The document discusses various methods of costing including unit costing, job costing, contract costing, batch costing, operating/service costing, process costing, multiple costing, and uniform costing. It provides examples of different industries that use each method. It also discusses other costing techniques like marginal costing, absorption costing, standard costing, and historical costing. The document outlines the need for reconciliation when cost and financial accounts are maintained separately.

1. Method of Costing
1.Unit Costing
2. Job Costing
3. Contract Costing
4. Batch Costing
5. Operating Costing
6. Process Costing.
7. Multiple Costing
8. Uniform Costing.

2. 1.Unit Costing
 This method also called 'Single output
Costing'. This method of costing is used
for products which can be expressed in
identical quantitative units and is suitable
for products which are manufactured by
continuous manufacturing activity. Costs
are ascertained for convenient units of
output.
 Examples: Brick making, mining, cement
manufacturing, dairy, flour mills etc.

3. Job Costing:
 Under this method costs are ascertained
for each work order separately as each
job has its own specifications and scope.
 Examples: Painting, Car repair, Decoration,
Repair of building etc.

4. Contract Costing:
 Under this method costing is done for big
jobs which involves heavy expenditure
and stretches over a long period and
often it is undertaken at different sites.
Each contract is treated as a separate unit
for costing.
 This is also known as Terminal Costing.
Construction of bridges, roads, buildings,
etc. comes under contract costing.

5. Batch Costing
 This methods of costing is used where
the units produced in a batch are uniform
in nature and design. For the purpose of
costing each batch is treated as a job or
separate unit.
 Industries like Bakery, Pharmaceuticals
etc. usually use batch costing method.

6. Operating Costing or Service
Costing:
 Where the cost of operating a service such
as nursing home, Bus, railway or chartered
bus etc. this method of costing is used to
ascertain the cost of such particular service.
Each particular service is treated as separate
units in operating costing.
 In the case of a Nursing Home, a unit is
treated as the cost of a bed per day and for
buses operating cost for a kilometer is
treated as a unit.

7. Process Costing:
 This kind of costing is used for the products which go through
different processes.
 For example, manufacturing cloths goes through different process.
Fist process is spinning. The out put of spinning is yarn. It is a
finished product which can be sold in the market to the weavers as
well as use as a raw material for weaving in the same manufacturing
unit.
 For the purpose of finding out the cost of yarn, the cost of spinning
 process is to be ascertained. The second step is the weaving
process.The out put of weaving process is cloth
 which also can be sold as a finished product in the market. In such
case, the cost of cloth needs to be evaluated.
 The third process is converting cloth in to finished product such as
shirt or trouser etc. Each process is to be evaluated separately as
the out put of each process can be treated as a finished good as
well as consumed as a raw material for the next process. In such
industries process costing is used to ascertaining the cost at each
stage of production.

8. Multiple Costing:
 When the output comprises many
assembled parts or components such as
in television, motor Car or electronics
gadgets, costs have to be ascertained or
each component as well as the finished
product. Such costing may involve
different methods of costing for different
components.
 Therefore this type of costing is known as
composite costing or multiple costing.

9. Uniform Costing:
 This is not a separate method of costing.
This is a system of using the same
method of costing by a number of firms in
the same industry. It is treated as a
common system of using agreed
principles and standard accounting
practices in the identical firms or industry.
 This helps in fixation of price of the
product and inter-firm comparisons.

10. Types of Costing
 There are different types or techniques of
costings are used in cost accounting.
Different types of costing is used in
different industries to analyze and
presenting costs for the purposes of
control and managerial decisions.
 The generally used types of costing are as
follows:

11. Marginal Costing:
 In Marginal Costing, it allocates only
variable costs i.e. direct materials, direct
labour and other direct expenses and
variable overheads to the production.
 It does not take into account the fixed
cost of production. This type of costing
emphasizes the distinction between fixed
and variable costs.

12. Absorption Costing:
 The technique of absorbing fixed and
variable costs to production is called
absorption costing.
 Under absorption costing full costs, i.e.
fixed and variable costs are absorbed to
the production.

13. Standard Costing:
 When costs are determined in advance
on certain predetermined standards
under a given set of operating conditions,
it is called standard costing.
 Standard costing is to be compared with
the actual costs periodically to analyze
the changes in the cost to revise the
standards to avoid any loss due to
outdated costing.

14. Historical costing:
 When costs are determined in terms of
actual costs and not in terms of
predetermined standards cost is called
Historical costing.
 In this system of cost accounting, costs
are determined only after they have been
incurred.
 Almost all organizations use historical
costing system of accounting for costs.

15. Reconciliation of Cost and
Financial Accounts
 Cost accounts act as a check on financial
accounts. To achieve this, we have to
compare the profit/loss ascertained under
the cost accounts with the profit/loss
arrived under financial accounts.
 By preparing a reconciliation statement,
we can find out the causes of difference in
cost accounting and financial accounts.

16.  Double entry system of account is being
used by large manufacturing firms and they
adopt one of the following two methods:
 1. Integral or integrated Accounting:
 2. Non-integral or Independent
Accounting

17. 1. Integral or integrated
Accounting:
Integral or integrated Accounting: When
cost and financial transactions are unified,
it is called the integral/integrated
accounting.
In integral or integrated accounting Cost
and financial transactions are not kept
separate, they are together recorded in
one set of books of account.

18. 2. Non-integral or Independent
Accounting.
 When the cost and financial transactions
are kept separate, the method followed is
called "non-integral or Independent
Accounting".
 A separate set of books are maintained
 under this system. Need of reconciliation
of cost and financial accounts arises only
when non-integral accounting method is
followed.

19. Integral Accounting:
 Integral Accounting: means the maintenance
of cost and financial accounts in a single set
of books. In other words the merger of
financial and cost accounting by using a single
set of books of accounts.
 This serve the purpose of both financial
account and cost account. A cost ledger and
three subsidiary ledgers i.e. Stores Ledger,
Work-in-progress Ledger and Finished Stock
Ledger are also maintained in addition to the
General Ledger, Sales Bought Ledger and
Sales Ledger.

20. Preparation of Cost Sheet
 Suppose you are running a factory which
manufactures electronic toys. You incur
expenses on raw material, labour and other
expenses which can be directly attributed to
cost and which cannot be directly attributed
but are incurred Upto their sales. You need to
know the composition of cost at different
stages. This will help you in the analysis of cost
of a product so that same can be used for its
proper management. In this lesson you will
learn about cost sheet and its various
components.

21. COST SHEET : MEANING AND ITS
IMPORTANCE
 Cost sheet is a statement, which shows various
components of total cost of a product. It classifies
and analyses the components of cost of a
product. Previous periods data is given in the cost
sheet for comparative study. It is a statement
which shows per unit cost in addition to Total
Cost. Selling price is ascertained with the help of
cost sheet. The details of total cost presented in
the form of a statement is termed as Cost sheet.
Cost sheet is prepared on the basis of :

 1. Historical Cost 2. Estimated Cost

22.  Historical Cost
 Historical Cost sheet is prepared on the basis of actual cost
incurred.A statement of cost prepared after incurring the
actual cost is called Historical Cost Sheet.
 Estimated Cost
 Estimated cost sheet is prepared on the basis of estimated
cost.The statement prepared before the commencement of
production is called estimated cost sheet. Such cost sheet is
useful in quoting the tender price of a job or a contract.

23. Importance of Cost Sheet

 The importance of cost sheet is as follows:
 ś Cost ascertainment: The main objective of the cost sheet is to
ascertain the cost of a product. Cost sheet helps in ascertainment of
cost for the purpose of determining cost after they are incurred. It
also helps to ascertain the actual cost or estimated cost of a Job.
 Fixation of selling price: To fix the selling price of a product or
service, it is essential to prepare the cost sheet. It helps in fixing
selling price of a product or service by providing detailed information
of the cost.
 Help in cost control: For controlling the cost of a product it is
necessary for every manufacturing unit to prepare a cost sheet.
Estimated cost sheet helps in the control of material cost, labour cost
and overheads cost at every point of production.
 Facilitates managerial decisions: It helps in taking important
decisions by the management such as: whether to produce or buy a
component,what prices of goods are to be quoted in the tender,
whether to retain or replace an existing machine etc.


24. 

Preparation of Cost Sheet
Questions - 1
From the following information, prepare a cost sheet for period ended on 31st March
2013.
Opening stock of raw material 12,500
Purchases of raw material 1,36,000
Closing stock of raw material 8,500
Direct wages 54,000
Direct expenses 12,000
Factory overheads 100% of direct w
Office and administrative overheads 20% of works co
Selling and distribution overheads 26,000

25. SOLUTION

26. Question – 2
The following information is given to you from which you are required
to prepare Cost Sheet for the period ended on 31St march 2013:

27. SOLUTION
Cost Sheet for the period ended on 31st March, 2013.

28. Fill in the BLANKS
 (i) Cost sheet classifies and analyses the ----------
of cost of a product.
 (ii) ............... is ascertained with the help of cost
sheet.
 (iii) ............... Cost sheet is prepared on the
basis of actual cost
 incurred.
 (iv) Cost sheet also helps to ascertain the actual cost
or …….of a job.
 (v) Cost sheet helps in fixing ...............of products
or services by providing detailed cost information.
 (vi) ............... cost sheet helps in the control of
material cost of a product/service.

29. ANSWERS
 (i) Components
 (ii) Selling price
 (iii) Historical
 (iv) estimated
 (v) selling price
 (vi) Estimated

30. Need for reconciliation of Cost
and Financial Accounts.
 When financial and cost accounts are maintained
independently many a times the profit or loss
disclosed by the two sets of books may differ
from each other.
 This difference in profit/loss necessitates the
preparation of a reconciliation statement. This
statement will show the reason for the difference
in figures in the two accounts i.e. cost account
and financial account.
 It not only helps in checking the arithmetical
accuracy of operating results shown by the
financial accounts but also establish the accuracy
of cost accounts.

31. Need for reconciliation of Cost
and Financial Accounts.
Limitations and techniques of Cost accounting
management
 Cost Accounting is not an exact science like other branches
of accounting but is an art which has developed through
theories and accounting practices based on common sense
and reasoning....
Methods of Costing andTypes of Costing
 As per the nature and peculiarities of the business, different
Industries follow different methods to find out the cost of
their product.There are different principles and procedure
for doing the costing....
Costing and Cost Accounting
 Costing or cost accounting is a branch of accounting which
deals with recording classifying and appropriate allocation of
expenditure to determine the cost of product and services.
After determining the cost one can fix the profit margin...