The document discusses the Reformation in Europe and its impacts. It describes how the Reformation movement diversified under leaders like Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin. It spread Protestantism to northern Europe but different variants also emerged in Eastern Europe. The Catholic Church responded with the Council of Trent and Counter Reformation. The Reformation led to the establishment of national churches, persecution of Protestants in some countries, and conflicts over religion that caused migration to new colonies. It profoundly shaped modern views of politics, law, science and individual liberty.