatement
solutions for mosquito outbreak “Point of Threat” for:
DOD Installations & Fixed Bases Forward Basecamps
Humanitarian/ Refugee Camps Tourism/ Resort Facilities
Convention Centers Entertainment Destinations
A TRANSPORTABLE “IN-SITU” SOLUTION
Confidential 2017
23. Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
The Pieces of the Puzzle for
Effective Ecological Mosquito Abatement
BIOLOGICAL * AQUATIC * BIOSAFE
Biological Larvicides
GMO Mosquitos Physical Barriers
Non Toxic Air Born
Repellents
CHLORINE DIOXIDE (ClO2)
Strong Antiviral Effect
BTI - Bacillus Thuringiensis Israelensis
METHOPRENE - Insect Growth Regulator (IGR)
MOSQUITO NETTING/SCREENS
PREDATORY ZOOPLANKTON & FINFISH
KEY PIECES OF THE SOLUTION
GENETICALLY MODIFIED MOSQUITOS
Confidential 2017
24. Our Goal
INITIATE VETERANS,
MINORITY & GRAD
STUDENT PROGRAM
UNIVERSITIES & LOCAL
STAKEHOLDERS
SOLIDIFY ROTARY
INTERNATIONAL &
OTHER STAKEHOLDER
GRANTS
Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
STAND UP MARK 1 LAB
Reduce Mosquito Vector Diseases,Naturally!
Confidential 2017
25. BRIEFING TAKAWAY
The Threat: Increasing Mosquito Disease Vector Morbidity & Mortality
Current Practices: Mosquito Chemical Control Insecticides – “Adulticides”
Our Program: All Natural Biology-Based Mosquito Control
Cost Effective
Safe and Efficient
Ecologically Responsible
Avoids Toxic Nerve Agents’ Externalities
Industrial-Scale Production/Distribution of Natural Mosquito Larvae
Aquatic Predators can maintain Mosquito Disease Vector Outbreak
Prevention “Firewalls” & Restrict Toxic Nerve Agent Adulticide Use
Add’l References The American Plague: The Untold Story of Yellow Fever, The Epidemic That Shaped Our History
www.globalaquaticbiosystems.com
https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN104500.pdf
https://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/mosquito/
Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
26. Thank You
Global Aquatic BioSystems,Inc.
Confidential 2017
Global Aquatic Biosystems, Inc.
1000 N. Ashley Drive, Ste 900 Tampa FL 33602
www.globalaquaticbiosystems.com
info@globalaquaticbiosystems.com
F.D. Parker – 10078465
Tampa Bay Area Alliance
CTO/Global Aquatic BioSystems, Inc.
888-426-4430
FDParker@GlobalAquaticBioSystems.com