4.outcomes and morphology dr ashutosh kumar
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This document discusses genetic and acquired defects that can lead to dysregulated inflammation. It describes several genetic conditions that cause defects in leukocyte adhesion, phagolysosome function, and microbicidal activity. These defects predispose to recurrent bacterial infections. The document also outlines different morphological patterns inflammation can take, such as serous, fibrinous, purulent, and ulcerative. Examples are provided of disease states that demonstrate each pattern along with images showcasing the histopathological features.
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Abscess and its management
This document provides an overview of abscesses including their definition, causes, classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. An abscess is a collection of pus caused by bacterial infection or irritation. Abscesses are classified as acute or chronic and superficial or deep. Symptoms depend on the location but often include swelling and pain. Treatment involves draining the abscess after preparing the site and managing pain. Antibiotics and anti-inflammatories may also be given and the cavity cleaned and packed.
Gas gangrene
Gas gangrene is a deep wound infection caused by Clostridium bacteria that destroys tissue. Symptoms include high fever, shock, massive tissue destruction, blackening of skin around the wound, severe pain, and blisters forming with gas bubbles. Those at risk are people with diabetes, blood vessel disease, or colon cancer, or those with wounds exposed to contaminated materials or recent trauma. Treatment involves high doses of antibiotics like penicillin, removing dead tissue, or amputating limbs. Prevention includes cleaning wounds, avoiding contamination, and treating circulation issues.
Gangrene
Gangrene, introduction, definition, causes, symptoms, types, wet and dry gangrene, morphological features.
Abscess
This document discusses abscesses, including:
1. An abscess is a collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissues and contains dead and dying white blood cells and bacteria.
2. Abscesses spread along paths of least resistance and increase pressure, causing pain. They eventually burst spontaneously or require incision and drainage.
3. Treatment involves rest, elevation, antibiotics, and incision and drainage surgery to fully open and curette the abscess cavity.
Abscess
This document discusses different types of abscesses and their treatment. There are three main types: pyogenic, pyaemic, and cold abscesses. Pyogenic abscesses result from bacterial infections and can develop from cellulitis or lymphadenitis. Treatment involves incision and drainage if pus is present. Pyaemic abscesses are caused by infectious emboli spreading through the bloodstream and result in multiple abscesses. Cold abscesses are typically tuberculous in nature and develop in lymph nodes or bones. Complete excision or drainage with antitubercular drugs is the treatment.
Gangrene
Gangrene is the death of body tissue due to reduced blood flow or bacterial infection. There are several types of gangrene including dry, wet, gas and internal gangrene. Gangrene is caused by lack of blood supply, infection, or trauma. Risk factors include diabetes, vascular disease, injury, smoking, obesity, and immunosuppression. Treatment involves removing dead tissue through surgery, antibiotics to treat infection, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy to promote healing. Preventing gangrene requires managing conditions like diabetes, losing weight, not smoking, and promptly treating infections or frostbite.
4.gangrene
Gangrene is the invasion and decay of necrotic tissue by bacteria. It most commonly affects the lungs, intestines, mammary glands, and extremities. There are two main types - dry gangrene occurs when circulation is cut off in extremities, resulting in mummified tissue. Moist gangrene happens in organs with more moisture and heat, allowing bacteria to rapidly spread and cause sepsis. Specific forms include gas gangrene caused by Clostridium bacteria entering wounds and producing toxins.
Gangrene-Pathology
The document discusses different types of gangrene: wet gangrene, dry gangrene, and gas gangrene. Wet gangrene occurs when both arterial and venous blood flow are blocked, causing tissue to become infected and rotten. Dry gangrene typically affects the toes and feet of older patients due to atherosclerosis, resulting in black, mummified tissue. Gas gangrene is caused by Clostridium bacteria that enter through wounds, producing toxins and gas bubbles within tissues causing swelling and a foul odor.
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Abscess and its management
This document provides an overview of abscesses including their definition, causes, classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. An abscess is a collection of pus caused by bacterial infection or irritation. Abscesses are classified as acute or chronic and superficial or deep. Symptoms depend on the location but often include swelling and pain. Treatment involves draining the abscess after preparing the site and managing pain. Antibiotics and anti-inflammatories may also be given and the cavity cleaned and packed.
Gas gangrene
Gas gangrene is a deep wound infection caused by Clostridium bacteria that destroys tissue. Symptoms include high fever, shock, massive tissue destruction, blackening of skin around the wound, severe pain, and blisters forming with gas bubbles. Those at risk are people with diabetes, blood vessel disease, or colon cancer, or those with wounds exposed to contaminated materials or recent trauma. Treatment involves high doses of antibiotics like penicillin, removing dead tissue, or amputating limbs. Prevention includes cleaning wounds, avoiding contamination, and treating circulation issues.
Gangrene
Gangrene, introduction, definition, causes, symptoms, types, wet and dry gangrene, morphological features.
Abscess
This document discusses abscesses, including:
1. An abscess is a collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissues and contains dead and dying white blood cells and bacteria.
2. Abscesses spread along paths of least resistance and increase pressure, causing pain. They eventually burst spontaneously or require incision and drainage.
3. Treatment involves rest, elevation, antibiotics, and incision and drainage surgery to fully open and curette the abscess cavity.
Abscess
This document discusses different types of abscesses and their treatment. There are three main types: pyogenic, pyaemic, and cold abscesses. Pyogenic abscesses result from bacterial infections and can develop from cellulitis or lymphadenitis. Treatment involves incision and drainage if pus is present. Pyaemic abscesses are caused by infectious emboli spreading through the bloodstream and result in multiple abscesses. Cold abscesses are typically tuberculous in nature and develop in lymph nodes or bones. Complete excision or drainage with antitubercular drugs is the treatment.
Gangrene
Gangrene is the death of body tissue due to reduced blood flow or bacterial infection. There are several types of gangrene including dry, wet, gas and internal gangrene. Gangrene is caused by lack of blood supply, infection, or trauma. Risk factors include diabetes, vascular disease, injury, smoking, obesity, and immunosuppression. Treatment involves removing dead tissue through surgery, antibiotics to treat infection, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy to promote healing. Preventing gangrene requires managing conditions like diabetes, losing weight, not smoking, and promptly treating infections or frostbite.
4.gangrene
Gangrene is the invasion and decay of necrotic tissue by bacteria. It most commonly affects the lungs, intestines, mammary glands, and extremities. There are two main types - dry gangrene occurs when circulation is cut off in extremities, resulting in mummified tissue. Moist gangrene happens in organs with more moisture and heat, allowing bacteria to rapidly spread and cause sepsis. Specific forms include gas gangrene caused by Clostridium bacteria entering wounds and producing toxins.
Gangrene-Pathology
The document discusses different types of gangrene: wet gangrene, dry gangrene, and gas gangrene. Wet gangrene occurs when both arterial and venous blood flow are blocked, causing tissue to become infected and rotten. Dry gangrene typically affects the toes and feet of older patients due to atherosclerosis, resulting in black, mummified tissue. Gas gangrene is caused by Clostridium bacteria that enter through wounds, producing toxins and gas bubbles within tissues causing swelling and a foul odor.
Inflammtion 4
1. Diffuse suppurative inflammation can occur in hollow organs or body cavities, leading to conditions like phlegmonous appendicitis or empyema. Cellulitis is a diffuse inflammation that spreads between tissue planes, caused by streptococcus bacteria.
2. Acute inflammation can resolve through regeneration or result in scarring. Complications include progression to chronic inflammation or issues from healing like keloids, sinuses, or fistulas. Abscesses typically heal with scarring but can lead to ulcer formation if diffuse.
3. Pyemia is a type of bacterial infection where septic emboli spread through the bloodstream, lodging in organs and causing multiple small pyemic abscesses
Ulcer
The document discusses various types of skin and soft tissue infections including abscesses, cellulitis, erysipelas, boils, carbuncles, and necrotizing fasciitis. It defines each condition, describes common causative organisms, symptoms, signs, risk factors, investigations and treatment approach. Abscesses are localized collections of pus that require incision and drainage along with antibiotics. Cellulitis is a non-suppurative skin infection treated with elevation and antibiotics. Erysipelas is a streptococcal infection of skin lymphatics on the face or legs. Boils are hair follicle infections treated with antibiotics and incision if abscess forms. Carbuncles are clusters of bo
CELL INJURY-II Gangrene
Hello friends..! This is 2nd presentation of series 'CELL INJURY'.. I have tried to describe important points about 'GANGRENE' in brief so that it will be helpful for quick revision. Plzz Like, Share n Subscribe to get notifications of my next presentations.. Thank You..!!
Gangrene #Types of gangrene
There are two main types of gangrene: dry gangrene and wet gangrene. Dry gangrene occurs in distal parts of limbs due to reduced blood flow and tissue death. Wet gangrene affects moist tissues like the mouth, bowel, and skin under pressure in bedridden patients. Gas gangrene is a variant of wet gangrene caused by gas-forming bacteria that enter through wounds, causing tissue swelling, pain, and a foul odor.
Gangrene
Dr. Monika Negi discusses different types of gangrene including dry gangrene, wet gangrene, and gas gangrene. Dry gangrene results from ischemia and causes tissue to become dry and black. Wet gangrene occurs in moist tissues and is caused by blockages leading to bacterial overgrowth and tissue putrefaction. Gas gangrene develops from clostridial bacteria infecting wounds and causing muscle necrosis and gas formation. Treatment for gas gangrene requires urgent surgery, antibiotics like penicillin, and sometimes hyperbaric oxygen or amputation.
Inflammation
Acute inflammation is the early response of tissues to injury and involves vascular and cellular events. The vascular events include vasodilation, increased vascular permeability allowing plasma proteins to leave circulation, and accumulation of leukocytes from the blood vessels into tissues. The principal leukocytes in acute inflammation are neutrophils. The cellular events in acute inflammation help destroy, dilute or isolate injurious agents. Mediators of acute inflammation include histamine, prostaglandins, nitric oxide, complement factors and cytokines. Acute inflammation is rapid in onset, relatively short in duration and aims to return tissues to normal function.
Gangrene
Gangrene is a type of tissue death caused by lack of blood supply and can be caused by blocked arteries or infection. There are several types of gangrene including dry gangrene caused by gradual arterial blockage, wet gangrene caused by sudden blockage and infection, and gas gangrene caused by Clostridium bacteria infection. Clinical features include discolored, numb skin that is dry in dry gangrene and swollen in wet gangrene, with a foul smell and crepitus in gas gangrene. Treatment depends on the type but may include antibiotics, surgery to remove dead tissue, and amputation in severe cases.
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This document discusses pyogenic abscesses, which are localized collections of pus caused by bacterial infection. It defines pyogenic abscesses and describes their causes, signs and symptoms, common sites, investigations, complications, differential diagnosis, and treatment, which involves incision and drainage after antibiotics. Common causative organisms are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Investigations may include blood tests and imaging like ultrasound or chest X-ray. Complications can include sepsis if not treated properly. Treatment is incision and drainage of the abscess after it has formed, along with antibiotics.
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- A 7 year old female presented with a skin biopsy from her left gluteal region for a clinical diagnosis of granuloma annulare.
- Microscopic examination showed features consistent with granuloma annulare including hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, lymphocytic infiltration, and histiocytes surrounding degenerated collagen extending into the dermis.
- Granuloma annulare is a benign inflammatory dermatosis more common in females that involves skin and subcutaneous tissue, though the etiology is unknown.
pattern of inflammation
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The document summarizes the fate and types of acute inflammation, as well as chronic inflammation. Regarding acute inflammation, it can resolve and tissues return to normal, involve regression and healing of tissue damage, or progress and spread. Acute inflammation is classified as suppurative or non-suppurative. Chronic inflammation lasts a long time and can follow acute inflammation or start gradually due to infection, irritants, or autoimmunity. It involves fibrosis and different inflammatory cells than acute inflammation. Granulomas are a form of chronic inflammation involving collections of macrophages, lymphocytes, and giant cells.
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Gas gangrene
This document discusses gas gangrene, a rapidly spreading, potentially fatal infection caused by Clostridium bacteria. It enters the body through wounds or injuries contaminated with soil or feces and releases toxins that cause tissue death. Symptoms include severe pain, swelling, brownish fluid draining from wounds with a foul odor, skin discoloration, and palpable gas in muscles. Diagnosis involves examining wound fluid under a microscope. Treatment requires urgent debridement of dead tissue, antibiotics like penicillin, oxygen therapy, and possibly amputation of infected limbs to save the patient's life. Homeopathic remedies like Arsenicum, Crotalus, and Secale may provide additional support.
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The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the lacrimal system and tear film. It describes the main structures of the lacrimal apparatus including the lacrimal gland, accessory lacrimal glands, lacrimal passages, puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. It discusses tear film layers, secretion, and functions. It also summarizes common lacrimal system disorders like dry eye, dacryocystitis, epiphora, dacryoadenitis and their signs, symptoms, etiologies, and treatments. Surgical procedures for these conditions like dacryocystorhinostomy are also briefly outlined.
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Suppurative Inflammation
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This document discusses several conditions affecting the testes and adjacent structures, including orchitis, epididymitis, hydrocele, and varicocele. Orchitis is defined as an inflammation of the testes that can be caused by bacterial, viral, spirochetal, parasitic, traumatic, chemical or unknown factors. Risk factors include not being immunized against mumps, having recurrent UTIs, prior genital or urinary tract surgery, multiple sexual partners, and history of STDs. Symptoms include acute scrotal pain, edema, and tenderness, as well as potential fever, nausea and vomiting. Treatment involves antibiotics if bacterial, along with NSAIDs, analgesics, bed rest, scrotal elevation,
1 inflammation
Inflammation is the body's complex protective reaction to injury caused by various stimuli. It involves the destruction, dilution, or walling off of injurious agents. The mechanisms of inflammation include local alterations, exudation of fluid and cells, and proliferation of new tissue. Acute inflammation is characterized by classical symptoms of heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function, as well as systemic responses like fever and increased white blood cell count. It involves vascular changes, cellular events like leukocyte migration, and outcomes like resolution, healing by scar tissue, or progression to chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation is driven by lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and involves distinctive patterns like granulomatous inflammation seen in tuberculosis.
1. inflammation with vascular events dr ashutosh kumar
Inflammation is the body's response to injury and involves cardinal signs like redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Acute inflammation is rapid in onset and short in duration, involving increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and neutrophil infiltration. The vascular changes that occur during acute inflammation include vasodilation, increased permeability through mechanisms like endothelial cell contraction and injury, and transcytosis, which together allow fluid, proteins, and cells to exit into tissues as an exudate.
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The document discusses the process of acute inflammation and the cellular events involved. It describes how leukocytes are recruited to the site of injury through a process called chemotaxis. It then outlines the steps of phagocytosis - adherence, ingestion, digestion. It discusses the mechanisms used by phagocytes to kill and degrade microbes, including both oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent processes. Finally, it briefly mentions some genetic defects and acquired conditions that can cause defects in leukocyte function.
Acute And Chronic Inflammation
Acute inflammation is the immediate response to tissue injury and involves vasodilation, increased vascular permeability leading to edema, and leukocyte emigration. The key events in acute inflammation are vascular changes, leukocyte migration into tissues, and the release of chemical mediators. Chronic inflammation is a prolonged inflammatory response involving lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells that can lead to tissue destruction and attempts at repair through fibrosis. [/SUMMARY]
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Inflammtion 4
1. Diffuse suppurative inflammation can occur in hollow organs or body cavities, leading to conditions like phlegmonous appendicitis or empyema. Cellulitis is a diffuse inflammation that spreads between tissue planes, caused by streptococcus bacteria.
2. Acute inflammation can resolve through regeneration or result in scarring. Complications include progression to chronic inflammation or issues from healing like keloids, sinuses, or fistulas. Abscesses typically heal with scarring but can lead to ulcer formation if diffuse.
3. Pyemia is a type of bacterial infection where septic emboli spread through the bloodstream, lodging in organs and causing multiple small pyemic abscesses
Ulcer
The document discusses various types of skin and soft tissue infections including abscesses, cellulitis, erysipelas, boils, carbuncles, and necrotizing fasciitis. It defines each condition, describes common causative organisms, symptoms, signs, risk factors, investigations and treatment approach. Abscesses are localized collections of pus that require incision and drainage along with antibiotics. Cellulitis is a non-suppurative skin infection treated with elevation and antibiotics. Erysipelas is a streptococcal infection of skin lymphatics on the face or legs. Boils are hair follicle infections treated with antibiotics and incision if abscess forms. Carbuncles are clusters of bo
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Hello friends..! This is 2nd presentation of series 'CELL INJURY'.. I have tried to describe important points about 'GANGRENE' in brief so that it will be helpful for quick revision. Plzz Like, Share n Subscribe to get notifications of my next presentations.. Thank You..!!
Gangrene #Types of gangrene
There are two main types of gangrene: dry gangrene and wet gangrene. Dry gangrene occurs in distal parts of limbs due to reduced blood flow and tissue death. Wet gangrene affects moist tissues like the mouth, bowel, and skin under pressure in bedridden patients. Gas gangrene is a variant of wet gangrene caused by gas-forming bacteria that enter through wounds, causing tissue swelling, pain, and a foul odor.
Gangrene
Dr. Monika Negi discusses different types of gangrene including dry gangrene, wet gangrene, and gas gangrene. Dry gangrene results from ischemia and causes tissue to become dry and black. Wet gangrene occurs in moist tissues and is caused by blockages leading to bacterial overgrowth and tissue putrefaction. Gas gangrene develops from clostridial bacteria infecting wounds and causing muscle necrosis and gas formation. Treatment for gas gangrene requires urgent surgery, antibiotics like penicillin, and sometimes hyperbaric oxygen or amputation.
Inflammation
Acute inflammation is the early response of tissues to injury and involves vascular and cellular events. The vascular events include vasodilation, increased vascular permeability allowing plasma proteins to leave circulation, and accumulation of leukocytes from the blood vessels into tissues. The principal leukocytes in acute inflammation are neutrophils. The cellular events in acute inflammation help destroy, dilute or isolate injurious agents. Mediators of acute inflammation include histamine, prostaglandins, nitric oxide, complement factors and cytokines. Acute inflammation is rapid in onset, relatively short in duration and aims to return tissues to normal function.
Gangrene
Gangrene is a type of tissue death caused by lack of blood supply and can be caused by blocked arteries or infection. There are several types of gangrene including dry gangrene caused by gradual arterial blockage, wet gangrene caused by sudden blockage and infection, and gas gangrene caused by Clostridium bacteria infection. Clinical features include discolored, numb skin that is dry in dry gangrene and swollen in wet gangrene, with a foul smell and crepitus in gas gangrene. Treatment depends on the type but may include antibiotics, surgery to remove dead tissue, and amputation in severe cases.
Pyogenic abscess by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
This document discusses pyogenic abscesses, which are localized collections of pus caused by bacterial infection. It defines pyogenic abscesses and describes their causes, signs and symptoms, common sites, investigations, complications, differential diagnosis, and treatment, which involves incision and drainage after antibiotics. Common causative organisms are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Investigations may include blood tests and imaging like ultrasound or chest X-ray. Complications can include sepsis if not treated properly. Treatment is incision and drainage of the abscess after it has formed, along with antibiotics.
Granuloma annulare 2.0
- A 7 year old female presented with a skin biopsy from her left gluteal region for a clinical diagnosis of granuloma annulare.
- Microscopic examination showed features consistent with granuloma annulare including hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, lymphocytic infiltration, and histiocytes surrounding degenerated collagen extending into the dermis.
- Granuloma annulare is a benign inflammatory dermatosis more common in females that involves skin and subcutaneous tissue, though the etiology is unknown.
pattern of inflammation
This document discusses different patterns of inflammation. It describes acute and chronic inflammation, and outlines several morphological patterns including serous, fibrinous, suppurative, ulcerative, pseudomembranous, catarrhal, and granulomatous inflammation. Each pattern is characterized by the type of inflammatory exudate produced, such as watery fluid, fibrin deposits, or pus accumulation. Examples are provided of diseases associated with each inflammatory pattern.
3 inflamm
The document summarizes the fate and types of acute inflammation, as well as chronic inflammation. Regarding acute inflammation, it can resolve and tissues return to normal, involve regression and healing of tissue damage, or progress and spread. Acute inflammation is classified as suppurative or non-suppurative. Chronic inflammation lasts a long time and can follow acute inflammation or start gradually due to infection, irritants, or autoimmunity. It involves fibrosis and different inflammatory cells than acute inflammation. Granulomas are a form of chronic inflammation involving collections of macrophages, lymphocytes, and giant cells.
Bronciectasis
Bronchiectasis is permanent dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles due to destruction of muscle and elastic tissue, usually resulting from chronic necrotizing infections. It is characterized by a persistent cough and expectoration of copious amounts of purulent sputum. Predisposing factors include bronchial obstruction from foreign bodies or infection, congenital conditions like cystic fibrosis, and immunodeficiency states that increase susceptibility to repeated lung infections. Chronic infection and obstruction cause damage and dilation of the bronchial walls over time in a recurrent cycle. On microscopy, areas of ulceration and inflammation are seen within the bronchial walls in active disease, and fibrosis develops in chronic cases.
Gas gangrene
This document discusses gas gangrene, a rapidly spreading, potentially fatal infection caused by Clostridium bacteria. It enters the body through wounds or injuries contaminated with soil or feces and releases toxins that cause tissue death. Symptoms include severe pain, swelling, brownish fluid draining from wounds with a foul odor, skin discoloration, and palpable gas in muscles. Diagnosis involves examining wound fluid under a microscope. Treatment requires urgent debridement of dead tissue, antibiotics like penicillin, oxygen therapy, and possibly amputation of infected limbs to save the patient's life. Homeopathic remedies like Arsenicum, Crotalus, and Secale may provide additional support.
lacrimal apparatus - diseases.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the lacrimal system and tear film. It describes the main structures of the lacrimal apparatus including the lacrimal gland, accessory lacrimal glands, lacrimal passages, puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. It discusses tear film layers, secretion, and functions. It also summarizes common lacrimal system disorders like dry eye, dacryocystitis, epiphora, dacryoadenitis and their signs, symptoms, etiologies, and treatments. Surgical procedures for these conditions like dacryocystorhinostomy are also briefly outlined.
Boils or furuncle by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
Boil is an acute staphylococcal infection of a hair follicle with perifolliculitis which usually proceeds to suppuration & central necrosis.Often boil open on its own & subsides (S. aureus infection)
Treatment of lymphadenitis
Treatment of lymphadenitis and lymphedema depends on the underlying cause. For lymphadenitis, expectant management is used for smaller nodes, while antimicrobial therapy is used for larger or infected nodes. Chemotherapy and radiation are used for malignancy. Tuberculous lymphadenitis is treated with a combination of antitubercular drugs for 6-9 months, along with aspiration or incision and drainage of abscesses. Treatment of lymphedema includes conservative measures like compression, exercise and skin care, as well as surgical options like excisional procedures and bypass operations to improve lymphatic drainage.
Suppurative Inflammation
Purulent inflammation, also known as suppurative inflammation, results from bacterial infection and is characterized by large amounts of pus consisting of neutrophils, dead cells, and fluid. Abscesses form when pus accumulates in enclosed tissue spaces. Examples given include suppurative appendicitis, pyelonephritis, and purulent meningitis. Suppurative appendicitis specifically involves obstruction of the appendix leading to bacterial infection, swelling, and eventual rupture and abscess formation. Pyelonephritis is a urinary tract infection of the kidneys that can cause interstitial abscesses and suppuration if severe. Purulent meningitis is an infectious inflammation of the meninges often involving the brain and
Testis and adjustnt structure
This document discusses several conditions affecting the testes and adjacent structures, including orchitis, epididymitis, hydrocele, and varicocele. Orchitis is defined as an inflammation of the testes that can be caused by bacterial, viral, spirochetal, parasitic, traumatic, chemical or unknown factors. Risk factors include not being immunized against mumps, having recurrent UTIs, prior genital or urinary tract surgery, multiple sexual partners, and history of STDs. Symptoms include acute scrotal pain, edema, and tenderness, as well as potential fever, nausea and vomiting. Treatment involves antibiotics if bacterial, along with NSAIDs, analgesics, bed rest, scrotal elevation,
1 inflammation
Inflammation is the body's complex protective reaction to injury caused by various stimuli. It involves the destruction, dilution, or walling off of injurious agents. The mechanisms of inflammation include local alterations, exudation of fluid and cells, and proliferation of new tissue. Acute inflammation is characterized by classical symptoms of heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function, as well as systemic responses like fever and increased white blood cell count. It involves vascular changes, cellular events like leukocyte migration, and outcomes like resolution, healing by scar tissue, or progression to chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation is driven by lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and involves distinctive patterns like granulomatous inflammation seen in tuberculosis.
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Inflammation is the body's response to injury and involves cardinal signs like redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Acute inflammation is rapid in onset and short in duration, involving increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and neutrophil infiltration. The vascular changes that occur during acute inflammation include vasodilation, increased permeability through mechanisms like endothelial cell contraction and injury, and transcytosis, which together allow fluid, proteins, and cells to exit into tissues as an exudate.
2. inflammation cellular events dr ashutosh kumar
The document discusses the process of acute inflammation and the cellular events involved. It describes how leukocytes are recruited to the site of injury through a process called chemotaxis. It then outlines the steps of phagocytosis - adherence, ingestion, digestion. It discusses the mechanisms used by phagocytes to kill and degrade microbes, including both oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent processes. Finally, it briefly mentions some genetic defects and acquired conditions that can cause defects in leukocyte function.
Acute And Chronic Inflammation
Acute inflammation is the immediate response to tissue injury and involves vasodilation, increased vascular permeability leading to edema, and leukocyte emigration. The key events in acute inflammation are vascular changes, leukocyte migration into tissues, and the release of chemical mediators. Chronic inflammation is a prolonged inflammatory response involving lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells that can lead to tissue destruction and attempts at repair through fibrosis. [/SUMMARY]
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Acute inflammation
Acute inflammation is a protective process that helps eliminate harmful stimuli and promote tissue repair. It is characterized by increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and migration of white blood cells. The major signs of acute inflammation are heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function. Key events in acute inflammation include changes in blood vessels that allow fluid and cells to move between blood vessels and tissues. White blood cells like neutrophils are recruited to destroy pathogens and initiate repair.
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General pathology lecture 5 inflammation & repair
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Youtube:-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfdIJLOAqtY
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Bacterial cutaneous infection DERMATOLOGY REVISION NOTES
LEPROSY
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LEPROSY REVISION NOTES FOR NEET PG AIIMS PREPARATION
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Conjunctiva anatomy and physiology
CONJUNCTIVA: ANATOMY , PHYSIOLOGY, SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION Pranay Shinde DNB Resident Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital,New Delhi
2. ANATOMY It is the mucous membrane covering the under surface of the lids and anterior part of the eyeball upto the cornea.
3. Parts of conjunctiva • Palpebral; covering the lids—firmly adherent. • Forniceal; covering the fornices—loose—thrown into folds. • Bulbar; covering the eyeball—loosely attached except at limbus.
4. Palpebral conjunctiva • Subtarsal sulcus 2mm from posterior edge of the lid margin. • Richly vascular. • Extremely thin. • Strongly bound to the tarsal plate.
5. Palpebral conjunctiva is subdivided into three parts: 1)Marginal 2)Tarsal 3)Orbital
6. Conjunctival fornices • Transitional region between palpebral and bulbar conjunctivae. • Superior fornix 10 mm from limbus. • Inferior fornix 8 mm from limbus. • Lateral fornix 14mm from limbus. • Medially absent. • Ducts of lacrimal glands open into lateral part of superior fornix.
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Allergic conjunctivitis
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The symptoms are due to release of histamine and other active substances by mast cells, which stimulate dilation of blood vessels, irritate nerve endings, and increase secretion of tears.
Treatment of allergic conjunctivitis is by avoiding the allergen (e.g., avoiding grass in bloom during "hay fever season") and treatment with antihistamines, either topical (in the form of eye drops), or systemic (in the form of tablets). Antihistamines, medications that stabilize mast cells, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are generally safe and usually effective.
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4.outcomes and morphology dr ashutosh kumar
- 2. DEFECTS IN LEUCOCYTE FUNCTION GENETIC • ADHESION DEFECTS- • LAD1, LAD2 • INTEGRINS AND SELECTIN RECEPTORS DEFECTIVE • REC BACTERIAL INFECTIONS AND IMPAIRED HEALING • DEFECTS IN PHAGOLYSOSOME FUNCTION • CHEDIAK HIGASHI SYN • AR • DEFECTIVE TRANSFER OF LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES
- 4. DEFECTS IN LEUCOCYTE FUNCTION • DEFECT IN MICROBICIDAL ACTIVITY • CGD-DEFECTS IN NADPH OXIDASE • REC BACTERIAL INFECTIONS • MPO DEF ACQUIRED-VARIOUS ASPECTS LIKE PHAGO,CHEMO ETC AFFECTED • DM • MALIGNANCY • MALNUTRITION • ANEMIA
- 6. Outcomes of acute inflammation
- 11. resolution • Restoration of site to normal • Usually occurs when 1. Limited or short lived 2. Little tissue destruction • Events
- 12. fibrosis • Connective tissue replacement • Occurs in cases of 1. Extensive destruction 2. Tissues incapable of regeneration 3. Abundant fibrin exudation
- 13. suppuration • When causative agent is pyogenic bacteria • Events
- 14. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION • When inflammation can not be resolved • In cases of 1. Persistence of agent 2. Interference with healing
- 15. MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS • SEROUS • THIN FLUID • Eg BLISTER OF BURN • FIBRINOUS • MORE SEV INJURY • FIBROGEN LEAKAGE CON TO FIBRIN • LINING OF BODY CAVITIES-MENINGES,PERICARDIUM • COR VILLOSUM/ BREAD AND BUTTER APP • MICRO-EOSINOPHILIC MESHWORK
- 16. MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS • SUPPURATIVE/ PURULENT • SOME PYOGENIC BACTERIA • LARGE AMTS OF PUS • ABSCESS-LOCALIZED COLLECTION OF PUS WITHIN A CAVITY • ULCER • LOCAL DEFECT IN SKIN OR MUCOSA • Eg PEPTIC ULCER
- 17. SEROUS EXUDATE • Bullous Pemphigoid, • Serous Inflammation Dermis Blister fluid Serous Exudate
- 18. FIBRINOUS EXUDATE pericardial cavity shows fibrinous pericarditis with strands of stringy pale fibrin between visceral and parietal pericardium
- 19. FIBRINOUS INFLAMMATION Fibrinous exudate pericardium URAEMIC PERICARDITIS
- 20. PURULENT EXUDATE • Exuded yellowish fluid fluid in this opened pericardial cavity also contains a large number of acute inflammatory cells. So it is a purulent exudate
- 21. SUPPURATIVE INFLAMMATION A B A: purulent exudate obscuring the sulci in pyogenic meningitis. B: purulent peritonitis D/T rupture of the colon.
- 22. ABSCESS • rounded abscesses (the purulent material has drained out after sectioning to leave a cavity) in the lung.
- 23. ABSCESS • Diverticulitis of Colon with abscess formation Abscess Sulfur granules of actinomycoses Lots of neutrophils
- 24. ULCER Gross Gastroscopic View Microscopic view