Running head: ONline analytical process 1 ONline analytical process 2Online Analytical Process and Date Cube Vaishnavi Gunnam SEC 6050 Wilmington University Introduction Online Analytical Process (OLAP) is among of the powerful and potential technologies used for knowledge discovery in vast database environment. The key part of OLAP model is the data cube. It is a multidimensional arrangement of collective values which provide sophisticated model for the decision support. OLAP is the foundation for numerous business application with sales and market analysis, planning, accounting and performance evaluation. Unlike statistical databases which usually store census data and economic data, OLAP is primarily used for analyzing business data collected from daily transactions such as sales data and health care data. The main purpose of an OLAP system is to enable analysts to construct a mental image about the underlying data by exploring it from different perspectives, at different level of generalizations, and in an interactive manner. OLAP interacts with other components, such as data warehouse and data mining, to assist analysts in making business decisions. A data cube is a type of multidimensional structure which allows users to analyze the data that is collected from various sources for different purposes, by taking three different factors into account at same instance. Data cube was proposed as a SQL operator to support common OLAP tasks like histograms and subtotals (Wang, Jajodia, & Wijesekera, 2010) . Uses of OLAP Data Cube OLAP data cubes are the most advanced technology that is used to analyze the data in huge data environments. There are many applications and uses of the OLAP data cubes, the following are some of the uses of implementing OLAP data bases in various fields: · On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) techniques are more progressively being used in the Decision support system in order to provide the analysis of the data. The queries that were posted on the decision support systems are very complex and need different views of data. So OLAP data cubes are used to provide various dimensional views and helps in analyzing the data for required results (Blanco et al., 2015). · On-line Analytical Processing systems facilitate analysts and managers of the organizations to provide insight on the performance of the organization by using various different views of data for reflecting the multidimensional (Blanco et al., 2015). · The model which is dimensional in a logical way is represented by a cube. The tools will help in facilitating the updating and maintenance of the cube which attributes the multidimensional model, which further assists in easier setting up and helps in maintaining the cube effectively from taking the assistance through the intuitions to the extent of use possible (Blanco et al., 2015). Operations of Data Cubes To support OLAP, the datacube should provide the following capabilities. Roll-up Roll-u ...

1. Running head: ONline analytical process 1
ONline analytical process2Online Analytical Process and Date
Cube
Vaishnavi Gunnam
SEC 6050
Wilmington University
Introduction
Online Analytical Process (OLAP) is among of the powerful and
potential technologies used for knowledge discovery in vast
database environment. The key part of OLAP model is the data
cube. It is a multidimensional arrangement of collective values
which provide sophisticated model for the decision support.
OLAP is the foundation for numerous business application with
sales and market analysis, planning, accounting and
performance evaluation. Unlike statistical databases which
usually store census data and economic data, OLAP is primarily
used for analyzing business data collected from daily
transactions such as sales data and health care data.

2. The main purpose of an OLAP system is to enable analysts to
construct a mental image about the underlying data by exploring
it from different perspectives, at different level of
generalizations, and in an interactive manner. OLAP interacts
with other components, such as data warehouse and data
mining, to assist analysts in making business decisions.
A data cube is a type of multidimensional structure which
allows users to analyze the data that is collected from various
sources for different purposes, by taking three different factors
into account at same instance. Data cube was proposed as a SQL
operator to support common OLAP tasks like histograms and
subtotals (Wang, Jajodia, & Wijesekera, 2010) .
Uses of OLAP Data Cube
OLAP data cubes are the most advanced technology that is used
to analyze the data in huge data environments. There are many
applications and uses of the OLAP data cubes, the following are
some of the uses of implementing OLAP data bases in various
fields:
· On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) techniques are more
progressively being used in the Decision support system in
order to provide the analysis of the data. The queries that were
posted on the decision support systems are very complex and
need different views of data. So OLAP data cubes are used to
provide various dimensional views and helps in analyzing the
data for required results (Blanco et al., 2015).
· On-line Analytical Processing systems facilitate analysts and
managers of the organizations to provide insight on the
performance of the organization by using various different
views of data for reflecting the multidimensional (Blanco et al.,
2015).
· The model which is dimensional in a logical way is
represented by a cube. The tools will help in facilitating the
updating and maintenance of the cube which attributes the
multidimensional model, which further assists in easier setting
up and helps in maintaining the cube effectively from taking the
assistance through the intuitions to the extent of use possible

3. (Blanco et al., 2015).
Operations of Data Cubes
To support OLAP, the datacube should provide the following
capabilities.
Roll-up
Roll-up performs aggregation on a data cube in the following
ways
· By climbing up a concept hierarchy for a dimension
· By dimension reduction
The below figure illustrates the roll-up working. Roll-up is
performed by climbing up a concept hierarchy for the dimension
location. Initially the concept hierarchy was "street < city <
province < country". On rolling up, the data is aggregated by
ascending the location hierarchy from the level of city to the
level of country. The data is grouped into cities rather than
countries.
When roll-up is performed, one or more dimensions from the
data cube are removed.
Figure 1: Image illustrating Roll-up Working.
Drill-down
Drill-down is the reverse operation of roll-up. It is performed
by either of the following ways:
· By stepping down a concept hierarchy for a dimension
· By introducing a new dimension.

4. Figure 2: Image illustrating Drill-Down Working.
Drill-down is performed by stepping down a concept hierarchy
for the dimension time. Initially the concept hierarchy was "day
< month < quarter < year." On drilling down, the time
dimension is descended from the level of quarter to the level of
month. When drill-down is performed, one or more dimensions
from the data cube are added. It navigates the data from less
detailed data to highly detailed data.
Slicing and Dicing
The slice operation selects one particular dimension from a
given cube and provides
new sub-cube. The new sub-cube if formed by selecting one or
more dimensions. Dice selects two or more dimensions from a
given cube and provides a new sub-cube. (OLAP Operations)
Pivoting
The pivot operation is also known as rotation. It rotates the data
axes in view in order to provide an alternative presentation of
data. According to Goli et.al (1997), in few cases the two
dimensions are replaced with new dimensions in place of
existing dimensions of the cube.
References
Blanco, C., Fernández-Medina, E., & Trujillo, J. (2015).
Modernizing Secure OLAP Applications with a Model-Driven
Approach. Computer Journal, 58(10), 2351-2367.
doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxu070
Goil, S., & Choudhary, A. (January 01, 1997). High
Performance OLAP and Data Mining on Parallel Computers.

5. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 1, 4, 391-417
OLAP Operations. tutorialspoint.com. Retrieved 2 October
2016, from
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/dwh/pdf/dwh_olap.pdf
Wang, L., Jajodia, S., & Wijesekera, D. (2010). Preserving
Privacy for On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP). New York:
Springer.
Ethical Theories Comparison Chart
Utilitarianism
Ethical Egoism
Ethics of Care
Kantianism
Prima Facie Duties
Divine Command Theory
Virtue Theory
How is “good” Determined
Good is determined by consequences Comment by Jen
Caseldine: This is not specific enough. They are not arguing
that good is whatever consequences might occur. What type of
consequences do utilitarians believe are good?
Good is determined by self-interests
Good is determined by the interpersonal care, as the virtue of
morals
Good is not determined by actions but consequences
Comment by Jen Caseldine: No. Kant does not believe that
consequences determine whether or not an action is good.
Please carefully reread the chapter on non-consequentialist
ethical theory.
Good is based on the prime duty Comment by Jen Caseldine:

6. For Ross, there is no one prime duty. Prima Facie duties simply
translates as duties on the face of it. Please carefully reread the
chapter on non-consequentialist ethical theory.
Good is determined by the Devine Divine Command
Comment by Jen Caseldine: This is too circular. This
would be like saying ethical egoists determine the good by
ethical egoist theory and so on. What do divine command
theorists believe determine the good? Please carefully reread
the chapter on non-consequentailist ethical theory and let me
know if you have any questions.
Individual characters led to consequences
Most Noted Philosopher(s)
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
Thomas Hobbes
Carol Gilligan and philosopher Nel Noddings
Immanuel Kant
W. D. Ross's
Thomas Aquinas, Robert Adams, and Philip Quinn.
Plato and Socrates Comment by Jen Caseldine: Please refer to
the material in the textbook. In the chapter on virtue ethics,
which two philosophers are mentioned?
Major Strengths
It provides answers to the question “what ought man to do”
Comment by Jen Caseldine: All ethical theories attempt to
answer this question. What is a strength of this particular
theory? If you read the section on utilitarian ethics in the
consequentialist chapter of the book, then you should see why
Bentham thinks utilitarian ethics has some strong points.
The theory impacts self-confidence and reliability in decision
making
The theory helps one to engage in self-examination and
determine moral virtues
A persons actions determine his/her moral worth
It guides one to develop moral obligation for his actions
Good is based on faith and beliefs
The theory provide ethical grounds for moral thinking

7. Comment by Jen Caseldine: This is not specific. How does
it provide grounds for moral thinking that other ethical theories
do not? What is a strength of Aristotle’s theory, for example?
Major Weaknesses
The theory does not explain the certainty of trust and self-
confidence. Comment by Jen Caseldine: This is not a
weakness of utilitarian ethics. Please let me know where you
read this.
According to critics, the theory involves a slave morality and a
lot of ambiguity. Comment by Jen Caseldine: What do you
mean that this theory encourages a slave morality? Most ethical
egoists would argue against this.
The theory create indifferences in others opinions in regard to
morality Comment by Jen Caseldine: Please read the section
on care ethics in the textbook. It will list some criticisms of
care ethics. Criticisms are often weaknesses in the theory.
Not all good actions led to good consequences
The theory fails to elaborate on the cause of action due to
incomplete duties
The feasibility of good depends on faith and thus invisible.
It is difficult to establish the nature of virtues depending on
their culture and societies.
HU245 Unit 2 Assignment
Ethical Theories Comparison Chart
Utilitarianism
Ethical Egoism
Ethics of Care
Kantianism
Prima Facie Duties
Divine Command Theory

8. Virtue Theory
How is “good” Determined
Most Noted Philosopher(s)
Major Strengths
Major Weaknesses