SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Tools for Structured Design

Organized By: Vinay Arora
              Assistant Professor
             CSED, Thapar University
             www.slideshare.net/aroravinay
Disclaimer


         This is NOT A COPYRIGHT               MATERIAL


       Content has been taken mainly from the following books:
System Analysis and Design Methods By Jeffrey L Whitten & Lonnie D Bentley ,
          Analysis & Design of Information Systems By James A. Senn,
                 System Analysis & Design By Elias M. Awad,
Modern System Analysis & Design By Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Joey F.George & Joseph
                                   S. Valacich



                                    V.A.
                                   CSED
Tools for Structured Analysis
   For the Business System under Investigation DECISION &
   PROCEDURES are Important to System Analyst.

   Various TOOLS are present for Studying Operational Procedures and
   Decision Making Steps.

   TOOL – A Device, Object or Operation used to accomplish a Specific
   Task.

   Three TOOLS for Documenting Procedures:

        Decision Tree, Decision Table and Structured English



                                  V.A.
                                 CSED
Structured English
   STRUCTURED ENGLISH is the use of the English Language with the
   SYNTAX of Structured Programming.

   STRUCTURED ENGLISH aims at getting the benefits of both the
   Programming Logic and Natural Language.

   Program Logic helps to attain precision while natural language helps in
   getting the convenience of spoken Languages.

   Method to Overcome Problem of AMBIGUOUS Language.




                                    V.A.
                                   CSED
Guidelines when writing Structured
             English
 Statements should be Clear and Unambiguous

 Use One Line per Logical Element

 All LOGIC should be expressed in Operational, Conditional and
 Repetition Blocks

 Logical Blocks should be indented to show Relationship

 Keywords should be Capitalized




                                   V.A.
                                  CSED
Structured English (contd.)




                   V.A.
                  CSED
Common Keywords

  START, BEGIN, END, STOP, DO, WHILE, DO WHILE, FOR,



  UNTIL, DO UNTIL, REPEAT, END WHILE, END UNTIL, END



  REPEAT, IF, IF THEN, ELSE, IF ELSE, END IF, THEN, ELSE



  THEN, ELSE IF, CASE, EQUAL, TRUE, FALSE, AND, OR, XOR


                             V.A.
                            CSED
Developing Structured Statements
   Structured English uses THREE Basic Types of Statements to describe a
                               PROCESS:

   SEQUENCE STRUCTURES



   DECISION STRUCTURE



   ITERATION STRUCTURES




                                  V.A.
                                 CSED
Sequence Structures
   A Single Step or Action Included in a Process.

   None of the Steps contains a Decision or any Conditions that determine
   whether the steps are taken.

   Operation Statements written as ENGLISH PHRASES executed from
   the top down.

   Example:
   1).   Pick Out a Desirable Book
   2).   Take the Book to the Checkout Counter
   3).   Pay for the Book
   4).   Obtain a Receipt
   5).   Leave the Store


                                            V.A.
                                           CSED
Decision Structure
   Another way of Showing Decision Analysis.

   Decision Structures occur When TWO or MORE Actions can be taken,
   depending on the value for a Specific Condition.

   After Decision Making Stated Actions or Sets of Actions for that
   Condition will be taken.

   Once Condition is made, ACTIONS are Unconditional.

   Keywords Like IF/THEN/OTHERWISE are used.



                                    V.A.
                                   CSED
Example
  IF a desirable book is found, THEN
        Take the book to the checkout counter.
        Pay for the book.
        Be sure to obtain a receipt.
        Leave the store.
  OTHERWISE
        Do not take the books to the checkout counter.
        Leave the Store.
  END IF




                                   V.A.
                                  CSED
Iteration Structure
   Iteration Instructions permit Analyst to Describe the cases where:



   Certain Activities are repeated WHILE a certain Condition Exists

                                    OR

                        UNTIL a Condition Occurs




                                    V.A.
                                   CSED
Example
  DO WHILE Still examining more books.
      Read the title of the Book.
      IF the title sounds interesting
        THEN pick up the book and thumb through it.
        Look at the Price.
        IF you decide you want the book
                 Put it in the DESIRABLE BOOK stack.
        ELSE Put it back on the shelf.
        END IF
     ELSE Continue
  END DO


                                V.A.
                               CSED
IF Desirable books are found THEN
     Take the books to the checkout counter.
     Pay for the books.
     Be sure to obtain a receipt.
     Leave the store.
ELSE
     Do not take books to the checkout counter
     Leave the store
END IF



                                V.A.
                               CSED
Tree Structure




                  V.A.
                 CSED
Decision Tree
   Conditions – Possible States of an ENTITY.

   Action – What to do when certain condition/s occur…

   Actions are the Alternatives.

   Tools used in Understanding & Matching combinations are -

   - Decision Trees
   - Decision Tables
   - Structured English


                                    V.A.
                                   CSED
Decision Tree
   Decision Tree – Diagram that presents CONDITIONS and ACTIONS
   sequentially.



   Shows which CONDITIONS to consider First which Second and so on.



   Method of showing the relationship of condition & its permissible
   actions.



   Diagram resembles branch of a TREE.

                                    V.A.
                                   CSED
Decision Tree – Basic Layout




                   V.A.
                  CSED
Decision Tree Sample




                  V.A.
                 CSED
Decision Tree Example




                  V.A.
                 CSED
Decision Tree (cont.)
   Formal Identification of Actual Decision.

   Force Analyst to Consider the Sequence of Decisions.

   Drawback of Decision Tree – A Large number of branches with many
   paths through them will cloud rather than aid analysis.




                                    V.A.
                                   CSED
Decision Tree for Invoice Processing




                   V.A.
                  CSED
Example Decision Tree – Students Data




                      V.A.
                     CSED
Example Decision Tree – Students Data – Take
           student as root node




                       V.A.
                      CSED
Example Decision Tree – Students Data – Take
           income as 2nd node




                       V.A.
                      CSED
Example Decision Tree – Students Data (contd.)




                          V.A.
                         CSED
Example Decision Tree – Students Data (contd.)




                          V.A.
                         CSED
Example Decision Tree – Students Data (contd.)




                          V.A.
                         CSED
Example Decision Tree – Students Data (contd.)




                          V.A.
                         CSED
Decision Table
   Decision Table – Matrix of Rows & Columns, rather than a TREE.

   Decision Rules are present in Decision Table.

   Decision Tables are a Precise yet Compact WAY TO MODEL complicated
   logic.

   Decision Tables, like If-Then-Else and Switch-Case Statements,
   ASSOCIATE CONDITIONS WITH ACTIONS to perform.


   Decision Rule – Procedure to follow when certain Conditions Exits.



                                    V.A.
                                   CSED
Decision Table




                  V.A.
                 CSED
Decision Table – Example Health Services




                     V.A.
                    CSED
Decision Tree - Example

                     Longer than 10 Days         Within 10 Days




                           Over $10000                             Below $5000


                                              $5000 to $10000




 Pay Full Invoice Amount

                                           Take 2% Discount from       Pay Full Invoice Amount
              Take 3% Discount from             Invoice Total
                   Invoice Total




                                                     V.A.
                                                    CSED
Relation of Condition & Action




                   V.A.
                  CSED
Decision Table – Example Payment
            Discount
There are various Formats of Decision Tables. Format doesn’t Change
the Usefulness of Decision Table.




                                V.A.
                               CSED
Building Decision Table - Steps

  1- Determine most relevant factors to consider in making a DECISION.

  2- Determine the most feasible steps or activities under varying conditions.

  3- Study the Combinations of Conditions that are Possible.

  4- Fill in the Table with DECISION Rules.

  5- Mark Action entries with ‘X’ to signal action(s).

  6- Examine Table for Redundant Rules.


                                       V.A.
                                      CSED
Decision Table –Payment Discount Example
          Using Yes/No Format




                     V.A.
                    CSED
Checking Decision Table


   Eliminating Redundancy




   Removing Contradictions




                              V.A.
                             CSED
Common Discrepancies




                V.A.
               CSED
Decision Table – Discrepancies Removed




                    V.A.
                   CSED
Types of Table Entries
   Limited Entry Form



   Extended Entry Form



   Mixed Entry Form



   ELSE Form



                          V.A.
                         CSED
Decision Table – Limited Entry




                   V.A.
                  CSED
Decision Table – Extended Entry




                  V.A.
                 CSED
Decision Table – Mixed Entry




                  V.A.
                 CSED
Decision Table – Else Form




                  V.A.
                 CSED
Data Dictionary

   DATA DICTIONARY – Can be defined as a CATALOG or a
   REPOSITORY of the Elements in a SYSTEM.

   To Manage details in a Large System.

   To Document the features of a System.

   To Communicate a Common Meaning for all System Elements.

   Record in DD – Data Element, Data Structure.



                                   V.A.
                                  CSED
Data Dictionary




                   V.A.
                  CSED
Data Dictionary




                   V.A.
                  CSED
Describing Data Elements
   Data Names

   Data Description

   Aliases

   Length

   Data Value




                       V.A.
                      CSED
Relation b/w components




                  V.A.
                 CSED
Describing Data Structures
   Sequence Relationship



   Selection Relationship



   Iteration Relationship



   Optional Relationship



                             V.A.
                            CSED
Sequence Relationship




                  V.A.
                 CSED
Selection Relationship




                   V.A.
                  CSED
Iteration Relationship




                    V.A.
                   CSED
Optional Relationship




                   V.A.
                  CSED
Notation for Structural Rel. in Data




                    V.A.
                   CSED
Data Structure for Student Data




                   V.A.
                  CSED
Data Description & Notation




                  V.A.
                 CSED
Data Flow Name




                  V.A.
                 CSED
Data Structure




                  V.A.
                 CSED
Data Element




                V.A.
               CSED
Process




           V.A.
          CSED
Structured Analysis Components




                  V.A.
                 CSED
DFD – A Tool for data flow analysis

   DFD - A Structured, Diagrammatic technique for showing the
   functions performed by a System & the data flowing Into, out of &
   within it.

   Following Data-Oriented Questions about a Target System:

   What processing is done?
   What data is Needed?

   The Context Diagram (Level 0 DFD) is the Highest Level in a Data
   Flow Diagram and contains only One Process, representing the ENTIRE
   SYSTEM.



                                   V.A.
                                  CSED
DFD Style - Yourdon




                  V.A.
                 CSED
DFD Style - Yourdon




                   V.A.
                  CSED
DFD Style - Gane and Sarson




                 V.A.
                CSED
DFD Style - Gane and Sarson




                   V.A.
                  CSED
Expanding Modules – while locating Thapar
  University using Google maps – Step 1




                      V.A.
                     CSED
Expanding Modules – while locating Thapar
  University using Google maps – Step 2




                      V.A.
                     CSED
Expanding Modules – while locating Thapar
  University using Google maps – Step 3




                      V.A.
                     CSED
Expanding Modules – while locating Thapar
  University using Google maps – Step 4




                      V.A.
                     CSED
Expanding Modules – while locating Thapar
  University using Google maps – Step 5




                      V.A.
                     CSED
DFD – Expanding Modules




                V.A.
               CSED
DFD Principles
   A System can be decomposed into Subsystems and Subsystems can be
   decomposed into Lower Level Subsystems and so on.

   Each Subsystem represents a Process or Activity in which data is
   processed.

   At the Lowest Level, Processes can no longer be decomposed.

   Just as a System must have Input and Output, so a Process must have
   Input and Output.

   Data Enters the System from the Environment, Data Flows between
   Processes within the System and Data is produced as Output from the
   System.

                                    V.A.
                                   CSED
Rules for constructing DFD




                  V.A.
                 CSED
DFD Example – A Restaurant




                 V.A.
                CSED
DFD Example - A Restaurant




                 V.A.
                CSED
DFD Level 0 (A Restaurant)




                  V.A.
                 CSED
DFD Level 1 (A Restaurant)




                  V.A.
                 CSED
Division of Main Program in Modules




                    V.A.
                   CSED
Example – DFD Construction




                 V.A.
                CSED
Example – DFD Construction (contd.)




                    V.A.
                   CSED
Presentation Graph




                  V.A.
                 CSED
Physical DFD




                V.A.
               CSED
Division in Modules




                  V.A.
                 CSED
Context Diagram (DFD Level -0)




                  V.A.
                 CSED
DFD Level -1




                V.A.
               CSED
Expanding – Invoice Approval (DFD Level -2)




                         V.A.
                        CSED
Expanding - Revise Balance Due (DFD Level -2)




                          V.A.
                         CSED
Expanding - Write Vendor Checks (DFD Level -2)




                         V.A.
                        CSED
Example – Context Diagram




                 V.A.
                CSED
DFD Level 0




               V.A.
              CSED
Sequence of Logical & Physical View




                   V.A.
                  CSED
Physical & Logical DFD

   WHAT the System does   -       Current Physical DFD



   HOW it does it         -       Current Logical DFD



   WHAT it should do      -       Required Logical DFD



   HOW it should do it    -       Required Physical DFD



                           V.A.
                          CSED
1st Level DFD – Account Payable Processing




                      V.A.
                     CSED
2nd Level DFD – Invoice Approval
            Process




                 V.A.
                CSED
2nd Level DFD - Maintaining Vendor
       Balance (A/C Posting)




                  V.A.
                 CSED
2nd Level DFD – Vendor Payment
  Processing (Cheque Writing)




                 V.A.
                CSED
1st & 2nd Level DFD




                   V.A.
                  CSED
3rd LEVEL
   DFD


             V.A.
            CSED
Reference List

1. System Analysis and Design Methods By Jeffrey L Whitten & Lonnie D Bentley
2. Analysis & Design of Information Systems By James A. Senn
3. System Analysis & Design By Elias M. Awad
4. Modern System Analysis & Design By Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Joey F.George & Joseph S. Valacich
5. http://yourdon.com/strucanalysis/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_9
6. http://www.ehow.com/about_5095247_definition-data-flow-diagrams.html

                                        etc…….




                                            V.A.
                                           CSED
Thnx…



   V.A.
  CSED

More Related Content

Viewers also liked

Search engine and web crawler
Search engine and web crawlerSearch engine and web crawler
Search engine and web crawler
vinay arora
 
Software Engineering- ERD DFD Decision Tree and Table
Software Engineering- ERD DFD Decision Tree and TableSoftware Engineering- ERD DFD Decision Tree and Table
Software Engineering- ERD DFD Decision Tree and Table
Nishu Rastogi
 
3 java - variable type
3  java - variable type3  java - variable type
3 java - variable type
vinay arora
 
Entity Relationship Diagram presentation
Entity Relationship Diagram presentationEntity Relationship Diagram presentation
Entity Relationship Diagram presentationSopov Chan
 
Erd practice exercises
Erd practice exercisesErd practice exercises
Erd practice exercises
Jennifer Polack
 
DFD, Decision Table, Decision Chart, Structure Charts
DFD, Decision Table, Decision Chart, Structure ChartsDFD, Decision Table, Decision Chart, Structure Charts
DFD, Decision Table, Decision Chart, Structure ChartsSOuvagya Kumar Jena
 
Database - Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
Database - Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)Database - Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
Database - Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
Mudasir Qazi
 
Dfd examples
Dfd examplesDfd examples
Dfd examplesMohit
 
Data Flow Diagram Example
Data Flow Diagram ExampleData Flow Diagram Example
Data Flow Diagram ExampleKaviarasu D
 
Data Flow Diagrams
Data Flow DiagramsData Flow Diagrams
Data Flow Diagrams
Sinhaa Yash
 
Entity relationship diagram (erd)
Entity relationship diagram (erd)Entity relationship diagram (erd)
Entity relationship diagram (erd)tameemyousaf
 

Viewers also liked (13)

Search engine and web crawler
Search engine and web crawlerSearch engine and web crawler
Search engine and web crawler
 
Software Engineering- ERD DFD Decision Tree and Table
Software Engineering- ERD DFD Decision Tree and TableSoftware Engineering- ERD DFD Decision Tree and Table
Software Engineering- ERD DFD Decision Tree and Table
 
3 java - variable type
3  java - variable type3  java - variable type
3 java - variable type
 
Entity Relationship Diagram presentation
Entity Relationship Diagram presentationEntity Relationship Diagram presentation
Entity Relationship Diagram presentation
 
Dfd Case1
Dfd Case1Dfd Case1
Dfd Case1
 
Erd practice exercises
Erd practice exercisesErd practice exercises
Erd practice exercises
 
DFD, Decision Table, Decision Chart, Structure Charts
DFD, Decision Table, Decision Chart, Structure ChartsDFD, Decision Table, Decision Chart, Structure Charts
DFD, Decision Table, Decision Chart, Structure Charts
 
Database - Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
Database - Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)Database - Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
Database - Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
 
Cocomo model
Cocomo modelCocomo model
Cocomo model
 
Dfd examples
Dfd examplesDfd examples
Dfd examples
 
Data Flow Diagram Example
Data Flow Diagram ExampleData Flow Diagram Example
Data Flow Diagram Example
 
Data Flow Diagrams
Data Flow DiagramsData Flow Diagrams
Data Flow Diagrams
 
Entity relationship diagram (erd)
Entity relationship diagram (erd)Entity relationship diagram (erd)
Entity relationship diagram (erd)
 

Similar to A&D - DT, DD, DFD

Data Samples & Data AnalysesNYU SCPSDataba
Data Samples & Data AnalysesNYU  SCPSDatabaData Samples & Data AnalysesNYU  SCPSDataba
Data Samples & Data AnalysesNYU SCPSDataba
OllieShoresna
 
Acid Rain - Formative Assessment
Acid Rain - Formative AssessmentAcid Rain - Formative Assessment
Acid Rain - Formative Assessmentteacherlizz
 
Anderson taxonomy
Anderson taxonomyAnderson taxonomy
Anderson taxonomy
EdwinBayron
 
Ssad fp tech ii
Ssad fp tech iiSsad fp tech ii
Ssad fp tech ii
Ravi Shekhar
 
Revision Rooster Power Point
Revision Rooster Power PointRevision Rooster Power Point
Revision Rooster Power PointNancy Craven
 
Bloom revisedtaxonomy keywords-1-1
Bloom revisedtaxonomy keywords-1-1Bloom revisedtaxonomy keywords-1-1
Bloom revisedtaxonomy keywords-1-1Chad Lowe Villarroya
 
Data Mining
Data MiningData Mining
Data Mining
Garima Singh
 
Writing Concisely
Writing ConciselyWriting Concisely
Writing Conciselyskissel
 
Best Practices in Item Writing
Best Practices in Item WritingBest Practices in Item Writing
Best Practices in Item Writing
Nathan Thompson
 
Decision Making StepsMGT350 Critical Thinking Strategies .docx
Decision Making StepsMGT350 Critical Thinking Strategies .docxDecision Making StepsMGT350 Critical Thinking Strategies .docx
Decision Making StepsMGT350 Critical Thinking Strategies .docx
theodorelove43763
 
Requirements analysis 2011
Requirements analysis 2011Requirements analysis 2011
Requirements analysis 2011
bernddu
 
How to Grade Cognitive Writing Skills in Student Writings
How to Grade Cognitive Writing Skills in Student WritingsHow to Grade Cognitive Writing Skills in Student Writings
How to Grade Cognitive Writing Skills in Student Writings
Jaime Alfredo Cabrera
 
httpcjb.sagepub.comBehaviorCriminal Justice and.docx
 httpcjb.sagepub.comBehaviorCriminal Justice and.docx httpcjb.sagepub.comBehaviorCriminal Justice and.docx
httpcjb.sagepub.comBehaviorCriminal Justice and.docx
MARRY7
 
Designing Alternate Solutions: How to Find Solutions That Meet Your Requirements
Designing Alternate Solutions: How to Find Solutions That Meet Your RequirementsDesigning Alternate Solutions: How to Find Solutions That Meet Your Requirements
Designing Alternate Solutions: How to Find Solutions That Meet Your RequirementsBA-EXPERTS
 
L7 decision tree & table
L7 decision tree & tableL7 decision tree & table
L7 decision tree & tableNeha Gupta
 
Metric Patterns Session Slides
Metric Patterns Session SlidesMetric Patterns Session Slides
Metric Patterns Session Slides
societyofdecisionprofessionals
 
PROBLEM kbfb3nrioqmkandc jnojnkoj j.pptx
PROBLEM kbfb3nrioqmkandc jnojnkoj j.pptxPROBLEM kbfb3nrioqmkandc jnojnkoj j.pptx
PROBLEM kbfb3nrioqmkandc jnojnkoj j.pptx
monisha2312
 
Running head ONline analytical process1ONline analytical proce.docx
Running head ONline analytical process1ONline analytical proce.docxRunning head ONline analytical process1ONline analytical proce.docx
Running head ONline analytical process1ONline analytical proce.docx
toltonkendal
 
WEKA: Output Knowledge Representation
WEKA: Output Knowledge RepresentationWEKA: Output Knowledge Representation
WEKA: Output Knowledge Representation
DataminingTools Inc
 

Similar to A&D - DT, DD, DFD (20)

Data Samples & Data AnalysesNYU SCPSDataba
Data Samples & Data AnalysesNYU  SCPSDatabaData Samples & Data AnalysesNYU  SCPSDataba
Data Samples & Data AnalysesNYU SCPSDataba
 
Acid Rain - Formative Assessment
Acid Rain - Formative AssessmentAcid Rain - Formative Assessment
Acid Rain - Formative Assessment
 
Anderson taxonomy
Anderson taxonomyAnderson taxonomy
Anderson taxonomy
 
Ssad fp tech ii
Ssad fp tech iiSsad fp tech ii
Ssad fp tech ii
 
Revision Rooster Power Point
Revision Rooster Power PointRevision Rooster Power Point
Revision Rooster Power Point
 
Bloom revisedtaxonomy keywords-1-1
Bloom revisedtaxonomy keywords-1-1Bloom revisedtaxonomy keywords-1-1
Bloom revisedtaxonomy keywords-1-1
 
Data Mining
Data MiningData Mining
Data Mining
 
Writing Concisely
Writing ConciselyWriting Concisely
Writing Concisely
 
Best Practices in Item Writing
Best Practices in Item WritingBest Practices in Item Writing
Best Practices in Item Writing
 
Decision Making StepsMGT350 Critical Thinking Strategies .docx
Decision Making StepsMGT350 Critical Thinking Strategies .docxDecision Making StepsMGT350 Critical Thinking Strategies .docx
Decision Making StepsMGT350 Critical Thinking Strategies .docx
 
Requirements analysis 2011
Requirements analysis 2011Requirements analysis 2011
Requirements analysis 2011
 
How to Grade Cognitive Writing Skills in Student Writings
How to Grade Cognitive Writing Skills in Student WritingsHow to Grade Cognitive Writing Skills in Student Writings
How to Grade Cognitive Writing Skills in Student Writings
 
Decision theory & decisiontrees
Decision theory & decisiontreesDecision theory & decisiontrees
Decision theory & decisiontrees
 
httpcjb.sagepub.comBehaviorCriminal Justice and.docx
 httpcjb.sagepub.comBehaviorCriminal Justice and.docx httpcjb.sagepub.comBehaviorCriminal Justice and.docx
httpcjb.sagepub.comBehaviorCriminal Justice and.docx
 
Designing Alternate Solutions: How to Find Solutions That Meet Your Requirements
Designing Alternate Solutions: How to Find Solutions That Meet Your RequirementsDesigning Alternate Solutions: How to Find Solutions That Meet Your Requirements
Designing Alternate Solutions: How to Find Solutions That Meet Your Requirements
 
L7 decision tree & table
L7 decision tree & tableL7 decision tree & table
L7 decision tree & table
 
Metric Patterns Session Slides
Metric Patterns Session SlidesMetric Patterns Session Slides
Metric Patterns Session Slides
 
PROBLEM kbfb3nrioqmkandc jnojnkoj j.pptx
PROBLEM kbfb3nrioqmkandc jnojnkoj j.pptxPROBLEM kbfb3nrioqmkandc jnojnkoj j.pptx
PROBLEM kbfb3nrioqmkandc jnojnkoj j.pptx
 
Running head ONline analytical process1ONline analytical proce.docx
Running head ONline analytical process1ONline analytical proce.docxRunning head ONline analytical process1ONline analytical proce.docx
Running head ONline analytical process1ONline analytical proce.docx
 
WEKA: Output Knowledge Representation
WEKA: Output Knowledge RepresentationWEKA: Output Knowledge Representation
WEKA: Output Knowledge Representation
 

More from vinay arora

Use case diagram
Use case diagramUse case diagram
Use case diagram
vinay arora
 
Lab exercise questions (AD & CD)
Lab exercise questions (AD & CD)Lab exercise questions (AD & CD)
Lab exercise questions (AD & CD)
vinay arora
 
SEM - UML (1st case study)
SEM - UML (1st case study)SEM - UML (1st case study)
SEM - UML (1st case study)
vinay arora
 
2 java - operators
2  java - operators2  java - operators
2 java - operators
vinay arora
 
1 java - data type
1  java - data type1  java - data type
1 java - data type
vinay arora
 
Uta005 lecture3
Uta005 lecture3Uta005 lecture3
Uta005 lecture3
vinay arora
 
Uta005 lecture2
Uta005 lecture2Uta005 lecture2
Uta005 lecture2
vinay arora
 
Security & Protection
Security & ProtectionSecurity & Protection
Security & Protectionvinay arora
 
Process Synchronization
Process SynchronizationProcess Synchronization
Process Synchronizationvinay arora
 
CG - Output Primitives
CG - Output PrimitivesCG - Output Primitives
CG - Output Primitivesvinay arora
 
CG - Display Devices
CG - Display DevicesCG - Display Devices
CG - Display Devicesvinay arora
 
CG - Input Output Devices
CG - Input Output DevicesCG - Input Output Devices
CG - Input Output Devicesvinay arora
 
CG - Introduction to Computer Graphics
CG - Introduction to Computer GraphicsCG - Introduction to Computer Graphics
CG - Introduction to Computer Graphicsvinay arora
 
C Prog. - Strings (Updated)
C Prog. - Strings (Updated)C Prog. - Strings (Updated)
C Prog. - Strings (Updated)vinay arora
 
C Prog. - Structures
C Prog. - StructuresC Prog. - Structures
C Prog. - Structuresvinay arora
 
A&D - Object Oriented Design using UML
A&D - Object Oriented Design using UMLA&D - Object Oriented Design using UML
A&D - Object Oriented Design using UMLvinay arora
 
C Prog - Strings
C Prog - StringsC Prog - Strings
C Prog - Stringsvinay arora
 
C Prog - Pointers
C Prog - PointersC Prog - Pointers
C Prog - Pointersvinay arora
 

More from vinay arora (20)

Use case diagram
Use case diagramUse case diagram
Use case diagram
 
Lab exercise questions (AD & CD)
Lab exercise questions (AD & CD)Lab exercise questions (AD & CD)
Lab exercise questions (AD & CD)
 
SEM - UML (1st case study)
SEM - UML (1st case study)SEM - UML (1st case study)
SEM - UML (1st case study)
 
2 java - operators
2  java - operators2  java - operators
2 java - operators
 
1 java - data type
1  java - data type1  java - data type
1 java - data type
 
Uta005 lecture3
Uta005 lecture3Uta005 lecture3
Uta005 lecture3
 
Uta005 lecture2
Uta005 lecture2Uta005 lecture2
Uta005 lecture2
 
Security & Protection
Security & ProtectionSecurity & Protection
Security & Protection
 
Process Synchronization
Process SynchronizationProcess Synchronization
Process Synchronization
 
CG - Output Primitives
CG - Output PrimitivesCG - Output Primitives
CG - Output Primitives
 
CG - Display Devices
CG - Display DevicesCG - Display Devices
CG - Display Devices
 
CG - Input Output Devices
CG - Input Output DevicesCG - Input Output Devices
CG - Input Output Devices
 
CG - Introduction to Computer Graphics
CG - Introduction to Computer GraphicsCG - Introduction to Computer Graphics
CG - Introduction to Computer Graphics
 
C Prog. - Strings (Updated)
C Prog. - Strings (Updated)C Prog. - Strings (Updated)
C Prog. - Strings (Updated)
 
C Prog. - Structures
C Prog. - StructuresC Prog. - Structures
C Prog. - Structures
 
A&D - UML
A&D - UMLA&D - UML
A&D - UML
 
A&D - Object Oriented Design using UML
A&D - Object Oriented Design using UMLA&D - Object Oriented Design using UML
A&D - Object Oriented Design using UML
 
C Prog - Strings
C Prog - StringsC Prog - Strings
C Prog - Strings
 
C Prog - Pointers
C Prog - PointersC Prog - Pointers
C Prog - Pointers
 
C Prog - Array
C Prog - ArrayC Prog - Array
C Prog - Array
 

Recently uploaded

The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free downloadThe French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
Vivekanand Anglo Vedic Academy
 
Advantages and Disadvantages of CMS from an SEO Perspective
Advantages and Disadvantages of CMS from an SEO PerspectiveAdvantages and Disadvantages of CMS from an SEO Perspective
Advantages and Disadvantages of CMS from an SEO Perspective
Krisztián Száraz
 
"Protectable subject matters, Protection in biotechnology, Protection of othe...
"Protectable subject matters, Protection in biotechnology, Protection of othe..."Protectable subject matters, Protection in biotechnology, Protection of othe...
"Protectable subject matters, Protection in biotechnology, Protection of othe...
SACHIN R KONDAGURI
 
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.pptThesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
EverAndrsGuerraGuerr
 
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER  FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...TESDA TM1 REVIEWER  FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
EugeneSaldivar
 
CACJapan - GROUP Presentation 1- Wk 4.pdf
CACJapan - GROUP Presentation 1- Wk 4.pdfCACJapan - GROUP Presentation 1- Wk 4.pdf
CACJapan - GROUP Presentation 1- Wk 4.pdf
camakaiclarkmusic
 
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkIntroduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
TechSoup
 
Chapter -12, Antibiotics (One Page Notes).pdf
Chapter -12, Antibiotics (One Page Notes).pdfChapter -12, Antibiotics (One Page Notes).pdf
Chapter -12, Antibiotics (One Page Notes).pdf
Kartik Tiwari
 
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
Levi Shapiro
 
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of Labour
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourNormal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of Labour
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of Labour
Wasim Ak
 
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationA Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
Peter Windle
 
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHatAzure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Scholarhat
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
STRAND 3 HYGIENIC PRACTICES.pptx GRADE 7 CBC
STRAND 3 HYGIENIC PRACTICES.pptx GRADE 7 CBCSTRAND 3 HYGIENIC PRACTICES.pptx GRADE 7 CBC
STRAND 3 HYGIENIC PRACTICES.pptx GRADE 7 CBC
kimdan468
 
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama UniversityNatural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Akanksha trivedi rama nursing college kanpur.
 
Multithreading_in_C++ - std::thread, race condition
Multithreading_in_C++ - std::thread, race conditionMultithreading_in_C++ - std::thread, race condition
Multithreading_in_C++ - std::thread, race condition
Mohammed Sikander
 
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic Imperative
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativeEmbracing GenAI - A Strategic Imperative
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic Imperative
Peter Windle
 
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptxChapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Mohd Adib Abd Muin, Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia
 
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptxThe approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
Jisc
 
Marketing internship report file for MBA
Marketing internship report file for MBAMarketing internship report file for MBA
Marketing internship report file for MBA
gb193092
 

Recently uploaded (20)

The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free downloadThe French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
 
Advantages and Disadvantages of CMS from an SEO Perspective
Advantages and Disadvantages of CMS from an SEO PerspectiveAdvantages and Disadvantages of CMS from an SEO Perspective
Advantages and Disadvantages of CMS from an SEO Perspective
 
"Protectable subject matters, Protection in biotechnology, Protection of othe...
"Protectable subject matters, Protection in biotechnology, Protection of othe..."Protectable subject matters, Protection in biotechnology, Protection of othe...
"Protectable subject matters, Protection in biotechnology, Protection of othe...
 
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.pptThesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
 
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER  FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...TESDA TM1 REVIEWER  FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
 
CACJapan - GROUP Presentation 1- Wk 4.pdf
CACJapan - GROUP Presentation 1- Wk 4.pdfCACJapan - GROUP Presentation 1- Wk 4.pdf
CACJapan - GROUP Presentation 1- Wk 4.pdf
 
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkIntroduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
 
Chapter -12, Antibiotics (One Page Notes).pdf
Chapter -12, Antibiotics (One Page Notes).pdfChapter -12, Antibiotics (One Page Notes).pdf
Chapter -12, Antibiotics (One Page Notes).pdf
 
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
 
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of Labour
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourNormal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of Labour
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of Labour
 
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationA Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
 
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHatAzure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
 
STRAND 3 HYGIENIC PRACTICES.pptx GRADE 7 CBC
STRAND 3 HYGIENIC PRACTICES.pptx GRADE 7 CBCSTRAND 3 HYGIENIC PRACTICES.pptx GRADE 7 CBC
STRAND 3 HYGIENIC PRACTICES.pptx GRADE 7 CBC
 
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama UniversityNatural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
 
Multithreading_in_C++ - std::thread, race condition
Multithreading_in_C++ - std::thread, race conditionMultithreading_in_C++ - std::thread, race condition
Multithreading_in_C++ - std::thread, race condition
 
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic Imperative
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativeEmbracing GenAI - A Strategic Imperative
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic Imperative
 
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptxChapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
 
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptxThe approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
The approach at University of Liverpool.pptx
 
Marketing internship report file for MBA
Marketing internship report file for MBAMarketing internship report file for MBA
Marketing internship report file for MBA
 

A&D - DT, DD, DFD

  • 1. Tools for Structured Design Organized By: Vinay Arora Assistant Professor CSED, Thapar University www.slideshare.net/aroravinay
  • 2. Disclaimer This is NOT A COPYRIGHT MATERIAL Content has been taken mainly from the following books: System Analysis and Design Methods By Jeffrey L Whitten & Lonnie D Bentley , Analysis & Design of Information Systems By James A. Senn, System Analysis & Design By Elias M. Awad, Modern System Analysis & Design By Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Joey F.George & Joseph S. Valacich V.A. CSED
  • 3. Tools for Structured Analysis For the Business System under Investigation DECISION & PROCEDURES are Important to System Analyst. Various TOOLS are present for Studying Operational Procedures and Decision Making Steps. TOOL – A Device, Object or Operation used to accomplish a Specific Task. Three TOOLS for Documenting Procedures: Decision Tree, Decision Table and Structured English V.A. CSED
  • 4. Structured English STRUCTURED ENGLISH is the use of the English Language with the SYNTAX of Structured Programming. STRUCTURED ENGLISH aims at getting the benefits of both the Programming Logic and Natural Language. Program Logic helps to attain precision while natural language helps in getting the convenience of spoken Languages. Method to Overcome Problem of AMBIGUOUS Language. V.A. CSED
  • 5. Guidelines when writing Structured English Statements should be Clear and Unambiguous Use One Line per Logical Element All LOGIC should be expressed in Operational, Conditional and Repetition Blocks Logical Blocks should be indented to show Relationship Keywords should be Capitalized V.A. CSED
  • 7. Common Keywords START, BEGIN, END, STOP, DO, WHILE, DO WHILE, FOR, UNTIL, DO UNTIL, REPEAT, END WHILE, END UNTIL, END REPEAT, IF, IF THEN, ELSE, IF ELSE, END IF, THEN, ELSE THEN, ELSE IF, CASE, EQUAL, TRUE, FALSE, AND, OR, XOR V.A. CSED
  • 8. Developing Structured Statements Structured English uses THREE Basic Types of Statements to describe a PROCESS: SEQUENCE STRUCTURES DECISION STRUCTURE ITERATION STRUCTURES V.A. CSED
  • 9. Sequence Structures A Single Step or Action Included in a Process. None of the Steps contains a Decision or any Conditions that determine whether the steps are taken. Operation Statements written as ENGLISH PHRASES executed from the top down. Example: 1). Pick Out a Desirable Book 2). Take the Book to the Checkout Counter 3). Pay for the Book 4). Obtain a Receipt 5). Leave the Store V.A. CSED
  • 10. Decision Structure Another way of Showing Decision Analysis. Decision Structures occur When TWO or MORE Actions can be taken, depending on the value for a Specific Condition. After Decision Making Stated Actions or Sets of Actions for that Condition will be taken. Once Condition is made, ACTIONS are Unconditional. Keywords Like IF/THEN/OTHERWISE are used. V.A. CSED
  • 11. Example IF a desirable book is found, THEN Take the book to the checkout counter. Pay for the book. Be sure to obtain a receipt. Leave the store. OTHERWISE Do not take the books to the checkout counter. Leave the Store. END IF V.A. CSED
  • 12. Iteration Structure Iteration Instructions permit Analyst to Describe the cases where: Certain Activities are repeated WHILE a certain Condition Exists OR UNTIL a Condition Occurs V.A. CSED
  • 13. Example DO WHILE Still examining more books. Read the title of the Book. IF the title sounds interesting THEN pick up the book and thumb through it. Look at the Price. IF you decide you want the book Put it in the DESIRABLE BOOK stack. ELSE Put it back on the shelf. END IF ELSE Continue END DO V.A. CSED
  • 14. IF Desirable books are found THEN Take the books to the checkout counter. Pay for the books. Be sure to obtain a receipt. Leave the store. ELSE Do not take books to the checkout counter Leave the store END IF V.A. CSED
  • 15. Tree Structure V.A. CSED
  • 16. Decision Tree Conditions – Possible States of an ENTITY. Action – What to do when certain condition/s occur… Actions are the Alternatives. Tools used in Understanding & Matching combinations are - - Decision Trees - Decision Tables - Structured English V.A. CSED
  • 17. Decision Tree Decision Tree – Diagram that presents CONDITIONS and ACTIONS sequentially. Shows which CONDITIONS to consider First which Second and so on. Method of showing the relationship of condition & its permissible actions. Diagram resembles branch of a TREE. V.A. CSED
  • 18. Decision Tree – Basic Layout V.A. CSED
  • 19. Decision Tree Sample V.A. CSED
  • 21. Decision Tree (cont.) Formal Identification of Actual Decision. Force Analyst to Consider the Sequence of Decisions. Drawback of Decision Tree – A Large number of branches with many paths through them will cloud rather than aid analysis. V.A. CSED
  • 22. Decision Tree for Invoice Processing V.A. CSED
  • 23. Example Decision Tree – Students Data V.A. CSED
  • 24. Example Decision Tree – Students Data – Take student as root node V.A. CSED
  • 25. Example Decision Tree – Students Data – Take income as 2nd node V.A. CSED
  • 26. Example Decision Tree – Students Data (contd.) V.A. CSED
  • 27. Example Decision Tree – Students Data (contd.) V.A. CSED
  • 28. Example Decision Tree – Students Data (contd.) V.A. CSED
  • 29. Example Decision Tree – Students Data (contd.) V.A. CSED
  • 30. Decision Table Decision Table – Matrix of Rows & Columns, rather than a TREE. Decision Rules are present in Decision Table. Decision Tables are a Precise yet Compact WAY TO MODEL complicated logic. Decision Tables, like If-Then-Else and Switch-Case Statements, ASSOCIATE CONDITIONS WITH ACTIONS to perform. Decision Rule – Procedure to follow when certain Conditions Exits. V.A. CSED
  • 31. Decision Table V.A. CSED
  • 32. Decision Table – Example Health Services V.A. CSED
  • 33. Decision Tree - Example Longer than 10 Days Within 10 Days Over $10000 Below $5000 $5000 to $10000 Pay Full Invoice Amount Take 2% Discount from Pay Full Invoice Amount Take 3% Discount from Invoice Total Invoice Total V.A. CSED
  • 34. Relation of Condition & Action V.A. CSED
  • 35. Decision Table – Example Payment Discount There are various Formats of Decision Tables. Format doesn’t Change the Usefulness of Decision Table. V.A. CSED
  • 36. Building Decision Table - Steps 1- Determine most relevant factors to consider in making a DECISION. 2- Determine the most feasible steps or activities under varying conditions. 3- Study the Combinations of Conditions that are Possible. 4- Fill in the Table with DECISION Rules. 5- Mark Action entries with ‘X’ to signal action(s). 6- Examine Table for Redundant Rules. V.A. CSED
  • 37. Decision Table –Payment Discount Example Using Yes/No Format V.A. CSED
  • 38. Checking Decision Table Eliminating Redundancy Removing Contradictions V.A. CSED
  • 39. Common Discrepancies V.A. CSED
  • 40. Decision Table – Discrepancies Removed V.A. CSED
  • 41. Types of Table Entries Limited Entry Form Extended Entry Form Mixed Entry Form ELSE Form V.A. CSED
  • 42. Decision Table – Limited Entry V.A. CSED
  • 43. Decision Table – Extended Entry V.A. CSED
  • 44. Decision Table – Mixed Entry V.A. CSED
  • 45. Decision Table – Else Form V.A. CSED
  • 46. Data Dictionary DATA DICTIONARY – Can be defined as a CATALOG or a REPOSITORY of the Elements in a SYSTEM. To Manage details in a Large System. To Document the features of a System. To Communicate a Common Meaning for all System Elements. Record in DD – Data Element, Data Structure. V.A. CSED
  • 47. Data Dictionary V.A. CSED
  • 48. Data Dictionary V.A. CSED
  • 49. Describing Data Elements Data Names Data Description Aliases Length Data Value V.A. CSED
  • 51. Describing Data Structures Sequence Relationship Selection Relationship Iteration Relationship Optional Relationship V.A. CSED
  • 56. Notation for Structural Rel. in Data V.A. CSED
  • 57. Data Structure for Student Data V.A. CSED
  • 58. Data Description & Notation V.A. CSED
  • 59. Data Flow Name V.A. CSED
  • 60. Data Structure V.A. CSED
  • 61. Data Element V.A. CSED
  • 62. Process V.A. CSED
  • 64. DFD – A Tool for data flow analysis DFD - A Structured, Diagrammatic technique for showing the functions performed by a System & the data flowing Into, out of & within it. Following Data-Oriented Questions about a Target System: What processing is done? What data is Needed? The Context Diagram (Level 0 DFD) is the Highest Level in a Data Flow Diagram and contains only One Process, representing the ENTIRE SYSTEM. V.A. CSED
  • 65. DFD Style - Yourdon V.A. CSED
  • 66. DFD Style - Yourdon V.A. CSED
  • 67. DFD Style - Gane and Sarson V.A. CSED
  • 68. DFD Style - Gane and Sarson V.A. CSED
  • 69. Expanding Modules – while locating Thapar University using Google maps – Step 1 V.A. CSED
  • 70. Expanding Modules – while locating Thapar University using Google maps – Step 2 V.A. CSED
  • 71. Expanding Modules – while locating Thapar University using Google maps – Step 3 V.A. CSED
  • 72. Expanding Modules – while locating Thapar University using Google maps – Step 4 V.A. CSED
  • 73. Expanding Modules – while locating Thapar University using Google maps – Step 5 V.A. CSED
  • 74. DFD – Expanding Modules V.A. CSED
  • 75. DFD Principles A System can be decomposed into Subsystems and Subsystems can be decomposed into Lower Level Subsystems and so on. Each Subsystem represents a Process or Activity in which data is processed. At the Lowest Level, Processes can no longer be decomposed. Just as a System must have Input and Output, so a Process must have Input and Output. Data Enters the System from the Environment, Data Flows between Processes within the System and Data is produced as Output from the System. V.A. CSED
  • 76. Rules for constructing DFD V.A. CSED
  • 77. DFD Example – A Restaurant V.A. CSED
  • 78. DFD Example - A Restaurant V.A. CSED
  • 79. DFD Level 0 (A Restaurant) V.A. CSED
  • 80. DFD Level 1 (A Restaurant) V.A. CSED
  • 81. Division of Main Program in Modules V.A. CSED
  • 82. Example – DFD Construction V.A. CSED
  • 83. Example – DFD Construction (contd.) V.A. CSED
  • 84. Presentation Graph V.A. CSED
  • 85. Physical DFD V.A. CSED
  • 86. Division in Modules V.A. CSED
  • 87. Context Diagram (DFD Level -0) V.A. CSED
  • 88. DFD Level -1 V.A. CSED
  • 89. Expanding – Invoice Approval (DFD Level -2) V.A. CSED
  • 90. Expanding - Revise Balance Due (DFD Level -2) V.A. CSED
  • 91. Expanding - Write Vendor Checks (DFD Level -2) V.A. CSED
  • 92. Example – Context Diagram V.A. CSED
  • 93. DFD Level 0 V.A. CSED
  • 94. Sequence of Logical & Physical View V.A. CSED
  • 95. Physical & Logical DFD WHAT the System does - Current Physical DFD HOW it does it - Current Logical DFD WHAT it should do - Required Logical DFD HOW it should do it - Required Physical DFD V.A. CSED
  • 96. 1st Level DFD – Account Payable Processing V.A. CSED
  • 97. 2nd Level DFD – Invoice Approval Process V.A. CSED
  • 98. 2nd Level DFD - Maintaining Vendor Balance (A/C Posting) V.A. CSED
  • 99. 2nd Level DFD – Vendor Payment Processing (Cheque Writing) V.A. CSED
  • 100. 1st & 2nd Level DFD V.A. CSED
  • 101. 3rd LEVEL DFD V.A. CSED
  • 102. Reference List 1. System Analysis and Design Methods By Jeffrey L Whitten & Lonnie D Bentley 2. Analysis & Design of Information Systems By James A. Senn 3. System Analysis & Design By Elias M. Awad 4. Modern System Analysis & Design By Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Joey F.George & Joseph S. Valacich 5. http://yourdon.com/strucanalysis/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_9 6. http://www.ehow.com/about_5095247_definition-data-flow-diagrams.html etc……. V.A. CSED
  • 103. Thnx… V.A. CSED