The document discusses coordination and response in the human body. It covers:
1. The pathways of information from receptors to the brain and from the brain to effectors due to external and internal stimuli.
2. The role and organization of the nervous system, including the structure and function of neurons.
3. Types of coordinated responses like voluntary, involuntary, and reflex actions.
4. The role of hormones in humans through the endocrine system and how hormonal secretion is regulated.
5. Homeostasis and how the nervous and endocrine systems work together to maintain optimal internal body conditions.
The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, gases, hormones and waste products between tissues and organs. It consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The circulatory system includes the systemic and pulmonary circuits. In the systemic circuit, the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In the pulmonary circuit, the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart. Veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood as it flows against gravity back to the heart. Blood pressure is regulated by baroreceptors and the sympathetic nervous
Biology Form 5 Chapter 3 - Coordination & Response Part 5 - Body Temperatur...Nirmala Josephine
The document provides information about homeostasis and thermoregulation in humans. It discusses how the body maintains an optimal internal temperature of 37°C through negative feedback mechanisms. When temperatures rise above 37°C, receptors detect this and send signals to the hypothalamus. Effectors are triggered to increase heat loss through vasodilation, sweating, hair lying flat. When temperatures fall below 37°C, receptors send signals to the hypothalamus and effectors are triggered to decrease heat loss and increase heat production through vasoconstriction, decreased sweating, hair standing up, shivering, and increased metabolic rate. The hypothalamus acts as the processing center to coordinate these responses and regulate the body's
Marketing research involves the systematic design, collection, analysis and reporting of data to help solve specific marketing problems. It uses both primary and secondary data collected through various methods like questionnaires, interviews and observations. The data is then analyzed using statistical tools to help marketing managers make better decisions regarding segmentation, targeting, and developing effective marketing strategies and programs.
IGCSE Biology Edexcel (9-1)- Co-ordination and response (humans)ssnm88
The document provides information about coordination and response in humans. It discusses the nervous system and endocrine system. The nervous system uses electrical signals and neurons to trigger fast responses. The endocrine system uses hormones to trigger slower responses. Key hormones like insulin, adrenaline, testosterone and estrogen are discussed. Their roles, effects and sources are outlined. The differences between the nervous and endocrine systems are compared.
The document discusses the coordination of the human body through the nervous and endocrine systems. It describes how the nervous system uses neurons and nerves to transmit electrical signals rapidly throughout the body. This allows for quick reflex responses to stimuli. The endocrine system more slowly coordinates functions by releasing hormones into the bloodstream to target distant organs and regulate processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Together these systems work in an integrated manner to maintain homeostasis and allow the complex organs and systems in the human body to function in a co-ordinated way.
Coordination & Response Part 1 - The Nervous SystemNirmala Josephine
The document provides information about the coordination and response system in biology. It discusses the following key points:
- Living organisms respond to stimuli in their internal and external environments through coordination between different body systems. The nervous and endocrine systems play major roles in coordination.
- Stimuli are changes in the environment that are detected by sensory receptors and elicit responses. There are internal and external stimuli.
- The nervous system detects stimuli and coordinates responses. It has three main parts: sensory receptors, an integrating center (brain and spinal cord), and effectors.
- The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into different regions that control various functions like movement, sensation, thinking,
This document provides an outline and overview of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It begins by introducing the ANS and its role in regulating internal environments. It then discusses the divisions of the ANS into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Key differences between the two divisions are explained, such as neurotransmitters, locations of ganglia, and effects on target organs. Examples of sympathetic and parasympathetic responses are provided. The document concludes by discussing dual innervation of organs and cooperative effects between the divisions of the ANS.
Anatomy unit 2 nervous system everything you need to know and drill questions...rozeka01
The document provides an overview of the nervous system including: how drugs affect neurotransmitters and lead to addiction; the functions of common neurotransmitters; symptoms of mental health disorders like depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia; the structures of neurons and how nerve impulses travel; reflex pathways; and the main structures and functions of the brain and lobes. It aims to review everything students need to know for an anatomy quiz on the nervous system.
The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients, gases, hormones and waste products between tissues and organs. It consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The circulatory system includes the systemic and pulmonary circuits. In the systemic circuit, the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In the pulmonary circuit, the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart. Veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood as it flows against gravity back to the heart. Blood pressure is regulated by baroreceptors and the sympathetic nervous
Biology Form 5 Chapter 3 - Coordination & Response Part 5 - Body Temperatur...Nirmala Josephine
The document provides information about homeostasis and thermoregulation in humans. It discusses how the body maintains an optimal internal temperature of 37°C through negative feedback mechanisms. When temperatures rise above 37°C, receptors detect this and send signals to the hypothalamus. Effectors are triggered to increase heat loss through vasodilation, sweating, hair lying flat. When temperatures fall below 37°C, receptors send signals to the hypothalamus and effectors are triggered to decrease heat loss and increase heat production through vasoconstriction, decreased sweating, hair standing up, shivering, and increased metabolic rate. The hypothalamus acts as the processing center to coordinate these responses and regulate the body's
Marketing research involves the systematic design, collection, analysis and reporting of data to help solve specific marketing problems. It uses both primary and secondary data collected through various methods like questionnaires, interviews and observations. The data is then analyzed using statistical tools to help marketing managers make better decisions regarding segmentation, targeting, and developing effective marketing strategies and programs.
IGCSE Biology Edexcel (9-1)- Co-ordination and response (humans)ssnm88
The document provides information about coordination and response in humans. It discusses the nervous system and endocrine system. The nervous system uses electrical signals and neurons to trigger fast responses. The endocrine system uses hormones to trigger slower responses. Key hormones like insulin, adrenaline, testosterone and estrogen are discussed. Their roles, effects and sources are outlined. The differences between the nervous and endocrine systems are compared.
The document discusses the coordination of the human body through the nervous and endocrine systems. It describes how the nervous system uses neurons and nerves to transmit electrical signals rapidly throughout the body. This allows for quick reflex responses to stimuli. The endocrine system more slowly coordinates functions by releasing hormones into the bloodstream to target distant organs and regulate processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Together these systems work in an integrated manner to maintain homeostasis and allow the complex organs and systems in the human body to function in a co-ordinated way.
Coordination & Response Part 1 - The Nervous SystemNirmala Josephine
The document provides information about the coordination and response system in biology. It discusses the following key points:
- Living organisms respond to stimuli in their internal and external environments through coordination between different body systems. The nervous and endocrine systems play major roles in coordination.
- Stimuli are changes in the environment that are detected by sensory receptors and elicit responses. There are internal and external stimuli.
- The nervous system detects stimuli and coordinates responses. It has three main parts: sensory receptors, an integrating center (brain and spinal cord), and effectors.
- The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into different regions that control various functions like movement, sensation, thinking,
This document provides an outline and overview of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It begins by introducing the ANS and its role in regulating internal environments. It then discusses the divisions of the ANS into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Key differences between the two divisions are explained, such as neurotransmitters, locations of ganglia, and effects on target organs. Examples of sympathetic and parasympathetic responses are provided. The document concludes by discussing dual innervation of organs and cooperative effects between the divisions of the ANS.
Anatomy unit 2 nervous system everything you need to know and drill questions...rozeka01
The document provides an overview of the nervous system including: how drugs affect neurotransmitters and lead to addiction; the functions of common neurotransmitters; symptoms of mental health disorders like depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia; the structures of neurons and how nerve impulses travel; reflex pathways; and the main structures and functions of the brain and lobes. It aims to review everything students need to know for an anatomy quiz on the nervous system.
The human nervous system consists of two main parts - the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull and meninges and is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that connect the central nervous system to other parts of the body and is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Together these systems detect changes and coordinate the body's activities.
This document provides an overview of measuring autonomic nervous system regulation through various physiological tools. It begins with background on the autonomic nervous system and its role in the stress response. Tools that can measure aspects of the autonomic nervous system like cardiac, skin conductance, respiratory, and vascular activity are identified. A decision tree is provided to help choose the best tools depending on setting, purpose, ease of use, and validity. The goal is to use these tools to measure changes in autonomic nervous system activation from techniques like mind-body skills and monitor ability to return to homeostasis after stress.
adrenal glands anatomy and physiology and funnctionRimshaRizwan4
The document provides an overview of the adrenal glands, including their:
1) Anatomy consisting of an outer cortex that produces hormones like cortisol and aldosterone, and an inner medulla that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.
2) Embryological development from different origins.
3) Role in producing important hormones and their functions.
4) Disorders that can result from insufficient or excessive hormone production.
The document provides information about the human nervous system and its interaction with the senses. It discusses:
- The central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which includes nerves.
- The five senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch) and the organs, receptors, nerves, and processes involved with each sense.
- Components of the nervous system like neurons, receptors, effectors and their functions in receiving stimuli, interpreting responses, and executing responses.
- The locomotor system, including the muscular and skeletal systems, bones, joints, muscles and tendons and their roles in movement and protection.
This document contains a 30 question quiz about the nervous system and endocrine system. It covers topics like the basic unit of the nervous system (neuron), parts of the brain and their functions (e.g. brainstem regulates basic bodily functions), divisions of the nervous system (e.g. sympathetic prepares the body for action in stress), hormone-producing glands (e.g. pituitary is the "master gland"), and hormone functions (e.g. testosterone stimulates male development). The quiz contains multiple choice questions testing knowledge of these topics.
This document contains questions from several lectures related to thoracic anatomy:
1. Questions cover the anatomy of structures like the thoracic outlet, internal thoracic artery, intercostal arteries and veins, muscles of respiration, lungs and pleura, heart, mediastinum, large blood vessels, nerves of the thorax, esophagus, and azygos system.
2. The questions test knowledge of the origins, courses, relations, branches and clinical importance of these various thoracic structures.
3. Incomplete statements about the anatomy are also included to be filled in, relating to topics like the root of the lung, bronchial and pulmonary arterial supply, coronary arterial distribution, and veins drain
The document describes the anatomy and functions of the sympathetic nervous system. It is divided into 4 divisions: cervical, cardiopulmonary, splanchnic, and somatic. The cervical division innervates head and neck structures. The cardiopulmonary division supplies the heart and lungs. The splanchnic division regulates abdominal and pelvic viscera. The somatic division accompanies somatic nerves to the skin and skeletal muscles. Preganglionic fibers originate in the spinal cord and relay in sympathetic ganglia to target organs.
The document provides an overview of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It discusses the structural organization and functions of each system. The sympathetic system is activated during fight or flight responses and increases heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and mobilizes energy stores. It is organized with cell bodies in the spinal cord that project to ganglia. The parasympathetic system counteracts the sympathetic responses and is organized with cell bodies in the brainstem and sacral cord that project to target organs. Both systems use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter but target different receptor types to produce their effects.
Physiological Principles for Health and Social careNovoraj Roy
Nervous system, muscles, reflexes, respiratory system are the core parts of human body.
Disruption in any of these can cause far reaching consequences for other organs. Vein, arteries
and organs in the body interact with each other and perform bodily functions and growth. Human
body can response multifarious way in cellular and tissue structure. Eventually, through aging
bodily functions started to get weakening and different diseases appear but most of them has cure
which are illustrated in this assignment.
This document provides an overview of a unit on anatomy and physiology for sport. It introduces the aims of exploring the structure and functions of key body systems like cardiovascular, respiratory, skeletal and muscular systems. It focuses on the skeletal system, explaining its functions in supporting, protecting and allowing movement. It outlines the axial and appendicular divisions of the skeleton and names some major bones like the femur, humerus, skull and vertebrae. Students will label diagrams to test their understanding.
The nervous system has two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord. It contains neurons and neuroglia, and is divided into gray matter and white matter. The PNS includes nerves that branch throughout the body from the CNS, and is divided into the somatic and autonomic systems. The somatic system controls skeletal muscles, while the autonomic system regulates involuntary functions like respiration and digestion.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in chapter 2 of the biology of the mind textbook. It discusses the building blocks of the mind including neurons and how they communicate via neurotransmitters. It describes the major structures and functions of the nervous system including the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. Key areas of the brain are also outlined such as the brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex, and lobes. Investigation techniques for studying the brain like lesions, brain imaging, and stimulation are summarized.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in the biology of the mind discussed in Chapter 2. It begins by outlining the building blocks of the mind, including neurons and neurotransmitters. It then describes the different parts and systems that make up the nervous system and brain. The document discusses how researchers study the biology of the mind through investigating cases of brain damage, stimulating parts of the brain, and monitoring brain activity using tools like CAT scans, MRIs, and PET scans. The goal is to better understand how the structures and systems in the brain give rise to the mind and behavior.
The document summarizes key aspects of the autonomic nervous system, with a focus on the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. It describes:
- The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions and contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
- The sympathetic nervous system activates the body's fight or flight response through neurons in the spinal cord, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and diverting blood flow away from the digestive system.
- The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body and activates the rest and digest response through cranial and sacral nerves, lowering heart rate and stimulating digestion.
pharmacopeia, with
numerous new monoclonal antibodies and other biologic agents.
Case studies accompany most chapters, and answers to questions posed in the case studies appear at the end of each chapter.
The book is designed to provide a comprehensive, authoritative,
and readable pharmacology textbook for students in the health
sciences. Frequent revision is necessary to keep pace with the rapid
changes in pharmacology and therapeutics; the 2–3 year revision
cycle of this text is among the shortest in the field, and the availability of an online version provides even greater currency. The
book also offers special features that make it a useful reference for
house officers and practicing clinicians.
This edition continues the sequence used in many pharmacology courses and in integrated curricula: basic principles of drug
discovery, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacogenomics; autonomic drugs; cardiovascular-renal drugs; drugs
with important actions on smooth muscle; central nervous system
drugs; drugs used to treat inflammation, gout, and diseases of
the blood; endocrine drugs; chemotherapeutic drugs; toxicology;
and special topics. This sequence builds new information on a
foundation of information already assimilated. For example, early
presentation of autonomic nervous system pharmacology allows
students to integrate the physiology and neuroscience they have
learned elsewhere with the pharmacology they are learning and
prepares them to understand the autonomic effects of other drugs.
This is especially important for the cardiovascular and central nervous system drug groups. However, chapters can be used equally
well in courses and curricula that present these topics in a different
sequence.
Within each chapter, emphasis is placed on discussion of drug
groups and prototypes rather than offering repetitive detail about
individual drugs. Selection of the subject matter and the order
of its presentation are based on the accumulated experience of
teaching this material to thousands of medical, pharmacy, dental,
podiatry, nursing, and other health science students.
Major features that make this book particularly useful in
integrated curricula include sections that specifically address the
clinical choice and use of drugs in patients and the monitoring of
their effects—in other words, clinical pharmacology is an integral
part of this text. Lists of the trade and generic names of commercial preparations available are provided at the end of each chapter
for easy reference by the house officer or practitioner evaluating a
patient’s drug list or writing a prescription.
Significant revisions in this edition include:
• Major revisions of the chapters on immunopharmacology,
antiseizure, antipsychotic, antidepressant, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, and antiviral drugs, prostaglandins, and central
nervous system neurotransmitters.
• Continued expansion of the coverage of general concepts relating to newly dis
The document describes the anatomical divisions of the nervous system including the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. It provides details on the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, including their origins and functions in regulating various organs like the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive organs. The sympathetic nervous system is further divided into cervical, cardiopulmonary, splanchnic, and somatic divisions based on their anatomical distribution and targets.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system including its main functions and components. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which includes nerves that connect the CNS to other parts of the body. It describes the autonomic nervous system (ANS) which controls involuntary body functions. Key parts of the CNS like the brain lobes and ventricles are defined. The roles of neurons, synapses, and neurotransmitters in nerve signal transmission are summarized. Common nervous system disorders are also listed.
F:\Biology Form 5\Chp 3 Coordination And Response\3 2 The Role Of The Human N...racheleasaw
The document summarizes the key roles and functions of the human nervous system. It discusses how the nervous system is organized into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, which process sensory information, coordinate functions, and initiate motor responses. The PNS connects the CNS to receptors and effectors through nerves. Within the nervous system, neurons transmit signals as nerve impulses between the CNS, receptors, and effectors to coordinate senses, movement, and homeostasis.
The human nervous system consists of two main parts - the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull and meninges and is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that connect the central nervous system to other parts of the body and is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Together these systems detect changes and coordinate the body's activities.
This document provides an overview of measuring autonomic nervous system regulation through various physiological tools. It begins with background on the autonomic nervous system and its role in the stress response. Tools that can measure aspects of the autonomic nervous system like cardiac, skin conductance, respiratory, and vascular activity are identified. A decision tree is provided to help choose the best tools depending on setting, purpose, ease of use, and validity. The goal is to use these tools to measure changes in autonomic nervous system activation from techniques like mind-body skills and monitor ability to return to homeostasis after stress.
adrenal glands anatomy and physiology and funnctionRimshaRizwan4
The document provides an overview of the adrenal glands, including their:
1) Anatomy consisting of an outer cortex that produces hormones like cortisol and aldosterone, and an inner medulla that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.
2) Embryological development from different origins.
3) Role in producing important hormones and their functions.
4) Disorders that can result from insufficient or excessive hormone production.
The document provides information about the human nervous system and its interaction with the senses. It discusses:
- The central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which includes nerves.
- The five senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch) and the organs, receptors, nerves, and processes involved with each sense.
- Components of the nervous system like neurons, receptors, effectors and their functions in receiving stimuli, interpreting responses, and executing responses.
- The locomotor system, including the muscular and skeletal systems, bones, joints, muscles and tendons and their roles in movement and protection.
This document contains a 30 question quiz about the nervous system and endocrine system. It covers topics like the basic unit of the nervous system (neuron), parts of the brain and their functions (e.g. brainstem regulates basic bodily functions), divisions of the nervous system (e.g. sympathetic prepares the body for action in stress), hormone-producing glands (e.g. pituitary is the "master gland"), and hormone functions (e.g. testosterone stimulates male development). The quiz contains multiple choice questions testing knowledge of these topics.
This document contains questions from several lectures related to thoracic anatomy:
1. Questions cover the anatomy of structures like the thoracic outlet, internal thoracic artery, intercostal arteries and veins, muscles of respiration, lungs and pleura, heart, mediastinum, large blood vessels, nerves of the thorax, esophagus, and azygos system.
2. The questions test knowledge of the origins, courses, relations, branches and clinical importance of these various thoracic structures.
3. Incomplete statements about the anatomy are also included to be filled in, relating to topics like the root of the lung, bronchial and pulmonary arterial supply, coronary arterial distribution, and veins drain
The document describes the anatomy and functions of the sympathetic nervous system. It is divided into 4 divisions: cervical, cardiopulmonary, splanchnic, and somatic. The cervical division innervates head and neck structures. The cardiopulmonary division supplies the heart and lungs. The splanchnic division regulates abdominal and pelvic viscera. The somatic division accompanies somatic nerves to the skin and skeletal muscles. Preganglionic fibers originate in the spinal cord and relay in sympathetic ganglia to target organs.
The document provides an overview of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. It discusses the structural organization and functions of each system. The sympathetic system is activated during fight or flight responses and increases heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and mobilizes energy stores. It is organized with cell bodies in the spinal cord that project to ganglia. The parasympathetic system counteracts the sympathetic responses and is organized with cell bodies in the brainstem and sacral cord that project to target organs. Both systems use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter but target different receptor types to produce their effects.
Physiological Principles for Health and Social careNovoraj Roy
Nervous system, muscles, reflexes, respiratory system are the core parts of human body.
Disruption in any of these can cause far reaching consequences for other organs. Vein, arteries
and organs in the body interact with each other and perform bodily functions and growth. Human
body can response multifarious way in cellular and tissue structure. Eventually, through aging
bodily functions started to get weakening and different diseases appear but most of them has cure
which are illustrated in this assignment.
This document provides an overview of a unit on anatomy and physiology for sport. It introduces the aims of exploring the structure and functions of key body systems like cardiovascular, respiratory, skeletal and muscular systems. It focuses on the skeletal system, explaining its functions in supporting, protecting and allowing movement. It outlines the axial and appendicular divisions of the skeleton and names some major bones like the femur, humerus, skull and vertebrae. Students will label diagrams to test their understanding.
The nervous system has two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord. It contains neurons and neuroglia, and is divided into gray matter and white matter. The PNS includes nerves that branch throughout the body from the CNS, and is divided into the somatic and autonomic systems. The somatic system controls skeletal muscles, while the autonomic system regulates involuntary functions like respiration and digestion.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in chapter 2 of the biology of the mind textbook. It discusses the building blocks of the mind including neurons and how they communicate via neurotransmitters. It describes the major structures and functions of the nervous system including the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. Key areas of the brain are also outlined such as the brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex, and lobes. Investigation techniques for studying the brain like lesions, brain imaging, and stimulation are summarized.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in the biology of the mind discussed in Chapter 2. It begins by outlining the building blocks of the mind, including neurons and neurotransmitters. It then describes the different parts and systems that make up the nervous system and brain. The document discusses how researchers study the biology of the mind through investigating cases of brain damage, stimulating parts of the brain, and monitoring brain activity using tools like CAT scans, MRIs, and PET scans. The goal is to better understand how the structures and systems in the brain give rise to the mind and behavior.
The document summarizes key aspects of the autonomic nervous system, with a focus on the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. It describes:
- The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions and contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
- The sympathetic nervous system activates the body's fight or flight response through neurons in the spinal cord, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and diverting blood flow away from the digestive system.
- The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body and activates the rest and digest response through cranial and sacral nerves, lowering heart rate and stimulating digestion.
pharmacopeia, with
numerous new monoclonal antibodies and other biologic agents.
Case studies accompany most chapters, and answers to questions posed in the case studies appear at the end of each chapter.
The book is designed to provide a comprehensive, authoritative,
and readable pharmacology textbook for students in the health
sciences. Frequent revision is necessary to keep pace with the rapid
changes in pharmacology and therapeutics; the 2–3 year revision
cycle of this text is among the shortest in the field, and the availability of an online version provides even greater currency. The
book also offers special features that make it a useful reference for
house officers and practicing clinicians.
This edition continues the sequence used in many pharmacology courses and in integrated curricula: basic principles of drug
discovery, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacogenomics; autonomic drugs; cardiovascular-renal drugs; drugs
with important actions on smooth muscle; central nervous system
drugs; drugs used to treat inflammation, gout, and diseases of
the blood; endocrine drugs; chemotherapeutic drugs; toxicology;
and special topics. This sequence builds new information on a
foundation of information already assimilated. For example, early
presentation of autonomic nervous system pharmacology allows
students to integrate the physiology and neuroscience they have
learned elsewhere with the pharmacology they are learning and
prepares them to understand the autonomic effects of other drugs.
This is especially important for the cardiovascular and central nervous system drug groups. However, chapters can be used equally
well in courses and curricula that present these topics in a different
sequence.
Within each chapter, emphasis is placed on discussion of drug
groups and prototypes rather than offering repetitive detail about
individual drugs. Selection of the subject matter and the order
of its presentation are based on the accumulated experience of
teaching this material to thousands of medical, pharmacy, dental,
podiatry, nursing, and other health science students.
Major features that make this book particularly useful in
integrated curricula include sections that specifically address the
clinical choice and use of drugs in patients and the monitoring of
their effects—in other words, clinical pharmacology is an integral
part of this text. Lists of the trade and generic names of commercial preparations available are provided at the end of each chapter
for easy reference by the house officer or practitioner evaluating a
patient’s drug list or writing a prescription.
Significant revisions in this edition include:
• Major revisions of the chapters on immunopharmacology,
antiseizure, antipsychotic, antidepressant, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, and antiviral drugs, prostaglandins, and central
nervous system neurotransmitters.
• Continued expansion of the coverage of general concepts relating to newly dis
The document describes the anatomical divisions of the nervous system including the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. It provides details on the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, including their origins and functions in regulating various organs like the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive organs. The sympathetic nervous system is further divided into cervical, cardiopulmonary, splanchnic, and somatic divisions based on their anatomical distribution and targets.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system including its main functions and components. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which includes nerves that connect the CNS to other parts of the body. It describes the autonomic nervous system (ANS) which controls involuntary body functions. Key parts of the CNS like the brain lobes and ventricles are defined. The roles of neurons, synapses, and neurotransmitters in nerve signal transmission are summarized. Common nervous system disorders are also listed.
F:\Biology Form 5\Chp 3 Coordination And Response\3 2 The Role Of The Human N...racheleasaw
The document summarizes the key roles and functions of the human nervous system. It discusses how the nervous system is organized into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, which process sensory information, coordinate functions, and initiate motor responses. The PNS connects the CNS to receptors and effectors through nerves. Within the nervous system, neurons transmit signals as nerve impulses between the CNS, receptors, and effectors to coordinate senses, movement, and homeostasis.
This document contains a list of 6 microorganisms: Amoeba, Paramecium, Chlamydomonas, Euglena, and Diatoms. These microorganisms are single-celled organisms that can only be seen with a microscope due to their extremely small size. The document provides the names of various microorganisms but does not include any other details about them.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan spesifikasi kurikulum untuk mata pelajaran Biologi Tingkatan 4 di Malaysia. Ia menjelaskan matlamat kurikulum untuk memberikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran sains serta membolehkan murid menyelesaikan masalah berdasarkan sikap saintifik dan nilai murni. Dokumen ini juga menyenaraikan objektif kurikulum untuk membolehkan murid memperoleh pengetahuan biologi dan kemahiran saintifik.
The document provides a biology curriculum plan for Form 4 students in Malaysia. It outlines the themes, learning areas, learning objectives, and topics that will be covered each month. The curriculum covers topics such as cell structure and function, movement of substances across cell membranes, chemical composition of cells, cell division, nutrition, photosynthesis, respiration, and ecosystems. The plan aims to help students understand key biological concepts and apply scientific inquiry skills through various learning activities over the course of the academic year.
1. Locomotion refers to an organism's ability to move from place to place. The skeleton provides support and enables movement through locomotion.
2. There are three types of skeletons - exoskeleton, endoskeleton, and hydrostatic skeleton. The human skeleton consists of both axial and appendicular bones.
3. Movement occurs through the contraction of skeletal muscles attached to bones. Muscles, ligaments, and tendons all work together to facilitate locomotion, with ligaments connecting bone to bone and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
1. Complex multicellular organisms require transport systems to acquire nutrients and remove wastes due to their large size and distance between cells. A circulatory system involves the flow of fluid through vessels allowing for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes.
2. The human circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Blood is transported through arteries, veins, and capillaries, and is propelled by the pumping action of the heart.
3. The lymphatic system returns excess tissue fluid back to the blood circulatory system to maintain fluid balance in the body and is involved in immune defense.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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1. CHAPTER 3:COORDINATION AND RESPONSE
Coordination and Response
Q1 Give example of changes in internal environment
- body temperature
-osmotic pressure
- sug……level.
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
Changes which cause responses in the body is called= s………………………….
Reaction of body to stimulus= r…………………………..
Animals detect stimuli through r …………………. while effectors carry out the response.
Plants show two types of response: t……………………and nastic movement.
Movement of whole organism to external stimulus: t……………………………….
Q2 Explain the pathway of information due to external stimuli:
Rec……….. in
sensory organs
(eyes)
Integrating
center(brain)
Stimu………
.
Re…………………
(Walk towards flower)
Ef…………….
(muscle in legs)
Q3 Explain the pathway of information due to internal stimuli:
7. Body temperature
becomes lower
6.Cooling
response
1. Normal body
temperature
5. E.………….
(skin and
glands)
rises
4. Integrating
center in b……….
or s…….….c…….
2. Body
temperature
increase
(Sti……………)
3. Receptors in
skin stimulated
S6 Coordination = Process in the body whereby stimulus is detected, and the body responds. Involves
the n……………. and e…………………. system.
1
2. Role of Human Nervous System
Q1 Explain the role of human nervous system:
Ans:
Receives information from r……………, transmits and interprets information to produce
appropriate response
C………………. and control functions throughout the body
Maintains h……………………..in the body
Organization of Nervous System
Q1 Describe how the human nervous system is organized.
Ans:
Nervous System
P……………nervous
system
- connect central
nervous system to rest
of body
C……………nervous
system
-control center of body
Brain
Spinal cord
Autonomic
nervous system
Somatic nervous
system
Structure and Function of the Brain
S1 Label the three parts of the human brain and state its functions.
2
3. S2 The cerebrum has many grooves and folds so that it can store more n………………….
S3 The th……………….. receives information from sensory receptors(in the ears, eyes, nose, skin)and
transmits to cerebrum.
S4 The hy………………………….controls
*the osmotic pressure, body temperature, glucose level in blood
*emotion, anger, hunger , thirst, tiredness
*coordinates the nervous system and e…………………. system
Q1 Label the cross section of the spinal cord:
Q2 What is the function of the spinal cord?
Ans: Function of spinal cord is
a) To connect the b………… to the p……………n………………s………….……
b) Control r……………………action such as sneezing, blinking, knee jerk
S1 The dorsal root contains the a……………………. or s…………………..neurones.
S2 The ventral root contains the e……………………or motor neurones.
S3 Dorsal root ganglion consists of c………..b……………. of the afferent neurone
Structure of the Neurone
S1 The function of neurone is to carry messages in the form of nerve im……………
Q1 Label the structure of the efferent neurone:
S2 Function of axon: transmit impulse away from the ………………..towards axon terminals.
S3 Function of myelin sheath:
- provide nutrients to axon
- protect a…………from injury
S4 Function of cell body: regulate all ………….activities
S5 Function of axon terminal: Receive impulse from ………………..and transmit impulse to next
n…………………..
S6 The speed of impulse traveling along axon increases because the impulse jumps from one
………………to another.
Q2 Complete the flow chart to show the transmission of impulse along a neurone:
Nerve impulse
d……….
c……body
a……
…
A…………
terminal
3
4. Q3 Complete the table below:
Neurone
Afferent
Function
Direction of flow of nerve impulse
Interneuron
e
Efferent
Pathway of Transmission of Information from Receptors to Effectors
Q4 Describe how information from receptors travel to the effectors.
Ans:
R……….. in
eyes detect
stimulus to
trigger
i…………...
S…………
(See snake)
impulse
A……….
.neurone
impulse
Re…..…… (Run)
Effectors
(muscles)
E……….
neurone
impulse
Brain
integrates and
interprets
information,
makes decision
I………………..
.in the brain
4
5. Synapse and Transmission of Information
Q1 Describe how information is transmitted along the synapse.
Ans:
Vesicles containing
n………………………….
2. Fusion of vesicles
with m……………
3. Neurotransmitters released
into s………...
4. Neurotransmitters diffuse
across synapse to the
dendrite of another neurone
Q2 Label the diagram below:
che…………
e……………
S1 The transmission of impulse is from electrical.
S2 The function of synapse:
- ensures nerve impulse flows in o………direction
S3 Function of mitochondria: Produce e………….. for transmission of impulse across
s……………………
S4 Examples of neurotransmitters:do…………………, acetylcholine and norad…………………………
5
6. Types of Coordinated Response
Q1 What are the differences between voluntary , involuntary and reflex actions?
Types of
Part of nervous
Characteris Reaction
Effector
action
system involved
tics
time
Voluntary
Cerebrum
Under the Slow
Skeletal
control of
muscles
the will
Involuntary
Reflex
M……………
o………………..
S…………….
c……………
Not under
the control
of the will
Not under
the control
of the will
Fast
Fast
Example
-
- C……………
Muscles
- Glands
- S………..
muscles
Skeletal
muscles
-
Reflex Action
S1 Reflex action is a f…………, a…………….. and without conscious control to prevent body from
danger.
S2 Reflex action involves t………………or three neurones.
S3 The pathway along which an impulse flows during a reflex action is caleed r………..a………….
S3 In the knee jerk reflex only the afferent and the e…………………….neurones are involved.
Q1 Explain the transmission of impulse when a person accidentally touches a hot object.
P…………..
Receptors in the skin
impulse
S…………
neurone
Muscles contract to move
away hand
impulse
impulse
Interneurone
M…………….
neurone
6
7. Diseases Related To Nervous System
Q1 Give example of nervous system related diseases.
Ans:
P…………
disease
because
Diseases Related
To Nervous
System
-Lack of
d………….
-not inherited
Epilepsy
Polio
-Loss of grey matter because
of polio virus
A…………
disease
effect
-tremors
-impaired balance
-muscles weak
because
-lack of
a…………………
- can be inherited
Multiple scle………………..
-myelin sheath breakdown
-Shaky limbs, speech difficulties
effect
-loss of intelligence
-lose ability to read,
write and talk
7
8. ROLE OF HORMONES IN HUMANS
S1 H……………………….are chemicals in bloodstream.
S2 Endocrine system is made up of e…………….............glands. There are no ducts. Hormones are
secreted directly into bloodstream.
S3 Endocrine system complements the n………………system in ensuring all activities of the body are
carried out efficiently.
S4 Examples of body process which require both nervous system and endocrine systems are
m………………….. cycle, development of secondary sex characteristics, blood water and salt
regulation, and growth.
S4Label the endocrine system and state the functions for the hormones below:
8
9. Secretion of Hormones
Q1 Describe how secretion of hormones are regulated in the body.
Ans: a)Secretion of hormones are regulated by another h……………………
Example:
Pit…………..
g…………. to
secrete
t……………..
s……………..
h…………….
stimulates
Low thyroxin
level
stimulates
T…………...
secretes
t…………….
inhibits
Produce less
…………
effect
b) Secretion of hormones regulated by levels of certain s……………………
Example:
Pancreas
secrete
stimulates
Insulin converts excess
g………..to glycogen
i………………
High level
of glucose
Eat food such as rice,
mee
Normal level of
glucose in blood
Normal level of
glucose
Fasting
Low level
of glucose
stimulates
Pancreas
secrete
Glucagon converts
glycogen to glucose
g…………
c) Secretion of hormones regulated by nervous system.
Example:
- Hypothalamus receives impulses from the receptors in the body. Hypothalamus stimulates
a……………………..gland to release hormones.
- Adrenal gland releases a……………………when stimulated by nervous system.
- Heartbeat rate , blood pressure and blood flow increases
9
10. Coordination Involving Both Nervous System and Endocrine System in a ‘Fight or Flight
Situation’.
Q1 Describe how the nervous and endocrine systems are involved in a Fight or Flight Situation’.
Ans:
-In a fight and flight situation, both the ……………….system and ………………….system are
involved.
-Example:
impulse
brain
a…………
gland
impulse
secrete
a………….
.
effect
Escape
Run!!!
effect
Increase in heart b………….,
blood pressure, blood flow to
muscles to increase energy in
muscles
Effects of Hormonal Imbalance
Q1 Explain briefly the effects of excess of hormones and deficiency of hormones in humans.
Endocrine
Gland
Hormone
Excess of hormone
Deficiency of hormone
Pituitary
Growth hormone
G………………….
D………………………
ADH(antidiuretic
hormone)
O………………..
Thyroid
Thyroxine
- Enlarged thyroid gland known
as hypert……
- Increase in metabolic rate,
weight loss, heart rate, bulging
eyes.
Pancreas
Insulin
Causes hypoglycemia
-fatigue, convulsions, mental
confusion
d……………………
i……………………;
very thirsty, can cause
dehydration
-Condition known as
hypo……………….
- Slow heart beat rate, weight
gain, fatigue
-In children it causes
c…………… which results
in dwarfism and slow
m………… growth.
D……………
m………….
10
11. Q2 How are hormones used in medicine?
Ans:
• T………………….. is used to treat cretinism
• I,…………………… is injected into diabetics
• A…………………………….hormone is used to treat diabetes insipidus patient
• G………………. hormone is used to treat dwarfism
• E……………….. is used to treat menstrual problems
• P…………………..is injected into pregnant women to prevent miscarriage
Homeostasis in Humans
S1 Optimal physical and chemical conditions must be maintained in the internal environment to
ensure:
a) p………………………… processes in the body can proceed at optimum rates.
b) organisms can adjust to changes in the i………………and ex………………….environment.
c) so that the organism can s…………………
S2 The regulation of the internal environment so that it is always in optimal condition is known as
h……………………………….
S3 The physical factors that affect the internal environment are t………………………and blood
pressure.
S4 The chemical factors of the internal environment are partial pressure of oxygen and carbon
dioxide, o……………p………………….and s………….levels.
S5 The osmotic pressure of blood depends on the w…………and m…………………… content in
blood.
Q1 What is relationship between the blood osmotic pressure and urine output?
Ans:
H………osmotic
pressure of blood
Water reabsorbed back
into blood by kidneys
C…………...
urine
L………osmotic
pressure of blood
Less water reabsorbed
back into blood by
kidneys
D…………
.urine
Normal osmotic
pressure of blood
Normal osmotic
pressure of blood
Normal osmotic
pressure of blood
S6 The function of kidneys are:
- E…………………
- O………………………………..
- Regulate chemical composition of blood
- Regulate blood p…
11
12. Q2 Label the kidney below:
S7 Each kidney consists of numerous functional units known as……………………….
Q3 Label the nephron below:
S8 The cortex part of the kidney consists of the B………………c…………………..,
P………………c………………………t………… and D………………c…………………
t…………
S9 The medulla part of the kidney consists of L ………………of H……………………….
12
13. Q4 Describe the formation of urine.
Ans:
S10The formation of urine consists of three processes:U…………………………………,
R…………………………………………..and S…………………………………
Ultrafiltration:
Diameter of a…………… arteriole is
bigger than e………………arteriole.
High hydrostatic pressure of blood in
glomerulus. The wall of glomerulus is
one-cell thick.
All blood components filter out of
glomerulus except for r…………
b……..cells, p……………and large
p………………..molecules.
The components inside the cavity of
Bowman’s capsule is known as
g………………f………………
Reabsorption:
-Reabsorption takes place along the t………………….and the contents are returned back into the
blood capillaries.
-The tubules are one-cell thick. The proximal tubules have a lot of b…………c…………..
-At the proximal tubules, 80% water is reabsorbed by o………………….
-100% glucose, amino acids reabsorbed by ac……….. transport
- u…………… .is not reabsorbed
- At the descending limb of loop of Henle w……………is reabsorbed; at the ascending limb of loop
of Henle sod…….. and calc………..ions are actively pumped out into the blood capillaries.
- At the distal convoluted loop and c………………….. duct, more water, sodium and chloride ions
are reabsorbed into the blood capillaries.
Secretion:
-Urea, ur………ac………and amm……………are removed from blood capillaries into distal
convoluted tubules by a………….. transport.
- Other toxic substances and d………are secreted out by sim………d………..……..
- The final product in the collecting duct is called u…………
- Urine is made of ……………..%water, …………………..%nitrogenous waste such as urea,
u…………a…………., a…………………………..and c………………………and ………..% of
salt and bile pigments.
Osmoregulation
S1 The kidneys are also known as o…………………………….organs.
S2 The kidneys regulate the osmotic pressure of blood by regulating the w……………..and
s…………………content in blood.
Excess s……….and less
w…………..in blood
High
Osmotic pressure
Excess water and less salt in
S3 Osmoregulation is controlled by 2 hormones:Anti-d………….hormone and a……………………
Low
of blood
blood
13
14. S4 Both hormones regulate the salt and water content in blood.
S5 A……………………………..hormones controls the reabsorption of water; this hormone makes
the tubule wall more permeable to water.
S6 A………………………..hormones controls the reabsorption of salts; this hormone makes the
tubule wall more permeable to salts.
Mechanism of osmoregulation by negative feedback mechanism:
Corrective mechanisms by effectors
O………………
in hypothalamus
detect change
H………..
blood osmotic
pressure
P…………gland
release
A………
+
tubules
become more
p………….. to
water
More
water is
reabsorbed into
blood
A………….gland
not stimulated to
release
a……………...
-Less salt is
reabsorbed into
blood
Less
water
and
more
salt in
blood
Urine is
c……………
.and small
amount
Blood osmotic
pressure falls
Salty food/
sweating
Normal osmotic
pressure of blood
Normal osmotic
pressure in
blood
Drink lots of
water
Corrective mechanisms by effectors
L…..blood
osmotic
pressure
Osmoreceptor in
h……………….
.detect change
Pituitary gland
not stimulated
- tubules not
permeable to
water
- Less water is
reabsorbed into
blood
Adrenal gland
release
a……………
More
salt is
reabsorbed
into blood
Blood osmotic
pressure rises
More
salt and
less
water
in
blood
Urine is
d……
and
l……
amount
14
15. Consequences of Impaired Kidney Function
S1 If the kidney fails to function, metabolic waste such as u……., excess w……………… and
s………. and the o……………p…………………..of blood cannot be maintained.
S2 Kidney failure patients can be treated by:h………………………….or k…………………
t…………………..
S3 The process whereby a dialysis machine remove toxic waste, urea and excess water and mineral
salts is known as h……………………..
S4 The dialysis fluid must be hyp……………………to blood plasma. This is important to enable
excess water, salt, all glucose, amino acids to be removed from blood.
S5 The dialysis blood is constantly changed to remove the w……………p………………. and to
maintain the c………………………….gradient between the patient’s blood and dialysis fluid.
S6 The coiled tubing is semi permeable so that r…………b……………c……….,
p…………………….., and l…………p……………molecules cannot diffuse out.
S7 The u……….and salt concentration in the dialysis fluid is lower than blood so that all urea and
excess salt can be removed from the blood.
Regulation of Blood Sugar Level
S1 Normal concentration of blood glucose is ……………..mg in 100cm3 of blood.
Q1 Describe the regulation of blood sugar level in the body.
High g……….
in blood
Pancreas secrete
i………………
Eat sweet
food/drinks
Corrective mechanisms
-
………glucose level
Normal
glucose level
………glucose level
fasting
………glucose
in blood
Pancreas secrete
g………….
Corrective Mechanisms
-
S2 The Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas has two types of cell:a…………(
b………………(
cells).
cells)and
15
16. S3 …………………cells produce insulin; ……………………..cells produce glucagon.
Regulation of Body Temperature
S1 Normal human body temperature is ……………………..oC.
S2 The t……………………in the skin detect change of temperature in the external environment and
the h……………………… detect change of temperature in the internal environment.
S3
P……………means
- body hair
- blood capillaries
- sweat glands
Thermoreceptors
in skin
impulse
h………….....
impulse
effectors
m……………..process
-muscles
-adrenal glands
-thyroid glands
Regulation of Body temperature by Physical Means
Q1 Describe the regulation of body temperature in the body by physical means.
Cold environment
Action of hair erector muscles
-Hair erector muscles contract
-Hair become erect
-A thick layer of air is trapped
-Reduce loss of heat by conduction and radiation
Hot environment
Action of hair erector muscles
-
Action of blood capillaries
-vasoconstriction
-less blood flow close to body surface
-Reduce loss of heat by conduction and radiation
Action of sweat glands
-
Action of blood capillaries
Action of sweat glands
-sweat glands active
-sweating increase
-Sweat evaporates fast
-More heat loss from skin
Regulation of Body temperature by Metabolism Process
Q2 Describe the regulation of body temperature in the body by physical means.
16
17. Cold environment
Action of muscles
-muscles contract and relax quickly
-shivering caused by involuntary muscles
produces heat
Hot environment
Action of muscles
-
Action of adrenal glands
-
Action of adrenal glands
-adrenal gland not stimulated
-metabolic rate reduced
-Less heat produced
Action of thyroid gland
-Thyroid gland stimulated
-Metabolic rate increase
-More heat produced
Action of thyroid gland
-
The n………………f………………………mechanism in the body ensures that in a
c………..environment, less heat is lost and more heat is produced and in a h………..environment,
more heat is lost and less heat is produced.
S1 H……………………..= process whereby the factors controlling the internal
environment is maintained in spite of changing external environment.
S2 In homeostasis both the n…………system and e………….……system
regulate the negative feedback mechanism.
Practising a Healthy Lifestyle
S1 A d.......…. is a chemical that causes change in a persons behavior.
S2 Drug a……………….. is the intentional misuse of drugs.
S3 Examples of misused drugs are m………………., c………………….., and h……………….
S4 Repeated use of drugs can lead to drug add……………
S5 Drugs are divided to 3 groups: s……………………, d…………………….and hallucinogens
Q1 describe the effect of drug abuse on humans.
Ans:
Type of drug
Effect on body
Long-term effect
Example of drugs
S……………….
It increases h………..rate,
-Blood circulation is -Co……………….
Stimulants
breathing rate and
not efficient in body
increase the
b……………….pressure
-Caffeine(coffee,
activities of
Also increase the release of -Can h…………….. cola drinks)
n………………… n…………………….
system.
A t the sy…………… in
-Depression(mental
-N………………..
the brain. This makes a
illness)
person feel energetic.
-A………………..
D………………… It decreases h………..rate,
Slows down the
breathing rate and
-Memory loss
- Lung and liver
-B……………….
17
18. activity of the
nervous system
H………………..
b……………….pressure
It causes muscles to
r…………. and can reduce
tension
It makes a person less
stressed and fell satisfied.
Makes a person see or hear
things that is non-existent.
c………….
-Inability to
concentrate
-Breathing problems
-S……………….
-Confusion
-C………….
Very emotional
person
- H……………….
-Morphine
-Tranquilisers
-Al…………..
-Marijuana
-LSD
S6 A…………………..is a depressant. It slows down body r………………, disrupts
c……………………………….. and impairs j……………………..
S7 If a person takes too much of alcohol it can cause confusion, affect m…………….. coordination
and causes blurred v………………….
S8 Consuming too much of alcohol can also make a person become angry and v………………. easily.
S9 Abuse of alcohol can cause addiction, b…………… and l……………… damage.
S10 An a……………………..is a person who has become very dependent on alcohol
Q3 State 3 factors that can cause drug and alcohol abuse.
Plant Hormones
S1 A plant hormone is a chemical substance produced by a plant and influences the g…………………
and d……………………..of plants.
S2 Some examples of plant hormones are a…………………, g………………………,
cytokinin and e……………………
S3 Auxins are produced at the m………………………of the shoots and roots.
S4 Auxins controls p…………………………in plants.
S5 Auxins always accumulates at the cell e………………………..zone.
S6 High concentration of auxins promotes growth in s…………but inhibits growth in r…………
Q1 Describe how auxins causes growth in shoots.
Ans:
-Auxins are produced in the a…………………meristem of the shoot
-Auxins d……………..from tip of coleoptile into the zone of e…………………..
-Auxins cause cells to elongate
-E……………….distribution of auxins cause cells to elongate evenly
-Coleoptile grows straight up
18
19. Q2 Draw and explain the growth of shoots in the diagrams below:
Exp.
Description of experiment
Expected
result
I
Explanation
Auxin diffuse into the zone
of e……………….
Auxin is distributed
e………….
II
Rate of growth of cells in
zone of elongation is the
same. Coleoptiles grows
straight up.
Auxin diffuse into the zone
of e……………….
More auxin accumulate on
s………………side.
Rate of growth of cells in
shaded side is m……..
than light side.
III
Coleoptile b…… and
g……… towards light.
Auxin diffuse into the zone
of e……………….
Auxin is distributed
e………….
IV
Rate of growth of cells in
zone of elongation is the
same. Coleoptile grows
straight up.
Auxin diffuse from agar
into the zone of
e……………….
Auxin accumulate under
jelly block side.
Rate of growth of cells
under jelly block is
m……..
Coleoptile b…… and
g……… to the left side.
19
20. V
Unilateral light causes
auxin to be transported to
the shaded side. Auxin
from meristem cannot
diffuse through m…... No
cell elongation
occurs.Coleoptile cannot
bend and grow.
VI
Mica prevents the auxin
from being transported to
the right.
Therefore, concentration
of auxin is the s……… on
both sides.
Cell elongation occurs
evenly.
The coleoptile grows
s…………… up.
Q3 Explain why roots show positive geotropism and shoots show negative geotropism.
-A higher concentration of auxins in shoots p………………… elongation of cells.
-Therefore the lower side of the shoot with higher concentration of auxin will grow faster
-The shoot curves and grows u…………….
-A higher concentration of auxins in roots i………………….. elongation of cells.
-Therefore the lower side of the root with higher concentration of auxin will grow slower
-The shoot curves and grows d…………………
Q2 Explain the effect of auxin concentration on the elongation of roots and shoots in the graph below.
H……….. concentration of auxins
p………………… cell elongation in the
s……………….
L……… concentration of auxins p…………………
cell elongation in the r……….
Use of Hormones in Agriculture
Q1 State the uses of hormones in agriculture.
Hormones
Use of hormone
Promote r………….. to grow from stem cuttings
A…………….
As a weed killer.
For p…………………………. Flowers are sprayed with auxins. Fruits are
formed without fertilization. These fruits do not have s…………….
To prevent fruits from falling before it is ripe
Gibberellins
Promote growth of plants
Promote s……………… germination
Ethylene
To make fruits ripe faster
20