4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology providing high-speed data rates of up to 100 Mbps for mobile users and 1 Gbps for stationary users. It uses packet-switched networks and technologies like OFDM, MIMO, and IPv6. Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced are the predominant 4G standards, utilizing OFDMA and supporting carrier aggregation to achieve high speeds. WiMAX is another 4G technology standardized by IEEE 802.16e and 802.16m.

1. 4G
FOURTH GENERATION OF BROADBAND
CELLULAR NETWORK TECHNOLOGY
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2. outline
History
4G
Technologies Used in 4G
LTE
LTE-A
WiMAX
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3. HISTORY
1G : 1980s
rate between 4800 to 9600bps
Circuit-switched technology
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Analog system
Basic mobility
Poor voice quality
Poor security
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4. 2G
Digital signals
1991
text message , MMS – GSM –Email
circuit switch
Cell towers had a limited coverage area
Built mainly for voice services and slow data
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5. 3G
Multimedia IP services
Better download rate :384kbps for mobile systems and up to 2Mbps
Global roaming
CDMA –Code Division Multiple Access
Circuit/Packet switch
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6. 4G
High speed data rates
Download 100Mbps for moving users and 1Gbps for stationary users
Packet switching in voice and video call
Frequency Band : 2 - 8GHz
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7. Technologies Used in 4G
OFDM(Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing)
Smart antennas for multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO)
IPv6
VoIP
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8. Smart antennas & MIMO
Increase capacity
Increase range
Increase rate
Increase security
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9. OFDM
Sub-carrier frequencies are chosen
so that the sub-carriers are
orthogonal to each other
guard bands are not required
Spectrum efficiency
High data rate
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10. LTE (Long-Term Evolution )
TD-LTE uses Time Division
for an uplink and downlink
FD-LTE : D-LTE uses frequency
divided spectrum for an uplink
and downlink
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11. LTE features
OFDMA in downlink
SC-FDMA uplink
100Mbps dl and 50 Mbps up
Bandwidth : 1.4 , 3 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 MHz
MIMO 4*4 for download
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12. LTE architecture
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13. LTE User Equipment (UE)
Mobile Termination (MT) : This handles all the communication functions.
Terminal Equipment (TE) : This terminates the data streams.
Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) : This is also known as the
SIM card for LTE equipments. It runs an application known as the
Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM).
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14. E-UTRAN(The access network)
handles the radio communications between the
mobile and the evolved packet core
just has one component, the evolved base stations,
called eNodeB or eNB
eNB connects with the EPC by means of the S1
interface
also be connected to nearby base stations by the
X2 interface (used for signalling and packet
forwarding during handover)
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15. EPC( Evolved Packet Core)
MME: Mobility Management Entity,
controls the high-level operation of
the mobile by means of signalling
messages and Home Subscriber
Server
HSS: Home Subscriber Server, central
database that contains information
about all the network operator's
subscribers
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16. EPC( Evolved Packet Core)
SGW: Serving Gateway , acts as a router, and forwards data between the base
station and the PDN gateway
Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW) communicates with the outside
world using SGi interface.
Each packet data network is identified by an access point name (APN). The
PDN gateway has the same role as the GPRS support node (GGSN) and the
serving GPRS support node (SGSN) with UMTS and GSM.
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17. LTE-Advanced
LTE-Advanced is the upgraded version of LTE
increase the peak data rates to about 1Gbps in the downlink and
500Mbps in the uplink
utilizes higher number of antennas : 8*8
added carrier aggregation feature
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18. carrier aggregation
Increasing bandwidth allocation to
the UE
Support higher data rate compare
to non CA device
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19. LTE vs LTE-A
LTE
Release 9
Bandwidth : 1.4 , 3 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 MHz
OFDMA(DL) , SC-FDMA(UL)
carrier aggregation Not supported
4*4 MIMO
100Mbps dl and 50 Mbps up
LTE-A
Release 10
70MHz DL , 40 MHz up
Hybrid OFDMA(DL) , SC-FDMA(UL)
supported
8*8 MIMO
1Gbps dl and 500Mbps up
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20. WiMAX
IEEE 802.16e
frequency range – 2 GHz to 11
download 128 Mbit/s
Upload 56 Mbit/s
OFDMA/SOFDMA
IEEE 802.16m
1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile reception
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21. WiMAX Architecture
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