- The term “Quality” refers to the degree or amount to which a set of inherent or impede characteristics fulfills a number of predetermined stakeholders’ / sponsors’ requirements. Generally, “Quality Drives Productivity”

1. 5. Project Quality Management
-
The term “Quality” refers to the degree or amount to which a set of inherent or
impede characteristics fulfills a number of predetermined stakeholders’ /
sponsors’ requirements. Generally, “Quality Drives Productivity”
5 Groups
Processes
Initiation
Planning
5.1 Plan Quality
Execution
5.2 Perform
Assurance
Quality
Monitoring and
Controlling
Closing
5.3 Perform Quality
Control
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Project quality management involves making sure the project meets the needs
that it was originally created to meet, or in other words, that stakeholder
expectations were met.
-
Quality is the result of meeting the triple constraints. A guide to the Project
Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) states that quality management
ensures "that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken," not
just to meet or exceed the explicit and implicit requirements. The PMBOK Guide
also says, "Quality is the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfill
requirements." This statement means that both stated and implied needs are
understood through stakeholder analysis and then addressed in project scope
management.
Why is quality important?
-
To have greater chance of customer accepting the product or service.
-
Right quality ensures that customer will accept the product first time round.
-
Wrong quality means rework which is translated to money.
Difference between Quality and Grade
-
“Grade” is a category assigned to products or services having the same functional
use but different technical characteristics.
By: Mohamed Salah ElDien Mohamed Aly, MSc, PMP®, DIT, MCAD

2. Example;
If we have two wire cutters to cut wires of 5 mm. thickness, so each of them has the
quality needed but when we talk about that one is made from Aluminum and the other
is made from steel, we talk now about the “Grade”.
-
So, “Quality” is conformance to requirements, while “Grade” is the difference in
technical characteristics.
-
“Low quality is a problem but low grade may not be a problem”
Difference between Standards and Regulations
-
-
“Standards” is a document that provides, for common and repeated use, the rules,
guide lines, or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at achievement
of the optimum degree of order in a given context.
“Regulations” is the requirements imposed by a governmental body. These
requirements can establish product, process, or service characteristics, including
applicable administrative provisions that have government-mandated compliance.
Mandatory or not
Description
Example
Standards
It is not mandatory
Regulations
It is Mandatory
It is a document that was
established by consensus among
a group of people or
organizations to achieve some
optimum results.
The PMBOOK is considered to
be American standards.
It is a government issued
description that specifies some
form of product or process
requirements.
“Food & Drug Administration”
FDA issues a lot of regulations
in regard of drug and food
safety.
5.1 Plan Quality:
-
-
It is the process of identifying the quality requirements and/or standards for the
project and product and determining as well as documenting how these will be
implemented and achieved.
Quality Planning typically receives the least attention and yet is the most critical
element of Project Quality Management. This lack of attention primarily occurs
due to insufficient understanding about quality and how it is an integral part of a
project. The lack of an adequate Quality Plan inhibits the success of Quality
Assurance and Quality Control efforts. This idea needs to be stressed: Quality is
By: Mohamed Salah ElDien Mohamed Aly, MSc, PMP®, DIT, MCAD

3. -
planned into projects to prevent errors rather than relying on inspections to catch
them.
Project participants need to be encouraged to devote sufficient time to Quality
Planning. Quality Planning must not be taken lightly and management must be in
full support of it.
Inputs
-
-
Enterprise environmental
factors
Organizational process
assets
Project scope statement
Project management plan
Tools & Techniques
-
Cost- benefit analysis
Benchmarking.
Design of experiments
Cost of quality (COQ)
Control Charts
Statistical Sampling.
Outputs
-
Quality management plan
Quality metrics
Quality checklists
Process improvement plan
Quality baseline
Project management plan
(updates)
The Cost of quality includes all the costs to conform to the required quality of the
project, including the cost to ensure conformance to requirements as well as the
cost of nonconformance and finding the right balance. Modern quality management
philosophy emphasizes preventing mistakes rather than detecting them later
because the cost of nonconformance
The costs associated with the cost of quality are:
By: Mohamed Salah ElDien Mohamed Aly, MSc, PMP®, DIT, MCAD

4. 5.2 Perform Quality Assurance
-
-
It is the process of applying and auditing the planned, systematic quality activities
as well as quality control measurements to ensure that the project employs all the
“appropriate quality standards and operational definitions” – known as quality
metrics - needed to meet requirements.
It should be performed throughout the project.
May be performed by an internal or external organization, or designated members
of the project team.
Prevention-oriented
Inputs
Quality management plan
Quality metrics
Process improvement plan
Work performance
information
Approved change request
Quality control
measurements
-
Tools & Techniques
-
Quality planning tools
& techniques
Quality control tools
and techniques
Quality audits
Process analysis
Outputs
-
Requested changes
Organizational process
assets (updates)
Project management
plan (updates)
Project Documents
(updates)
Quality Management Systems and Approaches
1. Total Quality Management Theory “TQM”
-
-
It is a Management Strategy that aimed at embedding awareness of quality to the
entire project’s or organization’s processes. By another meaning, it is a team –
focused quality management system that aims at continual increase in customer
satisfaction at continually lower cost.
This theory is usually used in manufacturing, education, industry, space, science.
2. W.E. Deming Theory or Approach
-
It is always known as “Plan – Do – Check - Act” or “PDCA”.
Sometimes is known as “Continuous Improvement” approach.
It is used in both “Perform Quality Assurance” as well as “Perform Quality
Control”.
“Plan” refers to establishing objectives and processes required to deliver results in
accordance with the specifications.
“Do” refers to implementing processes.
“Check” refers to monitoring and implementing processes and results against the
objectives as well as the specifications and also reports the outcomes.
“Act” is the step of applying actions to the outcomes for necessary improvements.
By: Mohamed Salah ElDien Mohamed Aly, MSc, PMP®, DIT, MCAD

5. 3. A.R. Crosby theory [Prevention over Inspection]
-
-
-
It has been developed by “Philip Crosby” - a businessman and an author -who said
that “if you invest in a quality program, you will have greater savings than the
actual cost of the project”.
This theory is based on the fact that “Cost of quality or cost of conformance
outweighs cost of non-conformance”.
Cost of non-conformance may include “Cost of rework”, “Cost of repair”,
“Production waste”, “Fixing processes cost”, “Cost to overcome loss of reputation
or sales”.
It is sometimes referred to as “Zero Defect Theory” and sometimes as “Do It Right
the First Time” or “DIRTFT”.
4. Six Sigma Methodology
-
This methodology was originally developed by “Motorola” to systematically
improve processes by measuring then eliminating defects.
The basic of this methodology is to reduce probability of defect presence to 3.4
defects per one million opportunities.
5.3 Quality Control
- It is the process of monitoring and recording results of executing the quality
activities -throughout the life cycle of the project- to assess performance and
recommend necessary changes as well as ways to eliminate causes of
unsatisfactory results.
- This process is basically focuses on process and aims at preventing the process
from producing a poor quality product or service.
- It is continuously producing results that are fed back to the appropriate process or
processes.
-
There are two kinds of inspection during such process which are “Attribute
Inspection” and “Variable Inspection”
Inputs
-
-
Quality management plan
Quality metrics
Quality checklist
Organizational process
assets
Work performance
Measurements
Approved change request
Deliverables
Tools & Techniques
-
Cause and effect
diagrams
Control charts
Flowcharts
Histograms
Pareto diagrams
Run charts
Scatter diagrams
Statistical sampling
Inspections
Outputs
-
-
Quality control measurements
Validated defect repairs
Quality baseline (updates)
Requested changes
Organization process assets
(updates)
Validated deliverables
Project management plan
(updates)
By: Mohamed Salah ElDien Mohamed Aly, MSc, PMP®, DIT, MCAD

6. -
The results of “Attribute Inspection” may be “Yes” or “Not”, while “Variable
Inspection” refers to actual measurements for samples of the products.
Difference between Precision and Accuracy
-
If you are accurate, you are off course precise, while you may be precise but not
accurate and this is not acceptable.
-
For example; if you use your both hands to throw 2 balls from one hand to the
other – like the clown does -, the height of the ball varies while the motion is
regular and repetitive. So, motion is accurate but height is not precise.
Height (cm.)
Bell Curve
5
10
15
20
25 30 35 40 45
Steep Bell Curve
“Means that the process is under control”
control”
No. of throws
Flat & Wide Bell Curve
“Means that the process is out of
By: Mohamed Salah ElDien Mohamed Aly, MSc, PMP®, DIT, MCAD

7. Note: even the “Bell Curve” is flat and wide, the process may be still under control if
there is a wide range of results is acceptable.
By: Mohamed Salah ElDien Mohamed Aly, MSc, PMP®, DIT, MCAD