This study evaluated the entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in two communities, Mekunkele and Gidan Kwano, in Minna, Nigeria. Mosquitoes were collected using pyrethrum spray catches and dissected to determine species, parity rates, and sporozoite rates. A total of 867 mosquitoes were collected, with 62.51% being Anopheles mosquitoes. The female Anopheles mosquito samples had a 55.26% sporozoite and parity rate. Blood samples from 425 individuals were also examined, with 65.20% testing positive for malaria parasites. The results provide baseline data on the transmission of malaria in these communities to help design effective control
Washington Global Health Alliance Discovery Series
Supamit Chinsuttiwat
May 22, 2008
'Response to Avian Influenza and Preparedness for Pandemic Influenza: Thailand's Experience'
One health Perspective and Vector Borne DiseasesNanyingi Mark
Vector borne diseases like malaria and Rift Valley fever pose significant risks to human and animal health in Africa. One Health approaches that consider the environmental, animal, and human factors are needed to develop early warning systems. The document discusses developing tools to detect climate sensitive disease outbreaks and assessing environmental and vector characteristics. It also presents models of Rift Valley fever transmission dynamics and the importance of vertical transmission between outbreaks. Spatial distribution models of Rift Valley fever vectors in Kenya were developed using climatic and ecological variables. The results can help target surveillance and control in high-risk areas.
This document discusses a study that assessed the impact of mass drug administration (MDA) on the transmission of lymphatic filariasis in Tono Irrigation Area in Navrongo, Ghana. The study involved collecting and dissecting mosquitoes from two communities to determine infection levels. A total of 3,650 Anopheles mosquitoes and 386 Culex mosquitoes were collected and examined. Only 3 Anopheles mosquitoes were found to be infected with filarial parasites, but no infective L3 stage larvae were detected. This suggests that ongoing transmission of lymphatic filariasis had been interrupted in the study sites following over nine years of MDA, though continued surveillance is still needed.
Topic presentation on emerging communicable diseasesvishnu vm
This document provides an overview of 10 emerging communicable diseases according to the WHO blueprint. It summarizes each disease's causative agent, mode of transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategies. The diseases discussed include Lassa fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, MERS, SARS, Nipah virus, Rift Valley fever, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, Zika virus, and chikungunya. The document aims to educate about these emerging infectious threats and strategies to address them.
Brief Overview of Global and Regional HPAI Situation 2011Tata Naipospos
The document provides an overview of the global and regional situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. It discusses how the virus has been circulating in poultry and wild birds in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Middle East since 2003. While some countries have regained HPAI-free status, the virus remains endemic in poultry in 5 countries and there are still sporadic outbreaks occurring. Human cases also continue to occur sporadically wherever the virus is present in poultry. The majority of poultry outbreaks and human cases have been concentrated in a few Southeast Asian countries. Live bird markets and cross-border trade are risk factors contributing to the virus's persistence in
This document summarizes information about emerging foodborne pathogens and the complex modern food system. It discusses factors that allow microbes to adapt and become emerging pathogens, such as genetic mutations, stress responses, and antibiotic resistance. Specific emerging pathogens that pose food safety risks are described in detail, including enterohemorrhagic E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio species, Clostridium difficile, Yersinia enterocolitica, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella species, and Enterobacter sakazakii. The document contrasts the modern global and industrialized food system with past local systems and reviews foodborne disease surveillance data.
Gravity model, Epidemiology and Real-time reproduction number (Rt) estimation...Bhoj Raj Singh
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) originated in China during the mid of December 2019 caused global havoc. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 as an International Public Health Emergency on 30th January 2020 and subsequently as a pandemic on 11th March 2020. The disease has affected almost all the countries of the world and as on 30th July 2020 there were 16.5 million cases and 0.65 million deaths are reported. The members of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka sharing 3% of the world's area and 21% of the world's population. We analysed the COVID-19 data as on 1st July 2020 retrieved from publically available databases. The gravity model is primarily used in the transportation industry and gaining importance in the modelling of the spread of infectious diseases. In this analysis, we observed that higher personal freedom or movement of people is having the greatest effect on the spread of COVID-19 (coefficient = 2.1). The correlation analysis was carried out with COVID-19 cases, health expenditure, poverty, and BCG vaccination, literacy, and population density of the SAARC countries. The COVID-19 positive cases showed a significant (p<0.001) positive correlation (r=0.99) with mortality rate. Similarly, the COVID-19 deaths showed a significant positive correlation with health expenditure (% GDP) (r = 0.58, p<0.05). The other epidemiological factors such as population density/sq km, literacy %, adult population %, and poverty % didn’t show any significant correlation with COVID-19 cases and deaths. The estimation of weekly Real-time reproduction number (Rt) among SAARC countries showed the highest Rt in India (Rt =2.1; 95% CI 2.05 – 2.2) followed by Bangladesh (Rt =1.6; 95% CI 1.5– 1.6). The comparison of Rt indicated that a decrease in the Rt value was noticed in the later stage of the period (past few weeks) among all the SAARC countries compared with the initial stage of infection except Nepal. The analysis indicates that implementation of restrictions, large scale screening and intensive monitoring is mandatory in all countries in order to reduce the Covid-19 spread.
Washington Global Health Alliance Discovery Series
Supamit Chinsuttiwat
May 22, 2008
'Response to Avian Influenza and Preparedness for Pandemic Influenza: Thailand's Experience'
One health Perspective and Vector Borne DiseasesNanyingi Mark
Vector borne diseases like malaria and Rift Valley fever pose significant risks to human and animal health in Africa. One Health approaches that consider the environmental, animal, and human factors are needed to develop early warning systems. The document discusses developing tools to detect climate sensitive disease outbreaks and assessing environmental and vector characteristics. It also presents models of Rift Valley fever transmission dynamics and the importance of vertical transmission between outbreaks. Spatial distribution models of Rift Valley fever vectors in Kenya were developed using climatic and ecological variables. The results can help target surveillance and control in high-risk areas.
This document discusses a study that assessed the impact of mass drug administration (MDA) on the transmission of lymphatic filariasis in Tono Irrigation Area in Navrongo, Ghana. The study involved collecting and dissecting mosquitoes from two communities to determine infection levels. A total of 3,650 Anopheles mosquitoes and 386 Culex mosquitoes were collected and examined. Only 3 Anopheles mosquitoes were found to be infected with filarial parasites, but no infective L3 stage larvae were detected. This suggests that ongoing transmission of lymphatic filariasis had been interrupted in the study sites following over nine years of MDA, though continued surveillance is still needed.
Topic presentation on emerging communicable diseasesvishnu vm
This document provides an overview of 10 emerging communicable diseases according to the WHO blueprint. It summarizes each disease's causative agent, mode of transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategies. The diseases discussed include Lassa fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, MERS, SARS, Nipah virus, Rift Valley fever, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, Zika virus, and chikungunya. The document aims to educate about these emerging infectious threats and strategies to address them.
Brief Overview of Global and Regional HPAI Situation 2011Tata Naipospos
The document provides an overview of the global and regional situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. It discusses how the virus has been circulating in poultry and wild birds in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Middle East since 2003. While some countries have regained HPAI-free status, the virus remains endemic in poultry in 5 countries and there are still sporadic outbreaks occurring. Human cases also continue to occur sporadically wherever the virus is present in poultry. The majority of poultry outbreaks and human cases have been concentrated in a few Southeast Asian countries. Live bird markets and cross-border trade are risk factors contributing to the virus's persistence in
This document summarizes information about emerging foodborne pathogens and the complex modern food system. It discusses factors that allow microbes to adapt and become emerging pathogens, such as genetic mutations, stress responses, and antibiotic resistance. Specific emerging pathogens that pose food safety risks are described in detail, including enterohemorrhagic E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio species, Clostridium difficile, Yersinia enterocolitica, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella species, and Enterobacter sakazakii. The document contrasts the modern global and industrialized food system with past local systems and reviews foodborne disease surveillance data.
Gravity model, Epidemiology and Real-time reproduction number (Rt) estimation...Bhoj Raj Singh
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) originated in China during the mid of December 2019 caused global havoc. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 as an International Public Health Emergency on 30th January 2020 and subsequently as a pandemic on 11th March 2020. The disease has affected almost all the countries of the world and as on 30th July 2020 there were 16.5 million cases and 0.65 million deaths are reported. The members of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka sharing 3% of the world's area and 21% of the world's population. We analysed the COVID-19 data as on 1st July 2020 retrieved from publically available databases. The gravity model is primarily used in the transportation industry and gaining importance in the modelling of the spread of infectious diseases. In this analysis, we observed that higher personal freedom or movement of people is having the greatest effect on the spread of COVID-19 (coefficient = 2.1). The correlation analysis was carried out with COVID-19 cases, health expenditure, poverty, and BCG vaccination, literacy, and population density of the SAARC countries. The COVID-19 positive cases showed a significant (p<0.001) positive correlation (r=0.99) with mortality rate. Similarly, the COVID-19 deaths showed a significant positive correlation with health expenditure (% GDP) (r = 0.58, p<0.05). The other epidemiological factors such as population density/sq km, literacy %, adult population %, and poverty % didn’t show any significant correlation with COVID-19 cases and deaths. The estimation of weekly Real-time reproduction number (Rt) among SAARC countries showed the highest Rt in India (Rt =2.1; 95% CI 2.05 – 2.2) followed by Bangladesh (Rt =1.6; 95% CI 1.5– 1.6). The comparison of Rt indicated that a decrease in the Rt value was noticed in the later stage of the period (past few weeks) among all the SAARC countries compared with the initial stage of infection except Nepal. The analysis indicates that implementation of restrictions, large scale screening and intensive monitoring is mandatory in all countries in order to reduce the Covid-19 spread.
The document discusses vector borne diseases in Bangladesh. It begins by defining vectors and common vector borne diseases globally and in Bangladesh, including malaria, filariasis, dengue, and leishmaniasis. It then covers the prevalence and burden of these key diseases. The final sections discuss prevention and control strategies like integrated vector management, environmental control, chemical and biological control, and recommendations to apply multiple approaches to strengthen control through collaboration between government and organizations.
emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseasesAnil kumar
this presentation in about emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseases and their spatial spread with reference to time, surveillance, monitoring and management program and other difficulties and suggestions for program
International Threats of Zoonotic Diseases - International Conference on One ...Tata Naipospos
The document summarizes an international conference presentation on zoonotic diseases and their threats. It notes that emerging zoonotic diseases pose an increasing global threat due to factors like population growth, increased animal production and trade, and human encroachment on wildlife habitats. An interdisciplinary "One Health" approach integrating human, animal, and environmental health is needed to monitor and control zoonotic diseases, which account for over 60% of all known human pathogens. Collaboration across medical, veterinary and policy sectors can help achieve efficiencies and early detection of outbreaks.
Analysis of H5N1 Influenza Data in Indonesia and the Needs for Improvement - ...Tata Naipospos
Indonesia has experienced widespread H5N1 avian influenza in poultry and 100 human cases. The virus is endemic in birds across 31 of 33 provinces. Three distinct viral sublineages circulate in different regions of Indonesia. Analysis of viral genetics shows the virus spread across the archipelago along trade routes and evolved distinct regional groups. Improved control of poultry movement and vaccination are needed to reduce virus spread and environmental load.
This document discusses malaria, including its history, global and Indian epidemiology, life cycle, vectors, prevention methods, and control programs. It notes that malaria affected 216 million people and killed 660,000 globally in 2011, with most cases and deaths occurring in Africa and India. The life cycle involves the Plasmodium parasite infecting humans through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Prevention strategies include vector control, early diagnosis and treatment, and surveillance programs.
Malaria is still considered globally as a leading cause of morbidity with Nigeria carrying the highest burden of 19%. Coinfection of malaria and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) accelerate disease progression of HIV/AIDS subjects. This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of malaria among HIV infected subjects attending the antiretroviral therapy Clinic at Federal the Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria. After ethical clearance, 200 whole blood specimens were collected from patients who gave informed consent and completed a self-structured questionnaire. The specimens were examined for malarial parasite using rapid kits and microscopy. The overall prevalence of the infection was 78/200 (39.0%). The prevalence was higher in male (44.7%) than female (34.0%) subjects. Those subjects aged < 20 years (54.5), male gender (44.7%), non-formal education holders (61.5%), farmers (62.5%), stream water users (48.1%), those that lives in rural setting (43.6%), those that do not use Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs) (39.4%) and swampy environment dwellers (41.7%) were identified predictors for malaria infection in the area. All the predictors studied did not show any statistically significant difference with the infection but some arithmetic difference exists (P > 0.05). The 39.0% prevalence of malaria in HIV infected subjects is a public health concern. Therefore, Public health surveillance and health education among HIV population should be advocated to help eradicate malaria comes 2030. Further study that will characterize the genes of the parasite should be carried out.
Malaria history in Sri Lanka has many milestones. There was a period when thousands of people died due to malaria. At that time, Sri Lanka started official malaria control program and achieved almost eradication in 1960.
Malaria is one of the major public health problems in Bangladesh. Out of 64 districts in the country 13 border districts in the east and northeast facing the eastern states of India and a small territory of Myanmar are in high endemic malaria zones, reporting about 98% of the total malaria cases every year.
The dynmics of covid 19 in africa compare to the rest of the worldoyepata
1. The document analyzes data from 187 countries to compare the impact of COVID-19 on African countries versus other parts of the world.
2. It finds that with the exception of South Africa, African countries appear to be least affected by the virus in terms of total cases and mortality rates.
3. The lower impact in Africa may be due to factors like a more robust immune response, though more research is needed to understand the reasons.
The document summarizes malaria incidence data from Bangladesh from 2008-2014. Cases decreased from 2008 to 2013 due to widespread ACT use and bednet distribution, but then increased in 2014, with a doubling of cases in some eastern districts. The increase was likely due to multiple factors, including possible ACT stockouts, reduced bednet efficacy, and importation from neighboring countries. Further studies are underway to investigate the causes and inform malaria elimination efforts in Bangladesh.
The document discusses methods for measuring malaria prevalence over time. In the pre-eradication era, measures included spleen rate, average enlarged spleen, and parasite rate in children ages 2-10. During eradication efforts, microscopic diagnosis became primary, and parameters like annual parasite incidence, annual blood examination rate, and slide positivity rate were used. Vector indices employed include human blood index, sporozoite rate, mosquito density, and man biting rate.
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)Mohammad Nassar
1) The document discusses a study on factors influencing adoption of New Castle Disease (NCD) vaccine in Kakamega County, Kenya. NCD is a major killer of indigenous chicken flocks. Only 35% of respondents had adopted the NCD vaccine.
2) The study found that effectiveness, availability, lack of alternatives, and affordability were the main factors influencing adoption of the NCD vaccine. Mortality from NCD and other diseases/predation was high, reducing potential profits from poultry.
3) Widespread vaccination could help reduce mortality rates and improve incomes for small-scale farmers in the region who rely on indigenous chicken but face challenges adopting the NCD vaccine.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those caused by new infectious agents or known agents that are increasing in incidence. Re-emerging diseases are those previously controlled but rising again as a health problem. Factors contributing to emergence and re-emergence include evolution of infectious agents, environmental changes, and human behavior. Controlling disease reservoirs, interrupting transmission, strengthening surveillance, and encouraging research are important for prevention. Public health authorities play a key role through legislation, awareness campaigns, and prevention measures.
Malaria infection during pregnancy is a major public health problem- especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions; with substantial risks for the mother, her foetus and the new-born, Pregnant women are particularly susceptible to malaria, and in low transmission settings they have a greater risk of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This study aimed at investigating the rate of parasitaemia amongst pregnant and none pregnant women was conducted among people attending clinics at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Mambo hospital, Nosam medical laboratory services in Calabar Cross River state. They fall within the age group 18 to 60 years. They were pregnant women who came for Antenatal clinic, controls were sampled from patients who came to request for medical examination and blood donors. Thick and thin blood smears were made from finger prick samples of 400 candidates attending Antenatal clinics 200 of them were from established pregnant women and the other 200 were from non-pregnant women to serve as control. The blood films were dried and fixed in absolute methanol dried and stained with 2% Giemsa stain for 30 min. it was then rinse in clean water and allowed to dry in a draining rack. Dried slides were viewed using x100 oil immersion objective. Result revealed a parasitic rate of 132 (55.9 %) among pregnant women and104 (44.1%) parasitaemia among none pregnant women. The difference between pregnant women and none pegnant women were significantly different at p < 0.05. Similarly, the mean parasite density of the pregnant women was higher 28.9 against 14.2 of control none pregnant women. In conclusion there was a significant density of malaria parasitaemia amongst pregnant women in this study.
The misunderstood epidemiological determinants of covid 19, problems and solu...Bhoj Raj Singh
The document discusses several misunderstood determinants of COVID-19 that have been claimed but lack epidemiological evidence. It questions correlations that have been proposed between COVID-19 outcomes and factors like median age, BCG vaccination rates, religion, and disease burdens. While some correlations appear convincing based on statistics alone, the document argues they ignore important context and exceptions. There have been very few rigorous epidemiological studies of COVID-19 to determine true disease modulators and spread, and many studies have misused non-epidemiological data.
Statistical analysis on household factors influencing annual episodes of malariacimran15
Malaria is responsible for about 66 per cent of all clinic visits in Nigeria. It accounts for 25% of under-5 mortality, 30% childhood mortality and 11% maternal mortality. At least 50% of the population will have at least one episode of malaria annually. Moreover, environment dictates the incidence and prevalence of diseases all over the world and if timely action is not taken, it may lead to diseases. Three (3) out of six (6) major towns in Ido local government area are considered and accumulated one hundred and ninety one (191) individuals as respondents using haphazard non probability sampling technique for selection. The obtained data through questionnaire was presented on frequency table and charts while inferential statistics were analysed using dummy variables in regression. It was revealed that majority of the respondents suffered from one or more incidences of malaria in a year, where female had the higher percentage of the incidence and there was high incidence of malaria among the adult ages 30years and above. The qualitative predictor variable in regression analysis revealed significant relationship between annual episode of malaria and number of members of household, toilet type, absent ceiling, building type, disposable site and source of domestic water. The ANOVA, F – test was significant for all predicted factors. Conclusively, in the view of the discovery, it was therefore recommended that people need awareness on densely populated area / household are more prone to experience more episodes of malaria incidence than sparsely populated one, encouragement on utilization of closed domestic water system instead of open system to avoid reservoir for mosquito, enlightenment on type toilet used and avoid absence ceiling to prevent being a breeding site for mosquitoes, government to stage more campaign against malaria especially for adult not for children under 5year alone and create a task force officer/ sanitary inspectors to checkmate sanitation of our environment to avoid unkempt toilet habit which serves as breeding site for mosquitoes.
Land use, biodiversity changes and the risk of zoonotic diseases: Findings fr...ILRI
Presented by B. Bett, M. Said, R. Sang, S. Bukachi, J. Lindahl, S. Wanyoike, E. Ontiri, I. Njeru, J. Karanja, F. Wanyoike, D. Mbotha and D. Grace at the 49th Kenya Veterinary Association annual scientific conference, Busia, Kenya, 22-25 April 2015.
The Parity Rate of Indoor-Resting Adult Female Anopheles and Culex Mosquitoes...IJEAB
This study examined the parity rates of indoor-resting Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes collected from female hostels at Nnamdi Azikiwe University in Nigeria. A total of 516 mosquitoes from 4 species were collected over 3 weeks. Culex quinquefasciatus was the most common species comprising 61.43% of the total, followed by Anopheles gambiae at 30.04%. The majority of mosquitoes collected were fed (42.05%) or gravid (15.12%). Parity rates were highest in C. quinquefasciatus (53.2%) and lowest in C. annulioris (0.5%). The high proportion of fed
In a study of 17,035 malaria cases in Maira Surizai Payan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan from May 2018 to April 2019, 7.83% (1,334) were Plasmodium vivax and 0% were Plasmodium falciparum, with no mixed infections. The highest rates occurred in August-October (11.8% of cases) due to the monsoon season. Rates were lowest in January-February (2.52%) when temperatures are cooler. Plasmodium vivax was the dominant malaria parasite present throughout the study period.
Guía de plataformas Intranet corporativas (Enterprise Social Software)Good Rebels
Guía de plataformas Intranet Social Corporativas, dónde se describen y comparan sus funcionalidades más destacadas. El documento es una selección de las que han resultado de interés durante el análisis realizado y no constituye un listado de recomendación en ningún caso.
Cada una de las plataformas mencionadas, tiene su ámbito de aplicación según sea el tamaño de la empresa, integración con sistemas existentes, funcionalidad requerida, etc, y la elección final por una u otra plataforma debe realizarse siempre partiendo de un buen análisis de requerimientos previo y una fase de dinamización inicial para lograr que sea una herramienta de gran utilidad para todos los integrantes de la compañía.
Este documento presenta conceptos y estrategias relacionadas con CRM y fidelización de clientes en la era digital. Describe cómo los datos transaccionales, digitales y sociales pueden integrarse para ofrecer experiencias personalizadas a los clientes, aumentar su valor de vida y lealtad a la marca a través de recompensas emocionales e interacción en múltiples canales. También analiza los módulos y sistemas necesarios para implementar con éxito una estrategia de CRM y fidelización social y digital.
The document discusses vector borne diseases in Bangladesh. It begins by defining vectors and common vector borne diseases globally and in Bangladesh, including malaria, filariasis, dengue, and leishmaniasis. It then covers the prevalence and burden of these key diseases. The final sections discuss prevention and control strategies like integrated vector management, environmental control, chemical and biological control, and recommendations to apply multiple approaches to strengthen control through collaboration between government and organizations.
emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseasesAnil kumar
this presentation in about emerging and re-emerging vector borne diseases and their spatial spread with reference to time, surveillance, monitoring and management program and other difficulties and suggestions for program
International Threats of Zoonotic Diseases - International Conference on One ...Tata Naipospos
The document summarizes an international conference presentation on zoonotic diseases and their threats. It notes that emerging zoonotic diseases pose an increasing global threat due to factors like population growth, increased animal production and trade, and human encroachment on wildlife habitats. An interdisciplinary "One Health" approach integrating human, animal, and environmental health is needed to monitor and control zoonotic diseases, which account for over 60% of all known human pathogens. Collaboration across medical, veterinary and policy sectors can help achieve efficiencies and early detection of outbreaks.
Analysis of H5N1 Influenza Data in Indonesia and the Needs for Improvement - ...Tata Naipospos
Indonesia has experienced widespread H5N1 avian influenza in poultry and 100 human cases. The virus is endemic in birds across 31 of 33 provinces. Three distinct viral sublineages circulate in different regions of Indonesia. Analysis of viral genetics shows the virus spread across the archipelago along trade routes and evolved distinct regional groups. Improved control of poultry movement and vaccination are needed to reduce virus spread and environmental load.
This document discusses malaria, including its history, global and Indian epidemiology, life cycle, vectors, prevention methods, and control programs. It notes that malaria affected 216 million people and killed 660,000 globally in 2011, with most cases and deaths occurring in Africa and India. The life cycle involves the Plasmodium parasite infecting humans through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Prevention strategies include vector control, early diagnosis and treatment, and surveillance programs.
Malaria is still considered globally as a leading cause of morbidity with Nigeria carrying the highest burden of 19%. Coinfection of malaria and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) accelerate disease progression of HIV/AIDS subjects. This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of malaria among HIV infected subjects attending the antiretroviral therapy Clinic at Federal the Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria. After ethical clearance, 200 whole blood specimens were collected from patients who gave informed consent and completed a self-structured questionnaire. The specimens were examined for malarial parasite using rapid kits and microscopy. The overall prevalence of the infection was 78/200 (39.0%). The prevalence was higher in male (44.7%) than female (34.0%) subjects. Those subjects aged < 20 years (54.5), male gender (44.7%), non-formal education holders (61.5%), farmers (62.5%), stream water users (48.1%), those that lives in rural setting (43.6%), those that do not use Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs) (39.4%) and swampy environment dwellers (41.7%) were identified predictors for malaria infection in the area. All the predictors studied did not show any statistically significant difference with the infection but some arithmetic difference exists (P > 0.05). The 39.0% prevalence of malaria in HIV infected subjects is a public health concern. Therefore, Public health surveillance and health education among HIV population should be advocated to help eradicate malaria comes 2030. Further study that will characterize the genes of the parasite should be carried out.
Malaria history in Sri Lanka has many milestones. There was a period when thousands of people died due to malaria. At that time, Sri Lanka started official malaria control program and achieved almost eradication in 1960.
Malaria is one of the major public health problems in Bangladesh. Out of 64 districts in the country 13 border districts in the east and northeast facing the eastern states of India and a small territory of Myanmar are in high endemic malaria zones, reporting about 98% of the total malaria cases every year.
The dynmics of covid 19 in africa compare to the rest of the worldoyepata
1. The document analyzes data from 187 countries to compare the impact of COVID-19 on African countries versus other parts of the world.
2. It finds that with the exception of South Africa, African countries appear to be least affected by the virus in terms of total cases and mortality rates.
3. The lower impact in Africa may be due to factors like a more robust immune response, though more research is needed to understand the reasons.
The document summarizes malaria incidence data from Bangladesh from 2008-2014. Cases decreased from 2008 to 2013 due to widespread ACT use and bednet distribution, but then increased in 2014, with a doubling of cases in some eastern districts. The increase was likely due to multiple factors, including possible ACT stockouts, reduced bednet efficacy, and importation from neighboring countries. Further studies are underway to investigate the causes and inform malaria elimination efforts in Bangladesh.
The document discusses methods for measuring malaria prevalence over time. In the pre-eradication era, measures included spleen rate, average enlarged spleen, and parasite rate in children ages 2-10. During eradication efforts, microscopic diagnosis became primary, and parameters like annual parasite incidence, annual blood examination rate, and slide positivity rate were used. Vector indices employed include human blood index, sporozoite rate, mosquito density, and man biting rate.
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)Mohammad Nassar
1) The document discusses a study on factors influencing adoption of New Castle Disease (NCD) vaccine in Kakamega County, Kenya. NCD is a major killer of indigenous chicken flocks. Only 35% of respondents had adopted the NCD vaccine.
2) The study found that effectiveness, availability, lack of alternatives, and affordability were the main factors influencing adoption of the NCD vaccine. Mortality from NCD and other diseases/predation was high, reducing potential profits from poultry.
3) Widespread vaccination could help reduce mortality rates and improve incomes for small-scale farmers in the region who rely on indigenous chicken but face challenges adopting the NCD vaccine.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those caused by new infectious agents or known agents that are increasing in incidence. Re-emerging diseases are those previously controlled but rising again as a health problem. Factors contributing to emergence and re-emergence include evolution of infectious agents, environmental changes, and human behavior. Controlling disease reservoirs, interrupting transmission, strengthening surveillance, and encouraging research are important for prevention. Public health authorities play a key role through legislation, awareness campaigns, and prevention measures.
Malaria infection during pregnancy is a major public health problem- especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions; with substantial risks for the mother, her foetus and the new-born, Pregnant women are particularly susceptible to malaria, and in low transmission settings they have a greater risk of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This study aimed at investigating the rate of parasitaemia amongst pregnant and none pregnant women was conducted among people attending clinics at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Mambo hospital, Nosam medical laboratory services in Calabar Cross River state. They fall within the age group 18 to 60 years. They were pregnant women who came for Antenatal clinic, controls were sampled from patients who came to request for medical examination and blood donors. Thick and thin blood smears were made from finger prick samples of 400 candidates attending Antenatal clinics 200 of them were from established pregnant women and the other 200 were from non-pregnant women to serve as control. The blood films were dried and fixed in absolute methanol dried and stained with 2% Giemsa stain for 30 min. it was then rinse in clean water and allowed to dry in a draining rack. Dried slides were viewed using x100 oil immersion objective. Result revealed a parasitic rate of 132 (55.9 %) among pregnant women and104 (44.1%) parasitaemia among none pregnant women. The difference between pregnant women and none pegnant women were significantly different at p < 0.05. Similarly, the mean parasite density of the pregnant women was higher 28.9 against 14.2 of control none pregnant women. In conclusion there was a significant density of malaria parasitaemia amongst pregnant women in this study.
The misunderstood epidemiological determinants of covid 19, problems and solu...Bhoj Raj Singh
The document discusses several misunderstood determinants of COVID-19 that have been claimed but lack epidemiological evidence. It questions correlations that have been proposed between COVID-19 outcomes and factors like median age, BCG vaccination rates, religion, and disease burdens. While some correlations appear convincing based on statistics alone, the document argues they ignore important context and exceptions. There have been very few rigorous epidemiological studies of COVID-19 to determine true disease modulators and spread, and many studies have misused non-epidemiological data.
Statistical analysis on household factors influencing annual episodes of malariacimran15
Malaria is responsible for about 66 per cent of all clinic visits in Nigeria. It accounts for 25% of under-5 mortality, 30% childhood mortality and 11% maternal mortality. At least 50% of the population will have at least one episode of malaria annually. Moreover, environment dictates the incidence and prevalence of diseases all over the world and if timely action is not taken, it may lead to diseases. Three (3) out of six (6) major towns in Ido local government area are considered and accumulated one hundred and ninety one (191) individuals as respondents using haphazard non probability sampling technique for selection. The obtained data through questionnaire was presented on frequency table and charts while inferential statistics were analysed using dummy variables in regression. It was revealed that majority of the respondents suffered from one or more incidences of malaria in a year, where female had the higher percentage of the incidence and there was high incidence of malaria among the adult ages 30years and above. The qualitative predictor variable in regression analysis revealed significant relationship between annual episode of malaria and number of members of household, toilet type, absent ceiling, building type, disposable site and source of domestic water. The ANOVA, F – test was significant for all predicted factors. Conclusively, in the view of the discovery, it was therefore recommended that people need awareness on densely populated area / household are more prone to experience more episodes of malaria incidence than sparsely populated one, encouragement on utilization of closed domestic water system instead of open system to avoid reservoir for mosquito, enlightenment on type toilet used and avoid absence ceiling to prevent being a breeding site for mosquitoes, government to stage more campaign against malaria especially for adult not for children under 5year alone and create a task force officer/ sanitary inspectors to checkmate sanitation of our environment to avoid unkempt toilet habit which serves as breeding site for mosquitoes.
Land use, biodiversity changes and the risk of zoonotic diseases: Findings fr...ILRI
Presented by B. Bett, M. Said, R. Sang, S. Bukachi, J. Lindahl, S. Wanyoike, E. Ontiri, I. Njeru, J. Karanja, F. Wanyoike, D. Mbotha and D. Grace at the 49th Kenya Veterinary Association annual scientific conference, Busia, Kenya, 22-25 April 2015.
The Parity Rate of Indoor-Resting Adult Female Anopheles and Culex Mosquitoes...IJEAB
This study examined the parity rates of indoor-resting Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes collected from female hostels at Nnamdi Azikiwe University in Nigeria. A total of 516 mosquitoes from 4 species were collected over 3 weeks. Culex quinquefasciatus was the most common species comprising 61.43% of the total, followed by Anopheles gambiae at 30.04%. The majority of mosquitoes collected were fed (42.05%) or gravid (15.12%). Parity rates were highest in C. quinquefasciatus (53.2%) and lowest in C. annulioris (0.5%). The high proportion of fed
In a study of 17,035 malaria cases in Maira Surizai Payan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan from May 2018 to April 2019, 7.83% (1,334) were Plasmodium vivax and 0% were Plasmodium falciparum, with no mixed infections. The highest rates occurred in August-October (11.8% of cases) due to the monsoon season. Rates were lowest in January-February (2.52%) when temperatures are cooler. Plasmodium vivax was the dominant malaria parasite present throughout the study period.
Guía de plataformas Intranet corporativas (Enterprise Social Software)Good Rebels
Guía de plataformas Intranet Social Corporativas, dónde se describen y comparan sus funcionalidades más destacadas. El documento es una selección de las que han resultado de interés durante el análisis realizado y no constituye un listado de recomendación en ningún caso.
Cada una de las plataformas mencionadas, tiene su ámbito de aplicación según sea el tamaño de la empresa, integración con sistemas existentes, funcionalidad requerida, etc, y la elección final por una u otra plataforma debe realizarse siempre partiendo de un buen análisis de requerimientos previo y una fase de dinamización inicial para lograr que sea una herramienta de gran utilidad para todos los integrantes de la compañía.
Este documento presenta conceptos y estrategias relacionadas con CRM y fidelización de clientes en la era digital. Describe cómo los datos transaccionales, digitales y sociales pueden integrarse para ofrecer experiencias personalizadas a los clientes, aumentar su valor de vida y lealtad a la marca a través de recompensas emocionales e interacción en múltiples canales. También analiza los módulos y sistemas necesarios para implementar con éxito una estrategia de CRM y fidelización social y digital.
El documento describe cómo las organizaciones deben transformarse digitalmente para sobrevivir en un mundo cada vez más digitalizado. Deben alinear todas las áreas de la empresa con la agenda digital, aprovechar los datos como su activo más estratégico, e invertir en innovación a través de laboratorios que permitan una innovación rápida. También es crucial gestionar adecuadamente la seguridad en este entorno digital para proteger los datos y permitir nuevos modelos de negocio basados en la movilidad y la nube.
El documento propone una consultoría de transformación digital que incluye un análisis del estado actual de la empresa, casos de éxito de otras compañías, y la definición de objetivos y un plan de prioridades para mejorar los procesos, puntos de contacto, modelo de negocio y cultura organizacional a través de la adopción de herramientas digitales.
Estudio sobre el uso del Social Paid Media por las marcas españolasGood Rebels
Con los datos de facturación de Facebook y Twitter en la mano, ya nadie puede obviar que el Social Paid Media tiene cada vez más peso en el modelo publicitario. ¿Cómo hacen uso las marcas españolas de esta forma de publicidad digital?
Para estudiarlo la Asociación de Agencias Digitales (AD), decidió a final de año elaborar un estudio sobre Social Paid Media, con la participación de las agencias Territorio creativo, Carrots, Neo@Ogilvy y Social Noise; y de los anunciantes Self Bank, LATAM Airlines, ECD, Iberostar, mequedo.uno, MásMóvil, Cunef y Toyota.
Estamos trabajando arduamente para poner fin al retiro de productos del mercadoConnected Futures
INTERNET DE TODO HACE QUE LA POSIBILIDAD DE NO RETIRAR MÁS PRODUCTOS DEL MERCADO SEA CADA DÍA MÁS REAL: http://www.cisco.com/c/r/es/la/internet-of-everything-ioe/tomorrow-starts-here
Guía Profesional de Publicidad en Redes Sociales Good Rebels
Territorio creativo ha creado la Guía Profesional de Publicidad en Redes Sociales, que pretende reunir en un mismo documento los diferentes formatos, plataformas y estrategias que puedes utilizar para que tu campaña llegue a buen término. Está guía se presentó en Bogotá el 11 de marzo.
El documento describe el programa #TcExperience de Territorio Creativo, un programa de formación práctica de 3 meses para profesionales del marketing que deseen reconvertir su carrera al marketing de medios sociales. Los participantes recibirán formación, trabajarán en proyectos reales de estrategia y análisis de medios sociales, y asistirán a eventos. Al finalizar el programa recibirán una beca de 1000 euros para estudios digitales. El objetivo es compartir la experiencia de Territorio Creativo y extender su misión de transformación digital.
Este documento describe TcPlus, una plataforma de comunicación para comunidades verticales similar a WordPress. Explica cuatro claves de TcPlus: código abierto, categorización, citas y comentarios. También resume los resultados positivos de usar Discourse para dinamizar una comunidad interna de 80 usuarios activos con 180 publicaciones y más de 1,200 comentarios.
"Transformación digital. Redes listas para la Era de la Internet de las Cosas"Oscar Romano
La transformación digital, la adopción e implementación de tecnologías junto con modelos de negocios digitales, y encabezados por la migración de las aplicaciones hacia la nube, están impactando la habilidad de los grupos de TI para adaptarse a las nuevas necesidades del negocio.
Este documento describe el programa #TcExperience de Territorio Creativo, un programa de formación práctica de 3 meses para profesionales del marketing que deseen reconvertir su carrera al marketing de medios sociales. El programa ofrece formación, participación en proyectos reales, y la oportunidad de aprender sobre estrategia digital, análisis de datos, gestión de comunidades y más. Los participantes recibirán una beca de 1000 euros al finalizar.
Planes editoriales, planes de contenido, planes de dinamización, gestión de contenidos... en el mundo del Social Media y, sobre todo, en la esfera del Community Manager, es difícil no haber oído estos términos pero, ¿qué es exactamente un plan editorial? ¿Para qué sirve? ¿Por qué se hace? ¡Te lo contamos!
Este documento habla sobre optimización para motores de búsqueda (SEO) y proporciona consejos para mejorar el posicionamiento web. Explica la diferencia entre SEO y marketing de motores de búsqueda, y por qué el SEO es importante para aumentar el tráfico, la visibilidad y reducir costos a largo plazo. También ofrece pautas sobre la estructura de contenidos, elección de palabras clave, uso de enlaces y redes sociales para mejorar el SEO de blogs y webs de contenido.
Este documento describe la transformación digital y cómo está afectando a las tecnologías, personas y organizaciones. Explica conceptos como el crecimiento exponencial, leyes de Moore, nanotecnología y biotecnología. También cubre temas como el CRM y la fidelización de clientes en la era digital, marcos para la transformación digital de las empresas y la necesidad de poner a las personas en el centro del cambio. El documento concluye instando a las organizaciones a desarrollar habilidades digitales para innovar en el siglo XXI
Transformacón Digital (Oracle adigital)Pablo Borrero
El documento resume los conceptos clave de la transformación digital en las empresas. En particular, destaca que (1) la velocidad del cambio tecnológico está superando la capacidad de las organizaciones para transformarse, (2) las tecnologías disruptivas desintermedian sectores enteros al eliminar intermediarios, y (3) para tener éxito en la era digital, las empresas deben enfocarse en la transformación de su estrategia, operaciones, organización y liderazgo.
El documento resume la situación del entorno digital en México, destacando que:
1) Aunque la penetración de Internet aún no llega al 60%, el tiempo que los usuarios pasan conectados es muy elevado, sobre 6 horas diarias.
2) Los dispositivos móviles van ganando terreno como forma de acceso a Internet, con una penetración del 70% para smartphones y 42% para tablets.
3) El perfil del internauta mexicano es menor de 35 años y pasa gran parte de su tiempo en redes sociales, siendo México uno de los países con may
Social Loyalty: el poder para fidelizar clientesGood Rebels
Este documento describe la estrategia de Social Loyalty y cómo las empresas pueden fidelizar a los clientes a través de las redes sociales. Explica que el Social Loyalty se basa en crear comunidades, incentivar interacciones y recomendaciones entre clientes para generar lealtad a largo plazo. También destaca que el objetivo es rentabilizar las relaciones con los clientes a través de la participación en redes sociales en lugar de comprar su lealtad.
LA IMPORTANCIA DE LA TRANSFORMACION DIGITAL EN LA INNOVACION. SECTOR ALIMENTA...ana maria llopis
El futuro del Retail en la Alimentación
La distribución y la alimentación, Tendencias y retos de velocidad
El consumidor y la distribución: ¿Preparados para el cambio?
La transformación digital un nuevo tornado
La transformación digital y la innovación
Las redes sociales y nuevas tecnologías
DIA
ideas4all
El mundo que no volverá, dará paso a un mundo mejor
Malaria Control Strategies among Rural Dwellers in a Typical Nigerian Settingasclepiuspdfs
Malaria is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan African, including Nigeria, causing 63% of total outpatient attendance in health facilities, 30% under-five mortality, and 11% of maternal mortality. Malaria control practices remain a major strategy in the combat of this menace. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the malaria control strategies utilized among rural dwellers in the Ezza North local government area (LGA) of Ebonyi state.
Chemoecological Management of Malaria MosquitoesSIANI
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
This document discusses the spatial patterns of malaria transmission globally and within Nigeria. It finds that malaria transmission is heaviest in sub-Saharan Africa, where nearly 300 million people lack access to preventative measures. Within Nigeria, malaria prevalence can be as high as 85% and is a major public health burden. The research analyzed malaria data from 1993 to 2007 and found seasonal variations influence transmission. States in Nigeria's north central and northeast regions had the highest infection rates, while states in the southwest and northwest had the lowest. Targeted interventions are needed in highly-affected states to reduce malaria's public health and economic impacts.
Eric Benjamin submitted his final project on malaria in Nigeria to Walden University. The 3 sentence summary is:
The project focused on malaria in Nigeria, where it is a major public health problem, with an estimated 100 million cases and 300,000 deaths per year. Malaria disproportionately affects children under 5 and the poor, and factors like poverty, lack of education, and cultural beliefs contribute to the high burden. Nigeria has implemented strategies like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying, as well as policies to improve prevention, treatment, and the public health system's response to malaria.
Malaria is a major health problem in Nigeria, affecting 97% of the population. Each year there are an estimated 100 million cases of malaria in Nigeria, resulting in over 300,000 deaths. Malaria prevalence is highest in children ages 5-59 months in southern, central, and western Nigeria. Repeated malaria infections contribute to severe anemia and increased risk of death in children under 5 years old. This study aims to understand the current prevalence of malaria in Nigeria, environmental factors that allow transmission, and behaviors regarding treatment seeking for the disease. It also aims to educate the public about the effectiveness of insecticide-treated bed nets in preventing malaria transmission.
Malaria is a major health problem in Nigeria, affecting 97% of the population. Each year there are an estimated 100 million cases of malaria in Nigeria, resulting in over 300,000 deaths. Malaria prevalence is highest in children ages 5-59 months in southern, central, and western Nigeria. The socioeconomic burden of malaria on Nigeria is high, with billions of naira spent annually on prevention and treatment. Repeated malaria infections can have long-term health impacts for children, including anemia, lower birth weights, learning impairments, and higher risk of other illnesses. This study aims to understand the current malaria prevalence in Nigeria and examine behaviors related to treatment seeking as well as educate the public on the effective use of
Malaria Control & the RTS,S Vaccine-under-trial: Matters Arising by Dr. IdokokoAbraham Idokoko
The document discusses malaria control and the RTS,S vaccine currently under trial. It provides an overview of the global malaria situation, the situation in sub-Saharan Africa and Nigeria specifically. It outlines the key components of malaria control including case management, vector control methods, and monitoring and evaluation. Progress made in malaria control from 2000-2011 is highlighted, along with current challenges such as funding shortages and insecticide and drug resistance. The development of malaria vaccines including the RTS,S vaccine currently undergoing trials is also discussed.
Meningococcal disease is a severe illness with high case fatality (5-10%) and frequent sequelae. Meningococcal meningitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the meningitis belt. Meningococcal disease is a major public health challenge in countries of sub-Saharan Africa lying in the meningitis belt. Human infections caused by meningococcal (Neisseria meningitidis) remain a serious health problem, infecting 500,000 to 1.2 million people and killing between 50,000 and 135,000 per year worldwide. The causative agent, Neisseria meningitidis normally lives in a commensal relationship with humans, colonizing the nasopharynx, and is transmitted between healthy persons by close contact. The most common symptoms are a stiff neck, high fever, sensitivity to light, confusion, headaches and vomiting. Low meningitis thresholds improve timely detection of epidemics. The diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis is confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, Gram stain, polymerase chain reaction, culture of cerebrospinal fluid. Meningococcal disease can be treated with a number of effective antibiotics. It is important that treatment be started as soon as possible. If meningococcal disease is suspected, antibiotics are given right away. Antibiotics effective for this purpose include rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone or azithromycin. Currently available meningococcal vaccines include polysaccharide vaccines against serogroups A, C, W135 & Y and newer protein polysaccharide conjugate vaccines against serogroup C. This review covers key aspects of the pathogenesis and management of meningococcal disease, as well as the very recent developments in disease epidemiology, outbreaks, and the evolution of meningococcal immunizations.
This study evaluated the prevalence of malaria parasite among pregnant and non pregnant women attending Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Owerri Imo State Nigeria within the age range of 21-50 years. The molecular identification and speciation of the malaria parasites were carried out using different diagnostic techniques. The blood samples were analyzed using microscopy, Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results using the microscopy for pregnant women was 181(90.5%) and for non pregnant women, it was 185(92.5%) within the age range of under 21, 41 and above. The result of RDT for pregnant women was 58(32.0%) and for non pregnant women were 46(24.9%). However, the age group of pregnant women that had the highest occurrence of malaria using microscopy was (21-25yrs) with 100% of persons tested positive and (41-45yrs) with 78.8% had the lowest occurrence. For non pregnant women, the age group that had the highest occurrence of malaria parasite was (31-35yrs) with 95.3%of persons reporting tested reporting positive while, (21-25yrs) with 84.6% had the lowest occurrence. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used for the speciation of the parasites and the result revealed that Plasmodium falciparum in pregnant women within the ages of 46-50yrs had the highest (96.0%) prevalent followed by Plasmodium vivax for women within the ages of 21-25yrs had the highest (13.6%) occurrence, Plasmodium malariae for women within the ages 21-25yrs and had the highest (9.4%) occurrence. In this study, Polymerase Chain Reaction was very sensitive, takes more large samples at a time and specific for both P. falciparum and non falciparum Plasmodium infections and has many diagnostic advantages over microscopy. Out of 400 venous blood samples collected from both pregnant and non-pregnant women, 27 blood samples had mixed malaria parasite infections. Therefore, following this study, it will be recommended that we urge the pharmaceutical companies to improve on the manufacturing of broad-spectrum antimalarial drugs to cover all species of Plasmodium as it’s done with antimicrobials not only concentrating on the drugs for the treatment of P. falciparum alone.
Am very excited to start the process of writing this research proposal because malaria is one of the most deadly diseases in Africa, especially in Ghana. so the reason behind this research proposal is that I want us to prevent this disease once and for all in our community. But am not done with this research I will continue it someday.
Stable endemic malaria in a rainforest community of Southeastern NigeriaIOSR Journals
This study examined the prevalence of malaria in Abagana, a rainforest community in southeastern Nigeria between April and August 2012. Blood samples were collected from 141 participants and tested for malaria parasites. The overall malaria prevalence was 53.90% (76 positive cases). Prevalence was highest in children aged 0-5 years (90.91%) and lowest in those aged 26-30 years (26.32%). Malaria was observed across all villages, occupations, education levels, sexes and age groups in the community, revealing a holoendemic pattern of transmission. Intervention through educational campaigns was recommended to control malaria in this stable endemic rainforest setting.
This study evaluated the direct and indirect protective effects of malaria interventions ITNs and IRS using data from 7 countries in Africa. A crude analysis found that ITN use significantly decreased odds of malaria in 2 countries and increased odds in 2 others, while IRS use significantly decreased odds in 1 country and increased odds in another. An adjusted analysis found no indirect protection for non-ITN users as coverage increased, but indirect protection was offered to ITN users as coverage increased in their neighborhood. IRS use did not provide individual or community-level protection against malaria. The contradictory findings highlight a need for further research on mechanisms driving these observed patterns.
Use of Herbal Medicine in the Management of Malaria in------3669-5712-1-PBRazak Mohammed Gyasi
This study examined the use of herbal medicine in the management of malaria in Ghana. A survey was conducted of 189 malaria patients and 5 herbal medicine practitioners in the Kwabre East District. Results found that herbal therapy was common among malaria patients (95%), and a key part of malaria treatment strategies. However, 29.7% of patients also utilized modern healthcare. Herbal medicine use was significantly associated with perceptions of fewer side effects, lower cost, and better availability and efficacy than modern options. The study recommends further research on the safety, quality, and effectiveness of herbal treatments for malaria and other diseases.
The prevalence of tuberculosis and Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RMP-TB) among patients showing symptoms of tuberculosis that visited Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa state, Nigeria was determined from June 2015 to December 2015. A total of 456 patients comprising 218(47.8%) males and 238(52.2%) females were examined using their sputum and gastric lavage samples. GeneXpert System was used to determine the TB and RMF-TB. Results showed that out of the 456 patients, overall tuberculosis prevalence was 88(19.3%), males recorded 48(10.5%) while females had 40(8.8%). The highest tuberculosis prevalence was recorded amongst 21-30 years and 31-40 years age groups (5.5%). Out of the 456 patients, total prevalence for Rifampicin resistance was 11(2.4%). Of these, females and male prevalence was 6(1.3%) and 5(1.1%) respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in prevalence between age and gender. The treatment and follow-up of existing cases is a key to preventing the spread of multi drug-resistant tuberculosis.
Modeling the Consequence of Multi Intervention Campaigns for the Spread of Ma...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a research paper that developed a mathematical model called SPITR to study the transmission dynamics of malaria and the impact of multiple intervention strategies. The SPITR model divides the human population into 5 groups - susceptible, protected, infected, treatment, and recovered. It also includes 2 mosquito groups - susceptible and infected. The model aims to assess how interventions like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying can increase mosquito mortality and help control the spread of malaria. Simulation results suggest combining these interventions with prompt treatment and vaccination can more effectively reduce malaria cases and transmission.
Knowledge of the Implementation of the Malaria Control Program in Four Health...YogeshIJTSRD
This document summarizes a study on healthcare providers' knowledge of malaria control programs in four health districts in Yaounde, Cameroon. The study involved surveying 42 healthcare providers who received training and 50 providers who did not, across the districts. It found that trained providers generally demonstrated good knowledge of malaria diagnosis, treatment and prevention, with higher percentages than untrained providers. However, not all practices followed national guidelines. The study concluded there was room for improvement in fully implementing recommended case management procedures.
The document discusses the effect of climate change on malaria incidence in Gowa, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It finds that malaria incidence peaks in March and June, during the rainy season. Changes in humidity and rainfall due to fluctuating rainy seasons impact mosquito breeding and malaria transmission. The highest number of cases occurred in the health center area near dams used for irrigation, which provide breeding sites for malaria-carrying mosquitoes. Rainy conditions allow mosquito populations to increase rapidly, leading to spikes in malaria cases even after the peak rainy season.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Comparative study of the effectiveness of combination therapies based on atem...Open Access Research Paper
The National Malaria Control Program recommended in 1993, the use of Chloroquina (CQ) as first line drug for malaria treatment, and sulfadoxin pyrimethamin as second drug. After years, Benin knows resistance about these antimalarials. Quinina was to treat gravities. In 2004, the strategy of treatment changed. Treatment of malaria cases is based on use of arteminisinia therapeutic combination. The goal of this study is to be sure that these drugs are efficace before general use in the country and in some regions as Dassa Zounmè where the resistance is up (61. 3% for Chloroquina CQ and 45.9% for SP in 2002).The study is based on: comparison of therapeutic efficacy of artemether Lumefantrine and Artesunate Amodiaquine. Results show that all of the tested drugs have good therapeutic efficacy. Most important rate failure is in Dassa Zounmè (33, 86%) than Parakou (23, 44%). They are parasitologic failure and are probably due to the reinfestation of children. Two drugs have a good parasitological clearance and eliminate fever after 2 days of treatment.
Similar to Entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in minna niger state science domain (20)
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
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Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
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Entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in minna niger state science domain
1. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Corresponding author: E-mail: omalu_icj@hotmail.com;
Advances in Research
3(2): 181-188, 2015, Article no.AIR.2015.014
ISSN: 2348-0394
SCIENCEDOMAIN international
www.sciencedomain.org
Entomological and Parasitological Indices of Malaria
Transmission in Minna, Niger State, North Central
Nigeria
I. C. J. Omalu1*
, I. K. Olayemi1
, C. A.Otuu1
, S. C. Hassan2
, S. S. Eke1
, S. Paul1
and G. O. Uzoaga1
1
Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria.
2
ABT Development Foundation, PMI-ARS Project Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Authors ICJO and IKO designed the
study, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors CAO and SCH managed
the literature searches and performed the Entomological analyses and authors SSE, SP and GOU
performed the Parasitological analyses. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/AIR/2015/12486
Editor(s):
(1) Jinyong Peng, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
(2) Francisco Torrens, Institut Universitari de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, Edifici d'Instituts de Paterna, València,
Spain.
Reviewers:
(1) Deepak Bhattacharya, Oddisi Research laboratory, Bhubaneswar, India.
(2) Anonymous, Okayama University, Japan.
(3) Anonymous, IPS College of Pharmacy, India.
(4) Anonymous, University of Florida FMEL, USA.
(5) Anonymous, Adekunle Ajasin University, Nigeria.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history.php?iid=695&id=31&aid=6325
Received 2nd
July 2014
Accepted 2
nd
September 2014
Published 4th
October 2014
ABSTRACT
Background: The heavy burden exerted by mosquito-borne diseases was the reason for this
study to evaluate the entomological and parasitological indices of malaria disease transmission in
Gidan Kwano and Mekunkele in Minna, North Central Nigeria.
Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the entomological and parasitological indices of malaria
transmission of these two communities for effective control measures of malaria in the study.
Study Design: This is a survey type study conducted in two selected communities in Minna the
capital of Niger State, North Central Nigeria.
Methods: Mosquitoes were sampled using Pyrethrum Spray Catches (PSC). The population
Original Research Article
2. Omalu et al.; AIR, 3(2): 181-188, 2015; Article no.AIR.2015.014
182
indoors was sampled by covering the floor with a white cloth of 5m x 5m each edge being held to
the wall by a masking tape. The room was spread with an insecticide a pyrethroid and then left for
10 minutes, with every opening being shut.
Results: A total of 867 mosquitoes were collected and identified: 420(48.44%) from Mekunkele
and 447(51.55%) from Gidan Kwano. The collected mosquitoes were subsequently dissected for
parity (egg laying status) and sporozoite rates using standard procedures. The results obtained
indicates that Anopheles mosquitoes had a relative abundance of 542(62.51) with the females
constituting 380(70.11%) and the males 162(29.88%). Gidan Kwano had the higher number of
Anopheles mosquitoes of 287(52.95%) compared to Mekunkele with 255(47.04%). Out of the 380
females dissected, 210(55.26%) were positive for both sporozoites and parity rates, while
170(44.73%) were negative for both. Also, a total of 425 blood samples were collected and
examined for malaria parasites from both locations. On the whole 277(65.20%) of the samples
were positive while 148(34.80%) were negative at both locations with Mekunkele having 70.00%
infection rate compared to Gidan Kwano with 60.10.% respectively. Generally, there was no
significant difference in the distribution of the mosquito vectors and the malaria parasites within the
study areas (P>0.05).
Conclusion: This study therefore will be useful as a baseline data to help in designing strategies
for the control of mosquito-borne diseases in Minna and its environs.
Keywords: Malaria; anopheles; plasmodium; pyrethroid; vectors.
1. INTRODUCTION
Despite advances in treatment and prevention-
over the past decades, malaria still threatens the
lives of millions in tropical countries. Over the
years, increasing use of control measures such
as insecticide treated nets, indoor residual
spraying, and early treatment with Artemisinin –
based Combination Therapies (ACT’s) has led to
a reduction in morbidity and mortality caused by
malaria in some African countries. An
impediment to this progress is the ability of the
parasite to develop resistance to anti-malarial
drugs and increasing insecticide resistance of the
mosquito vector.
Malaria is transmitted by female mosquitoes of
the genus Anopheles because they support the
sporogonic development of human malaria
parasites [1]. There are over 2,500 species of
Anopheles mosquitoes, but less than 50 are
capable of transmitting malaria [1]. In some
cases, different forms are found in varying
ecological regions, thus the need to identify the
prevalent malaria vectors in the study locations.
According to the World Health Organization
(WHO), malaria is the world’s most important
parasitic disease with estimated 247 million
cases resulting in 881,000 deaths most of them
children under the ages of five. It poses a major
threat to over 2.4 billion people which is about
4% of the world population. Indeed malaria is a
major public health problem worldwide [2].
In Africa more than $12 billion is lost to malaria
annually thus reducing the Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) and contributes to a great extent
to the poverty situation in Africa as it exerts a
negative influence on the productivity of
households in Africa. And it is a persistent
ailment in tropical Africa especially among under
five children due to their low level of resistance to
the disease and mortality to it amounts to
millions [3].
Malaria transmission in these African
communities is enhanced by environmental
conditions such as high humidity and warmth
which accelerates mosquito development. Poor
quality housing also facilitates malaria
transmission as the populations are continually
exposed to mosquito bites. Treated nets offer
protection from the mosquitoes, although bites
can still occur outside the house [4].
Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for most
malaria related deaths worldwide and is the
predominant Plasmodium species in Sub-
Saharan Africa. Transmission intensity and
population at risk vary substantially between and
within countries [5]. Of the 2.4 billion people at
risk of falciparum malaria, 70% live in areas of
low endemic risk. Almost all populations at
medium and high levels of risk live in sub-
Saharan Africa, where the burden of disease,
death and disability from falciparum malaria is
high [6].
3. Omalu et al.; AIR, 3(2): 181-188, 2015; Article no.AIR.2015.014
183
Nigeria accounts for a quarter of all malaria
cases in Africa [7]. It is endemic throughout
Nigeria with a high percentage of the population
at risk. In the southern part of the country,
transmission occurs all year round while in the
north it is more seasonal. Almost all malaria
cases in the country are caused by Plasmodium
falciparum, considered to be the leading cause of
death worldwide in 2004, from a single infections
agent [2]. Malaria is the most common disease in
Nigeria and according to the Federal Ministry of
Health [8], half of its population will have one or
more malaria attacks annually. It also reported
that malaria accounts for 25 percent of infant
mortality and 30 percent of childhood mortality in
Nigeria [7].
The importance of detailed knowledge of local
determinants of malaria is of primary importance
in the development of area-specific control
interventions that will effectively lead to the
control of the disease. Presently, there is a little
information on these drivers of malaria
transmission in Minna, North Central Nigeria [9],
thus the aim of this study is to determine the
entomological and parasitological indices of
malaria transmission of this two communities for
effective control measures of malaria in the
study.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Study Area
This study was carried out in two selected
communities in Minna, Niger State in the North
Central Nigeria (Fig. 1) which lies within
longitude 6°33F and 9°37N on a land area of
88km
2
and having an estimated population of 1.2
million inhabitants (2006 Population Census).
The area has a tropical climate with mean annual
temperature, relative humidity and rainfall of
30.20°C, 61.00% and 1334.00mm, respectively.
The study areas are surrounded with some
streams that are few kilometres away from their
habitats and that served as larval breeding pools
for mosquito species and other insects. The
surrounding of habitation sometimes remains
permanently bushy with thick and tall grasses.
Mosquitoes move easily into houses through the
corridors which are permanently open at both
ends of their buildings and the drainage systems
are very poor. Stagnant pools are also common
around the houses. Water supply also remains a
major problem, while pond and hand dug wells
are used as a source of water supply. The
climate in North Central Nigeria is that of a
tropical Continental region which is characterized
by a relatively wide annual temperature range
and a restricted rainfall. The mean annual
temperature range from 27 to 30°C and the
mean annual relative humidity is higher in the
former at (76.00%) than the latter (61.00%),
while the mean annual rainfall ranges from
1,334.00mm and the area is marked by two
distinct weather seasons. i.e. rainy and dry
seasons. The rainy seasons usually starts in May
and lasts till October with June and August as
the months with peak amount of rainfalls. The dry
season extending from December to March
which is completely devoid of rains and
characterized by harmattan with dust laden cold
winds from the North-east wind.
2.2 Ethical Considerations
All work was performed according to the
guidelines for human experimentations in clinical
research stated by the Federal Ministry of Health
of Nigeria. This study was approved by the
ethical committee of General Hospital Minna,
Nigeria. Parents of children gave oral informed
consent.
2.3 Mosquito Collection, Preservation and
Identification
Collection of mosquito was carried out using
Pyrethrum Spray Catches [10,11]. The
population indoors was sampled by covering the
floor with a white sheet of 5m x 5m each edge
held to the wall by a masking tape. The room
was spread with an insecticide a pyrethroid and
then left for 10 minutes, with every opening being
shut. After the period the mosquitoes found on
the sheet were gathered and handpicked with a
forceps into petri dishes and they were conveyed
to the laboratory for identification using keys of
Gullies and De Mellon [12] with Gullies and
Coetzee et al. [13] into sexed separated by
physiological state, unfed and blood fed.
2.4 Specimen Collection, Processing
and Dissection
Peripheral blood was collected from the right
thumb of children under five years.Anopheles
mosquitoes were collected weekly using
Pyrethrum spray Method between 06:00hrs –
07:00hrs from August to October, 2011 and 2012
respectively Mosquito collection were carried out
on two sampling sites representing the general
ecotype of the area. Captured mosquitoes were
sorted according to the sites of collection, and
4. Omalu et al.; AIR, 3(2): 181-188, 2015; Article no.AIR.2015.014
184
were then conveyed to laboratory for further
identification using the keys of Gilles and De
Meillon [12]. Also Dissection of the salivary
glands for sporozoites and ovary for parity was
carried out according to the techniques of WHO
[14] and Service [15].
The adult sampled mosquitoes were examined
for Plasmodium sporozoites by investigating the
salivary glands following the techniques of WHO
(2002) and Service (1993) the ovaries were
dissected out of the abdomen at the region of 6th
and 7
th
under a dissecting microscope using x40
and x200 objectives of Zeiss light microscope in
the school Laboratory and at the National
Veterinary Research Institute laboratory in Vom,
using the method of Holstein [16], these ovaries
which the terminal skeins of the tracheoles were
found to be uncoiled were considered as parous
while ones with coiled skein were considered
Nulliparous.
2.5 Parasitological Analysis
Blood samples that were collected from children
of 0 – 5 years old by pricking gently of their
thumb and the blood droplet was examined using
a direct thin and thick blood smear preparation
stained with Giemsa as demonstrated by Mnuga
et al. [17] for the presence of the ring form stages
of the parasites in the blood of the individuals in
the laboratory.
2.6 PlasmodiumSporozoite Infection Rate
This is the number of sporozoites found in the
salivary gland of dissected Anopheline
mosquitoes and it was calculated by dividing the
number of sporozoites positive mosquitoes by
the number of mosquitoes dissected.
mosquitoesdissectedofNumber
mosquitoespositivessporozoiteofNumber
.. =RS
2.7 Parous Rate
This was determined by the dissection of the
ovary of the collected specimen and was
calculated by dividing the number of parous
females by the number of dissected
mosquitoes.This will show the cycle of
oviposition.
P. R. ൌ
Number of parous females mosquitoes
Number of dissected mosquitoes
2.8 Scope and Limitation
The study was restricted to two selected
communities in Minna Niger State and these
selected communities are Mekunkele and
GidanKwano respectively and among 0-5 years
of human populations while the vector collection
was in-door.
Fig. 1. Map of Niger state showing Minna (Bosso and Chanchaga LGAs) metropolis
5. Omalu et al.; AIR, 3(2): 181-188, 2015; Article no.AIR.2015.014
185
3. RESULTS
The relative abundance of mosquito species
within the study areas, with 867 mosquitoes
collected at both locations areshown in Table 1.
A total of 420 mosquitoes were collected at
Mekunkele comprising 255 Anopheles gambiae
with 78 (30.60%) males and 177 (30.20%)
females while 165 were Culex pipiens pipiens
with 65 (39.40%) males and 100 (60.6%)
females. At Gidan Kwano a total of 447
mosquitoes species were collected, of these 287
were Anopheles gambiae with 84(29.3%) males
and 203 (70.7%) females. And 160 were Culex
species with 108 (67.5%) males and 52 (32.5%)
females. Out of 542 Anopheles gambiae
females, 380 were dissected for both parity and
sporozoite rates respectively.
Positive rate of sporozoite in Anopheles
gambiaein the study areas showed that of 177
mosquitoes dissected 95(53%) were positive for
the sporozoites while 82 (46%) were negative out
of the total number dissected at Mekunkele. At
GidanKwano out of the 203 mosquitoes
dissected for sporozoites 115 (56%) were
positive while 88 (43.3%) were negative. Chi-
square analysis showed that there is no
significant difference (P>0.05) in the sporozoite
infection rates among the individual mosquito
species in the study. Therefore malaria parasites
transmission within the study areas i.e.
Mekunkele and Gidan Kwano in Minna were
stable as shown in Table (Table 2).
Parous and nulliparous rates of the Anopheles
gambiaeis 53% at Mekunkele out of 177
mosquitoes dissected as 56% mosquitoes were
parous out of the 203 dissected at GidanKwano.
Chi-square analysis has also shown that there is
a significant difference in the parous rate of
mosquitoes infected and those nulliparous as
shown in table (Table 3).
Table 4 above showed the prevalence of malaria
parasites infection among the under five (0-5)
years of children population at Mekunkele and
GidanKwano in Minna Niger State. Of the 425
children examined for the malaria parasites at
both locations 152 (70%) were infected with P.
falciparum. At Maikunkele 152 (70.00%) were
infected out of 217 examined while at
GidanKwano out of 208 children 125 (60.10%)
were infected.There was no significant difference
(p>0.05) in the malaria infection rates between
the two areas.
Table 1. Relative abundance of Mosquito species at mekunkele and Gidan Kwano in Minna,
Niger State, North Central Nigeria
Site No. of
mosquitoes
collected
Anopheles gambiae Culex pipiens pipiens
Males No. (%) Females No.
(%)
Males No. (%) Females No.
(%)
Mekunkele 420 78(30.6%) 177(30.2%) 65(39.4%) 100(60.6%)
GidanKwano 447 84(29.3%) 203(70.7%) 108(67.5%) 52(32.5%)
TOTAL 867 162(29.9%) 380(70.1%) 173 (53.2%) 152 (46.8)
Table 2. Sporozoites infection rate of Anopheles gambiae at Mekunkele and Gidan Kwano in
Minna, Niger State, North Central Nigeria
Collection sites No. of mosquitoes
collected
No. dissected No. positive (%) No. negative (%)
Mekunkele 255 177 95(53%) 82(46%)
GidanKwano 287 203 115(56.7%) 88(43.3%)
TOTAL 542 380 210(55.3%) 170(44.7%)
Table 3. Parous rate of Anopheles gambiae at Mekunkele and Gidan Kwano in Minna, Niger
State, North Central Nigeria
Collection sites No. of mosquitoes
collected
No. dissected No. positive (%) No. negative (%)
Mekunkele 255 177 95(53%) 82(46%)
GidanKwano 287 203 115(56.7%) 88(43.3%)
TOTAL 542 380 210(55.3%) 170(44.7%)
6. Omalu et al.; AIR, 3(2): 181-188, 2015; Article no.AIR.2015.014
186
Table 4. Prevalence of malaria parasite among under five children at Mekunkele and Gidan
Kwano in Minna, Niger State, North Central Nigeria
Collection sites No examined No positive (%) No negative (%)
Mekunkele 217 152(70%) 65(29.9%)
GidanKwano 208 125(60.1%) 83(39.9%)
TOTAL 425 277(65.2%) 148(34.8%)
4. DISCUSSION
This study showed high abundance of mosquito
species and the prevalence of malaria parasites
among the under five children within the study
areas as indicators of malaria transmission.
Anopheles mosquitos’ relative abundance was
very high though the use of some insecticides
and usage of long lasting insecticide treated nets
can reduce vector infectivity as well as vector
survival rate and the length of the sporogonic
cycle [18]. Both Gidan Kwano and Mekunkele
had high Anopheles mosquitoes which may be
due to the availability of temporary breeding sites
as reported by Angerilli [19] and some of the
environmental practices within the study areas
which include disposing of containers,
receptacles, water storage jars, unused tyres,
abandoned cans etc., also the Anopheles
species found in this study areas were also
reported by Coluzzi et al. [20] which is the most
important vector of the malaria parasites in the
Sub-Saharan Africa, in connection with certain
climatic factors most especially the annual
precipitation appears to influence the range and
the relative abundance of the mosquito species.
Malaria parasites prevalence was high indicating
a high rate of Plasmodium parasitaemia among
the under five children which is in line with the
high relative abundance Anopheles vectors
sampled within the study areas which agrees
with the previous work reported by Molta et al.
[21], [22] in Jos North Central Nigeria and Ralph
[23] in the malaria endemic village of Erunmu in
southwest Nigeria. For the sporozoites and parity
rates determination of 55% is relatively high
compare to the work and findings of Olayemi and
Ande [24] in Ilorin, which was also similar to the
findings of Fradin et al. [25] in Senegal with 25%
prevalence of sporozoites and parity rates
determination and higher than the 7.1% reported
in Ghana by Appawu et al. [26], also in south
west Nigeria by Awolola et al. [27] that reported
the prevalence of sporozoites rates of Anopheles
mosquitoes as 5.6%, 2.9% and 1.8%
respectively. However, findings in this study
showed that all parous Anopheles mosquitoes
were infected, since they were all carrying
sporozoites unlike in other studies in Senegal
and Ghana and even Lagos State in South West
Nigeria [25,26,27]. It showed that Anopheles
mosquitoes in selected in the study areas are
effective vectors of malaria transmission.
The results obtained from the parasitological
examination of blood samples of the under five
children is in line with the presence and relative
abundance of the adult female Anopheles
mosquitoes as the principal vector of malaria
transmission [14], the relative abundance of the
Anopheles mosquito species within the study
areas also agrees with the findings of Bockarie et
al. [28] who reported that Anopheles species
tends to occur regularly throughout the wet and
dry seasons in west Africa mostly with the peak
at the rainy seasons which is in line with the
period the study was carried out. The relative
abundance of the mosquito species within the
study areas was also associated with the
availability of suitable breeding habitats within
the locations as described by Minakawa et al.
[29]. The breeding sites ranges across the
various types of water bodies such as temporary
ground pools to large permanent water bodies
found within the study areas. More so the high
rate of malaria infection within the study area
could be attributed to the fact that the infection is
already a looming endemic problem in Nigeria,
including Niger State as the sampling and
surveying period coincided with the peak of
raining season when mosquitoes are breeding
due to the amount of rainfall from July to
September. Moreover Minna and its environs
including the study areas are relatively water
logged and poorly drained areas, gutters and
other drainages are also routinely clogged with
wastes as a result of an inefficient public waste
disposal system. All these provide good breeding
sites for mosquitoes which help to fuel stable and
continuous malaria transmission, even beyond
the peak rainy season in the months of
November and December respectively.
5. CONCLUSION
The findings of this study indicates that both the
entomological and parasitological indices of
malaria transmission which includes the
7. Omalu et al.; AIR, 3(2): 181-188, 2015; Article no.AIR.2015.014
187
sporozoites found in the salivary glands of the
female Anopheles as well as their parous nature
and the Plasmodium parasites found in the blood
samples of the under five children are well-
established in the study areas, thus explaining
the endemicity of malaria in Minna and its
environment.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing
interests exist.
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