This document discusses abscesses, including:
1. An abscess is a collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissues and contains dead and dying white blood cells and bacteria.
2. Abscesses spread along paths of least resistance and increase pressure, causing pain. They eventually burst spontaneously or require incision and drainage.
3. Treatment involves rest, elevation, antibiotics, and incision and drainage surgery to fully open and curette the abscess cavity.
Include infections of skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and muscle, encompass a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from simple cellulitis to rapidly progressive necrotizing fasciitis.
Diagnosing the exact extent of the disease is critical for successful management of a patient of soft tissue infection
An anorectal abscess is a collection of pus in the anal or rectal region.
It may be caused by infection of an anal fissure, sexually transmitted infections or blocked anal glands.
An anorectal abscess is a collection of pus that builds up in the rectum and anus.
With prompt treatment, client with this condition usually recover very well.
Complications tend occur when treatment is delayed.
Swollen lymph nodes usually occur as a result of infection from bacteria or viruses. Rarely, swollen lymph nodes are caused by cancer. Your lymph nodes, also called lymph glands, play a vital role in your body's ability to fight off infections. They function as filters, trapping viruses, bacteria and other causes of illnesses before they can infect other parts of your body. Common areas where you might notice swollen lymph nodes include your neck, under your chin, in your armpits and in your groin.
In some cases, the passage of time .Hard, swollen or tender lymph nodes
Itchy skin, Lump, or mass that can be felt beneath the skin, Rash
Redness, warmth or selling immune system disorders
Lupus — a chronic inflammatory disease that targets your joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart and lungs
Rheumatoid arthritis — a chronic inflammatory disease targeting the tissue that lines your joints (synovium)
Cancers
Lymphoma — cancer that originates in your lymphatic system
Leukemia — cancer of your body's blood-forming tissue, including your bone marrow and lymphatic system
Other cancers that have spread (metastasized) to lymph nodes
Include infections of skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and muscle, encompass a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from simple cellulitis to rapidly progressive necrotizing fasciitis.
Diagnosing the exact extent of the disease is critical for successful management of a patient of soft tissue infection
An anorectal abscess is a collection of pus in the anal or rectal region.
It may be caused by infection of an anal fissure, sexually transmitted infections or blocked anal glands.
An anorectal abscess is a collection of pus that builds up in the rectum and anus.
With prompt treatment, client with this condition usually recover very well.
Complications tend occur when treatment is delayed.
Swollen lymph nodes usually occur as a result of infection from bacteria or viruses. Rarely, swollen lymph nodes are caused by cancer. Your lymph nodes, also called lymph glands, play a vital role in your body's ability to fight off infections. They function as filters, trapping viruses, bacteria and other causes of illnesses before they can infect other parts of your body. Common areas where you might notice swollen lymph nodes include your neck, under your chin, in your armpits and in your groin.
In some cases, the passage of time .Hard, swollen or tender lymph nodes
Itchy skin, Lump, or mass that can be felt beneath the skin, Rash
Redness, warmth or selling immune system disorders
Lupus — a chronic inflammatory disease that targets your joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart and lungs
Rheumatoid arthritis — a chronic inflammatory disease targeting the tissue that lines your joints (synovium)
Cancers
Lymphoma — cancer that originates in your lymphatic system
Leukemia — cancer of your body's blood-forming tissue, including your bone marrow and lymphatic system
Other cancers that have spread (metastasized) to lymph nodes
General Surgery
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Typhoid perforation is a serious complication of typhoid fever, a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi. It occurs when the infection causes a hole to form in the wall of the intestine, leading to the leakage of contents from the intestine into the abdominal cavity. This can cause severe infection and inflammation of the abdominal cavity, known as peritonitis.
The symptoms of typhoid perforation may include severe abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, and signs of shock such as low blood pressure and rapid heart rate. In some cases, there may also be visible signs of a perforation, such as a palpable abdominal mass or signs of fluid accumulation in the abdomen.
The diagnosis of typhoid perforation is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment typically involves surgical repair of the perforation and aggressive management of the infection and inflammation. This may include antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and other supportive care measures such as pain management and nutritional support.
It is important to seek prompt medical attention if you suspect you or someone you know may have typhoid fever or typhoid perforation. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for a successful outcome and to prevent further complications.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Abscess
1. It is cavity containing pus
or it can also be defined
as collection of pus
surrounded by Ac.
Inflammatory reaction ,
pyogenic membrane,
oedema and cells of
inflammation.
It posses all cardinal
signs of inflammation
2. Pus : collection of dead / dying leucocytes & bacteria
Pyogenic Membrane : An area immediately around the
abscess infiltrated by leucocytes & fibrinous exudate
3. Direct infection from without
( penetration ) PMN cells entry
Local extension ( proteolytic enzymes )
Lymphatic
Haematogenous
Metastatic ( Pyemic )
liquefaction plasma exudation
pain
spread via areas spontaneous surface
of least resistance bursting hollow viscus
Repair collagen deposition granulation starts around
Bacteria enter
into tissue
Pus formation
(Hyperosmolar)
Increase tension
in tissue
4. pathology
Abscess is surrounded by Acute inflammatory response , pyogenic membrane
( fibrinous exudate ) , oedema and cells of acute inflammation
Pus composed of dead and dying WBC release cytokines , oxygen free
radicals , other molecules
Abscess contains hyperosmolar fluid that draws in fluid. This increases pressure
causing pain .
Spread occurs along the planes of least resistance & point towards skin.
It then burst spontaneously /needs I & D.
Later granulation tissue ( macrophages , fibroblasts, angiogenesis ) forms
around suppurative process --- collagen deposition.
If untreated / resorbed completely - Chronic abscess formation.
In chronic abscess lymphocytes and plasma cells are seen. There is tissue
sequestration and later calcification.
Some organisms are associated with chronicity -- Mycobacteria / actinomycosis
6. Features
Depends on : size of abscess , virulence of
organism ,tension in the cavity .
Sense of illness
throbbing pain ( increases with dependency )
Pyrexia
Rigors (due to toxaemia / septicaemia )
Local signs of inflammation - calor ,dolor ,rubor ,tumor
loss of function
( due to hyperemia & inflammatory exudate )
7. Haematological CBC , ESR
Bio chemical BUN , Sr Creatinine
LFT
Blood sugar
Pathological Swab / scrapings
Radiological X - Ray
USG
CT Scan , MRI
8. Treatment
Rest
Elevation of affected part
Appropriate antibiotics
Surgery – I & D ( Modified Hilton’s Method )
Aspiration ( for liver abscess , retrosternal abscess ,lung abscess )
9. I & D : points to remember
Before I & D always confirm the diagnosis by appropriate investigations &
always confirm liquefaction of pus .
Drain the abscess by Hilton’s / modified Hilton’s method .
All loculi need to be opened and curetted.
Clean the abscess cavity after I & D and allow it to heal by secondary
intention .
Location of abscess in deep cavities like pleura & peritoneum ( due to
perianastomotic infection or leak ) is difficult to locate . But with the help of
CT /MRI /USG / isotope scan it can be detected and aspirated under guidance
Role of antibiotics is controversial but definitely required if abscess is
spreading.
Surgical drainage & curettage should be adequate whether antibiotics used or
not.
Primary closure can be tried but it is safe to allow healing by secondary
intention.
10. Spread
Inadequate drainage sinus / fistula
Damage to vital structures
Formation of antibioma e.g. breast abscess
Incision of aneurysm
Formation of chronic abscess.
11. Abscess needs drainage and curettage .
Modern imaging technique may allow
guided aspiration.
Antibiotics required if abscess is not located
( i.e. cellulitis )
Healing by secondary intention is
encouraged.
12. Abscess formation due to spread of infection beyond tonsil
involving tonsiller bed
Quinsy is an old term synonymous with
peritonsillar abscess.
It is derived from the Latin word cynanche
meaning sore throat.
13. Aetiopathogenesis
PTA usually arises as a complication of an untreated or partially
treated episode of acute tonsillitis.
The infection, in these cases, spreads to the peritonsillar area
(peritonsillitis). This region comprises loose connective tissue and is
hence susceptible to formation of abscess.
PTA can also occur de novo.
Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be causative. Commonly
involved species include streptococci, staphylococci and hemophilus.
14. Clinical features
Adults commonly affected
Symptoms starts appearing 2-8 days before abscess development
Progressively worsening unilateral sore throat and pain are the earliest
symptoms.
Sudden deterioration with severe pain during attack of tonsillitis
Fever, malaise, headache & distortion of vowels informally known as "hot
potato voice" may appear.
Neck pain associated with tender, swollen lymph nodes, referred ear pain and
halitosis are also common
Increase salivation.
Trismus ( difficulty in opening mouth – due to spasm induced in pterygoid
muscle due to infection )
15. clinical features
On examination ( good illumination and suction may required )
• Erythematous, swollen tonsil with
contralateral uvula displaced medially
• Trismus
• Edema of palatine tonsils
• Diffuse swelling of soft palate
• superior to affected tonsil
Purulent exudate on tonsils
• Drooling
• Muffled, “hot potato” voice
• Cervical lymphadenopathy
• Abscess may point out.
18. Treatment
Abscess not pointing
Broad spectrum antibiotics.
NSAID
Abscess pointing
I & D required
Adult Children
Local anesthesia Gen anesthesia
2% lignocain spray
Pt sits upward
Incision – midway bet
- ween uvula
& upper 3rd
molar
Forcep pushed & open
Pus drained
19. complications
Parapharyngeal abscess
Extension of abscess in other deep neck spaces leading to airway
compromise
Septicaemia
Possible Necrosis of surrounding deep tissues
In rare cases, Mediastinitis
