An alternative to absorption costing is marginal costing .
Under this technique only variable costs are changed as product costs and included in inventory valuation.
Fixed manufacturing costs are not allowed to products but are considered as sand thus charged directly to profit and loss account of the year.
Fixed cost also do not enter in stock valuation.
Both absorption costing an marginal costing treat on manufacturing costs
The input of Elasticity in Decision Making
The concept of price elasticity of demand has important practical applications in managerial decision-making.
Uses of price elasticity can be pointed out as below:
Price fixation
Price discrimination
Public utility pricing etc....
A PowerPoint Presentation about Indifference Curve of Economics. Everyone should know about Indifference Curve. So watch it, download it and make your own from it.
Managerial Economics and its basic aspects are discussed in this Slideshare. Managerial Economics is the application of Economic Theory to managerial practice – here you will be introduced to its other aspects as well as how it helps in the growth and target achievement of an organization.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
This Slideshare is the sole Property of the Welingkar School of Distance Learning – Reproduction of this material , without prior consent, either wholly or partially will be treated as a violation of copyright.
In economics, demand is an economic principle that describes a consumer's desire, willingness and ability to pay a price for a specific good or service. Demand refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers. The quantity demanded is the amount of a product people are willing to buy at a certain price; the relationship between price and quantity demanded is known as the demand relationship.The term demand signifies the ability or the willingness to buy a particular commodity at a given point of time.
The input of Elasticity in Decision Making
The concept of price elasticity of demand has important practical applications in managerial decision-making.
Uses of price elasticity can be pointed out as below:
Price fixation
Price discrimination
Public utility pricing etc....
A PowerPoint Presentation about Indifference Curve of Economics. Everyone should know about Indifference Curve. So watch it, download it and make your own from it.
Managerial Economics and its basic aspects are discussed in this Slideshare. Managerial Economics is the application of Economic Theory to managerial practice – here you will be introduced to its other aspects as well as how it helps in the growth and target achievement of an organization.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
This Slideshare is the sole Property of the Welingkar School of Distance Learning – Reproduction of this material , without prior consent, either wholly or partially will be treated as a violation of copyright.
In economics, demand is an economic principle that describes a consumer's desire, willingness and ability to pay a price for a specific good or service. Demand refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers. The quantity demanded is the amount of a product people are willing to buy at a certain price; the relationship between price and quantity demanded is known as the demand relationship.The term demand signifies the ability or the willingness to buy a particular commodity at a given point of time.
Marginal costing is a costing technique wherein the marginal cost, i.e. variable cost is charged to units of cost, while the fixed cost for the period is completely written off against the contribution.
Cost-Volume-profit analysis is a technique for studying the relationship between cost, volume and profit.
The three factors of CVP analysis i.e., costs, volume and profit are interconnected and dependent on one another.
CVP analysis is an important tool of profit planning.
The reporting and analysis of a company's cost structure is done through cost accounting. A company's products, services, and any other activities that involve the company are all considered to be cost objects in the process of cost accounting.
Cost accounting is useful because it can show how much money a business makes, where it spends it, and where it loses it.
Basically it’s a documentary presentation which checks inflow and outflow of cash and cash equivalents.
A cash flow statement is a financial statement that provides aggregate data regarding all cash inflows that a company receives from its ongoing operations and external investment sources.
accounting is a specific branch of accounting involving a process of recording, summarizing, and reporting the myriad of transactions resulting from business operations over a period of time.
These transactions are summarized in the preparation of financial statements, including the balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement, that record the company’s operating performance over a specified period.
A public company’s income statement is an example of financial accounting.
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
marginal costing.pptx
1.
2. TRADITIONAL/CONVENTIONAL/
FULL COSTING
This is a total cost technique under which total cost [i.e. fixed cost as well as variable cost] is
charged as production cost.
In other words the absorption costing ,all manufacturing cost are absorbed in the cost of the
products produced .
In this system the factory overhead are absorbed on the basis of a predetermined overhead
rates , based on normal capacity.
Absorption costing approach is same as used in cost sheet
3. Advantages of
absorption costing
simple and most commonly used
technique to ascertaining cost
Ensures that all costs including fixed
and variable related production are
charged to products processes or
operations.
Ensures correct fixation of selling
prices in long run as fixed costs
Disadvantages of
absorption costing
Preparing flexible budgets under
absorption costing is not possible
Comparison and cost control becomes
difficult when output level change with
cost per unit
Not helpful in taking some managerial
decisions like accept or reject
decisions ,make or buy decisions
close or shut down decisions etc
4. MARGINAL COST
Marginal cost is the additional cost of producing an additional unit of product.
It is the total of all variable costs. it is composed of all direct costs and variable costs .
An important point is that marginal cost per unit remains unchanged ,irrespective of
the level of activity.
5.
6. VARIABLE COSTING
/DIRECT COSTING
An alternative to absorption costing is marginal costing .
Under this technique only variable costs are changed as product costs and included in
inventory valuation.
Fixed manufacturing costs are not allowed to products but are considered as sand
thus charged directly to profit and loss account of the year.
Fixed cost also do not enter in stock valuation.
Both absorption costing an marginal costing treat on manufacturing costs [i.e.
administration, selling and distribution overheads ]as periods costs.
7. Advantages of
marginal costing
Helps in cost control
Helps management in production
planning
Facilitates study of relative profitability
Profit planning
Management reporting
Disadvantages of
marginal costing
All cost are not divisible into fixed and
variable
Based upon the assumptions which
may not hold good under all
circumstances
Selling prices do not remain constant
for ever
Marginal costing completely ignores
time factor
8. DIFFERENCE B/W ABSORPTION
COSTING AND MARGINAL
COSTING
Total cost [ fixed and variable ] is
charged to the cost of products
Fixed cost is included in the cost of
products
Opening and closing stocks are valued
at total cost which includes fixed as
well as variable cost
Profitability is measured by profit
earned by various products or
departments
Only variable cost is charged to
products
Fixed cost is not included in the cost of
products
Stocks are valued only at variable
costs
Profitability is judged by the
contribution made by the various
products and departments
11. Differential costing is the increase or decrease in total cost or the change in specific
elements of cost that result from any variation in operations.
It’s the difference between the cost of two alternatives decision.
Change in cost due to ;-
a. change in activity.
b. change in level of activity.
12. DIFFERENCE B/W
DIFFERENTIAL COSTING AND
MARGINAL COSTING
Differential costing is the difference
between the cost of two alternatives
decisions or of a change in output
levels
The purpose of differential costing is to
evaluate the most suitable option
between alternatives
Cost of two scenarios are compared
and the less costly alternative is
selected
Marginal costing considers the change
in the costs in order to produce an
additional unit of output
The purpose of marginal costing is to
evaluate whether it is beneficial to
produce an additional unit /small
number of additional units
Marginal cost is with marginal revenue
to calculate the impact of a decision