1. Locomotion refers to an organism's ability to move from place to place. The skeleton provides support and enables movement through locomotion. 2. There are three types of skeletons - exoskeleton, endoskeleton, and hydrostatic skeleton. The human skeleton consists of both axial and appendicular bones. 3. Movement occurs through the contraction of skeletal muscles attached to bones. Muscles, ligaments, and tendons all work together to facilitate locomotion, with ligaments connecting bone to bone and tendons connecting muscle to bone.

1. CHAPTER 2: LOCOMOTION AND SUPPORT
S1 The ability of organisms to move from place to place is called l………………………..
Q1 What are the functions of the skeleton?
i)
Protection: Internal organs are not damaged. Ex: Brain is protected by skull
ii)
Produces b…………… c……………. such as red and white blood cells and platelets
iii)
Provides shape and s…………………….
iv)
Enables m……………………
v)
Stores materials such as c…………………and phosphate for strong bones
Q2 Explain the three different types of skeleton found in organisms.
Ans:
Type of skeleton
Exo……………….
Made up of chitin or
cuticle
H……………………
skeleton
Body f…………..provide
support and movement
Endo…………………
Made of many b……………
Q3 Describe the problems faced by humans and animals in support and locomotion. Explain how
problems in support and locomotion are overcome.
Ans: Problems faced are:
- g…………….., fr………………. and r………………… when moving.
Ways to overcome problems:
- S……………lined body to overcome resistance and friction
- F……….. in fishes, w…………. in birds and bones in tetrapod animals to overcome problems of
gravitational force
-Muscles that attach to skeleton can contract and relax. This causes movement
Q4 Name the bone that make up the axial and apendicular skeletons in the human body.
Human
skeleton
Appendicular
Axial
Skull
R..........
c……
V…………
c……………
….
Pectoral
girdle
P…………
G………..
Fore
L………….
Hind
L………….
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2. S2 Vertebral column or backbone or spine is made up of …………..bones.or ……………………….
S3Number of vertrabral bones:
i) cervicle: 7 ii) thoracic:……… iii) lumbar:…………iv) sacrum: 5 fused v)coccyx: 4 fused.
Q5 Label the vertebra below:
Q6 State the function for the structure labeled above.
Ans:
Structure
Sentrum
Vertebral arch
Neural canal
Spinous process
Transverse process
Function
Provide s……………..and absorbs sh……………..
Protects the s…………..c…………
Provides passage for s……………c……………
Provide surface for m………………. and ligaments to
attach
Provide surface for m………………. and ligaments to
attach
Q7 Label the human skeleton below:
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3. S4 The two types of joints in the body are: h …………….joint and ball and socket joint.
S5 What kind of joints are found in the following parts of the body:
Type of joint
Scapula and humerus
Pelvic girdle and femur
Femur and Tibia
Humerus and radius
Ball and socket

Hinge
Role of Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons in Movement
S1 Movement is caused by c………………………of skeletal muscles that interact with the bones.
S2 Muscles have a lot of m………………
that produce energy for the contraction of muscles.
Q1 Compare and contrast tendon and ligament.
Ans:
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4. Tendon
Similarities
Ligament
Made of collagen
Hold two tissues together
Connect b……. and
muscle
E……….tissue absent
Difference
s
Connect m………
and muscle
E……….tissue present
In……………..
E……………
…
S3 Skeletal muscles are a…………….. muscles. This means when one musclec..……………..the other muscle r………
Q2 Explain how the forelimbs move.
Ans:
The triceps r………… , the biceps
c………… at the same time.
The r…………. and u……… are pulled
upwards.
The forearm is bent.
The triceps ………….. and the biceps
……………at the same time
The radius and ulna move backward.
The forearm is straightened
Functions of Cartilage and Synovial Fluid at Joints
S1 Complete the flow chart:
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5. Place where two bones
meet=……………….
Two types
M…….............
.
immovable
Ex: -H……………joint
-Ball and socket joint
Ex: Skull
-Synovial membrane= secretes
s………………….fluid
Function of synovial fluid = lubricate joints to
prevent f…………….when bones move
-Cartilage
Function= absorb shock that prevents bones
from damage
Locomotion in Animals
Q1 Describe briefly the how animals such as grasshopper, earthworm, fish, frogs and birds move
Grasshopper
Characteristic
Have exoskeleton; Have
a……………………
muscles(flexor,extensor)
Earthworm
H………………. skeleton;
Have antagonistic
l……………… and
c…………..muscles that
contract and relax to
produce movement
Fish
Streamlined shape
Movement
Before jumping:
-Rear legs f……………../folded
-because flexor muscles c……………
-energy stored in e………… tendon propels the grasshopper forward
and upward
During a jump:
-rear leg straight
- because flexor muscle r………..; extensor muscle c…………….
- When circular muscles contract, body becomes longer
When longitudinal muscles contract, body become shorter
-C………….grip the ground when it moves
- Fluid in the body makes the earthworm move
To reduce resistance in water
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6. S……….. body
Antagonistic muscles
known as m……………..
Have fins
Frog
A frog leaps, crawls and
swims.
Long and muscular legs
Short fore limb
Bird
Aerofoil shape wing
When one side of myotome muscle contracts the other myotome
muscles relax.
Body bends towards the muscles that contract
Alternate contractions of the myotomes cause the tail to beat.
The tail propels the fish forward.
Dorsal and ventral fins prevents fish from y…………………
Pectoral and pelvic fins prevents fish from p………………..
Median and paired fins prevents fish from r………………..
Before jumping:
Long hind legs are bent like ‘Z’ shape because f……….muscle
contracts
During jump:
E…………… muscles contract causing hind legs to straighten and
forces the frog up and forwards.
The frog lands on fore limb that absorbs the shock
To reduce resistance in air
Pectoralis minor and
Pectoralis m………… muscle contract causes wing to move u…. and
pectoralis major
f………….
muscles(antagonistic
Pectoralis m………… muscle contract causes wing to move d………
muscles)
and b………………
Consequenses of an Impaired Musculoskeletal System on Support and Locomotion
Q1 State the consequenses of an impaired musculoskeletal system on support and locomotion and how it
can be prevented or treated.
Disease
O………………..…
M………………….
d…………………..
Arthritis
- osteoarthritis
- rheumatoid arthritis
- gout
Symptoms
- bones become soft and brittle because bone
minerals lost
- Happens in women after menopause because
lack of estrogen
- hereditary disease
- D………………….of muscles and the muscles
become small
- difficulty in breathing
- Inflammation or degeneration of joints which is
painful
- cartilage breaks down
- inflammation of joints at the synovial membrane
- Uric a…………….deposit in the joints
Prevention/Treatment
- Weight-bearing exercise
- Don’t smoke
- Diet rich in calcium, phosphorous,
vitamin D
- Steroid injection to strengthen
muscle
- Genetic engineering to replace
gene with normal gene
- exercise regularly
-diet low in uric acid
- vitamins to promote strong
cartilage
Ways to Maintain a healthy Musculoskeletal System
S1 A healthy musculoskeletal system can be obtained by
a)
Balanced diet- rich in calcium, vitamin D and phosphorous
b)
Do weight-bearing exercises to increase bone mass
c)
Good posture while sitting, standing, driving
d)
Do not wear tight clothes
e)
Exercise carefully especially during vigorous exercise so not to strain muscles
UNDERSTANDING SUPPORT IN PLANTS
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7. Necessity for Support in Plants
Q1 Explain why plants need support?
Ans: Plants need support for the following reasons:
- grow upright towards sunlight for pho………………..
- to attract insects for polli……………. in flowers
- to enable fruits to be disp…………..
Q2 Explain how plants support itself.
Ans:
Type of plants that
need support
Terrestrial Plants
A…………….. plants like
Eichornia sp; Hydrilla sp;
Elodea sp.
W……..plants
Have adaptations to float
no v……………tissue so that
it is light
Air s………..
(a……………...tissue) to
reduce density of plant
Soft thin stems bend with the
flow of water
Leaves with fine hair/cuticle
to prevent water from entering
the leaves
B……………..of water
supports floating plants
Few v…………….tissues.
Xylem wall is not lignified.
Therefore the stem can bend
without breaking
Non-woody plants
Adaptations
- s……………t…………,
x………..vessels and
t…………….have cell
walls that are thick and
filled with cellulose and
lignin to give support
-P……………..
tissues store sugars,
starch and water. They
absorb water and
become turgid to give
support
- C………………
tissues have walls with
cellulose that give
support to leaves
Climbers have
- tendrils to
twine(cucumber)
around other plants
-thorns for
support(rose)
-clasping roots for
support(pepper
plant)
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