This document discusses various methods and types of costing used in accounting. It describes unit costing, job costing, contract costing, batch costing, operating/service costing, process costing, multiple costing, uniform costing, marginal costing, absorption costing, standard costing, and historical costing. It also covers reconciliation of cost and financial accounts, and integral versus non-integral accounting methods. The overall purpose is to outline different approaches to determining and classifying costs that are suited to various industries and types of production.

1. Method of Costing
1.Unit Costing
2
. J
ob Costing
3.Contract Costing
4.Batch Costing
5.Operating Costing
6.Process Costing.
7.Multiple Costing
8.Uniform Costing.

2. 1.Unit Costing
⚫This method also called 'Single output
Costing'. This method of costing is used
for products which can be expressed in
identical quantitative units and is suitable
for products which are manufactured by
continuous manufacturing activity
. Costs
are ascertained for convenient units of
output.
⚫Examples: Brick making, mining, cement
manufacturing,dairy,flour mills etc.

3. J
ob Costing:
⚫Under this method costs are ascertained
for each work order separately as each
job has its own specifications and scope.
⚫Examples: Painting, Car repair
, Decoration,
Repair of building etc.

4. Contract Costing:
⚫Under this method costing is done for big
jobs which involves heavy expenditure
and stretches over a long period and
often it is undertaken at different sites.
Each contract is treated as a separate unit
for costing.
⚫This is also known as Terminal Costing.
Construction of bridges, roads, buildings,
etc.comes under contract costing.

5. Batch Costing
⚫This methods of costing is used where
the units produced in a batch are uniform
in nature and design. For the purpose of
costing each batch is treated as a job or
separate unit.
⚫Industries like Bakery, Pharmaceuticals
etc.usually use batch costing method.

6. Operating Costing or Service
Costing:
⚫Where the cost of operating a service such
as nursing home, Bus, railway or chartered
bus etc. this method of costing is used to
ascertain the cost of such particular service.
Each particular service is treated as separate
units in operating costing.
⚫In the case of a Nursing Home, a unit is
treated as the cost of a bed per day and for
buses operating cost for a kilometer is
treated as a unit.

7. Process Costing:
⚫ This kind of costing is used for the products which go through
different processes.
⚫ For example, manufacturing cloths goes through different process.
Fist process is spinning. The out put of spinning is yarn. It is a
finished product which can be sold in the market to the weavers as
well as use as a raw material for weaving in the same manufacturing
unit.
⚫ For the purpose of finding out the cost of yarn,the cost of spinning
⚫ process is to be ascertained. The second step is the weaving
process.The out put of weaving process is cloth
⚫ which also can be sold as a finished product in the market. In such
case,the cost of cloth needs to be evaluated.
⚫ The third process is converting cloth in to finished product such as
shirt or trouser etc.Each process is to be evaluated separately as
the out put of each process can be treated as a finished good as
well as consumed as araw material for the next process. In such
industries process costing is used to ascertaining the cost at each
stage of production.

8. Multiple Costing:
⚫When the output comprises many
assembled parts or components such as
in television, motor Car or electronics
gadgets, costs have to be ascertained or
each component as well as the finished
product. Such costing may involve
different methods of costing for different
components.
⚫Therefore this type of costing is known as
composite costing or multiple costing.

9. Uniform Costing:
⚫This is not a separate method of costing.
This is a system of using the same
method of costing by a number of firms in
the same industry. It is treated as a
common
principles
system of using
agreed andstandard
accounting
practices in the identical firms or industry
.
⚫This helps in fixation of price of
the product and inter-firm comparisons.

10. Types of Costing
⚫There are different types or techniques of
are used in cost accounting.
types of costing is used in
costings
Differen
t
different
presenting costs for
industries to analyze and
the purposes of
control and managerial decisions.
⚫The generally used types of costing are as
follows:

11. Marginal Costing:
⚫In Marginal Costing, it allocates only
variable costs i.e. direct materials, direct
labour and other direct expenses and
variable overheads to the production.
⚫It does not take into account the fixed
cost of production. This type of costing
emphasizes the distinction between fixed
and variable costs.

12. Absorption Costing:
⚫The technique of absorbing fixed and
variable costs to production is called
absorption costing.
⚫Under absorption costing full costs, i.e.
fixed and variable costs are absorbed to
the production.

13. Standard Costing:
⚫When costs are determined in advance
on certain predetermined standards
under a given set of operating conditions,
it is called standard costing.
⚫Standard costing is to be compared with
the actual costs periodically to analyze
the changes in the cost to revise the
standards to avoid any loss due to
outdated costing.

14. Historical costing:
⚫When costs are determined in terms of
actual costs and not in terms of
predetermined standards cost is called
Historical costing.
⚫In this system of cost accounting, costs
are determined only after they have been
incurred.
⚫Almost all organizations use historical
costing system of accounting for costs.

15. Reconciliation of Cost and
Financial Accounts
⚫Cost accounts act as a check on financial
accounts. To achieve this, we have to
compare the profit/loss ascertained under
the cost accounts with the profit/loss
arrived under financial accounts.
⚫By preparing a reconciliation statement,
we can find out the causes of difference in
cost accounting and financial accounts.

16. ⚫Double entry system of account is being
used by large manufacturing firms and they
adopt one of the following two methods:
⚫1.Integral or integratedAccounting:
⚫2.Non-integral or Independent
Accounting

17. 1.Integral or integrated
Accounting:
Integral or integrated Accounting: When
cost and financial transactions are unified,
it is called the integral/integrated
accounting.
In integral or integrated accounting Cost
and financial transactions are not kept
separate, they are together recorded in
one set of books of account.

18. 2.Non-integral or Independent
Accounting.
⚫When the cost and financial transactions
are kept separate, the method followed is
called "non-integral or Independent
Accounting".
⚫A separate set of books are maintained
⚫under this system. Need of reconciliation
of cost and financial accounts arises only
when non-integral accounting method is
followed.

19. Integral Accounting:
⚫Integral Accounting: means the maintenance
of cost and financial accounts in a single set
of books. In other words the merger of
financial and cost accounting by using a single
set of books of accounts.
⚫This serve the purpose of both financial
account and cost account. A cost ledger and
three subsidiary ledgers i.e. Stores Ledger
,
Work-in-progress Ledger and Finished Stock
Ledger are also maintained in addition to the
General Ledger
, Sales Bought Ledger and
Sales Ledger
.

20. Need for reconciliation of Cost
and Financial Accounts.
Limitations and techniques of Cost accounting
management
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