4.14.2010 lecture 2
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Greg There are four main tissue types: muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial tissue. Connective tissue is made up of macromolecules like proteoglycans and fibrillar proteins that form the extracellular matrix (ECM). Proteoglycans are protein cores with glycosaminoglycan chains that attract water and give tissues flexibility. Collagen is the main fibrillar protein and comes in types I-III that provide structure and strength on the ECM. Fibronectin also interacts with collagen and cell surfaces to organize the ECM.
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2. The extracellular matrix is made up of proteins like collagen, fibronectin and elastin that provide strength and attachment sites. It also contains proteoglycans with glycosaminoglycan chains that absorb water and give tissues flexibility.
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Cell junctions are structures that allow for long-term association between neighboring cells. The three main types are tight junctions, adhesive junctions, and gap junctions. Adhesive junctions such as desmosomes and adherens junctions link cells together and to the extracellular matrix. These junctions contain intracellular attachment proteins and transmembrane linker proteins that anchor actin filaments or intermediate filaments. Gap junctions allow direct communication between cells by forming channels between their plasma membranes.
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Micro filaments
1) Actin microfilaments are composed of globular actin subunits that polymerize to form filaments approximately 8 nm in diameter.
2) Actin polymerization is regulated by actin-binding proteins that nucleate, depolymerize, sever, cross-link, or cap actin filaments.
3) In nonmuscle and muscle cells, actin microfilaments interact with myosin to generate forces responsible for cell motility, shape changes, and muscle contraction.
Cell adhesion molecules
Cell adhesion molecules are proteins located on cell surfaces that bind cells together and to the extracellular matrix. They can be classified into families including cadherins, integrins, immunoglobulin superfamily CAMs, and selectins. CAMs help mediate processes like tissue development, wound healing, and immune cell migration through homophilic or heterophilic binding of extracellular domains.
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– cell matrix adhesion, collagens
– types of collagens, elastins, basal lamina and its components,
connective tissues, proteoglycans and laminin.
– Cell - cell adhesion, cadherins, CAMS (NCAMS), selectins, integrins,
desmosomes, hemidesmosomes,
– tight and gap junction,
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– glycosaminoglycans.
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3.22.2010
The document provides an overview of calcium regulation and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathways. It describes:
1) Calcium is maintained at low levels (~10^-7M) in the cytoplasm and stored at higher levels (~10^-3M) in the endoplasmic reticulum. Calcium is released through IP3 and ryanodine receptors on organelles and voltage or ligand gated channels on the plasma membrane. Calcium is transported back into storage by ATPase pumps.
2) RTKs dimerize and autophosphorylate when bound by extracellular ligands such as growth factors. This recruits adapter proteins like Grb2 and SOS, activating the Ras/MAPK pathway through
2.12.2010
The document summarizes key aspects of cellular respiration, including:
1) Glycolysis can be reversed through gluconeogenesis to generate glucose from other sources.
2) Pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix and is converted to acetyl-CoA, which fuels the Krebs cycle to generate NADH, FADH2, and GTP while producing CO2.
3) The electron transport chain uses the energy from NADH and FADH2 to pump protons out of the mitochondrial matrix, creating an electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthase to generate ATP from ADP and phosphate.
2.8.2010
1) Active transport uses energy, usually from ATP hydrolysis, to move molecules against their concentration or electrochemical gradients. This includes direct transporters that directly hydrolyze ATP and indirect transporters where one molecule moves down its gradient to drive another up its gradient.
2) Passive transport utilizes concentration and electrochemical gradients to move molecules down their gradients and does not require energy. Facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins to increase the rate of diffusion for molecules.
3) Ion channels selectively allow specific ions like sodium or potassium to diffuse passively down their gradients to help maintain membrane potentials and drive processes like action potentials in neurons.
2.19.2010
1) Microtubules grow by the addition of tubulin dimers to the plus end, with polymerization favored at this end. The plus end carries a GTP cap that stabilizes the microtubule.
2) Microtubules undergo treadmilling as the GTP cap moves down the length of the microtubule until reaching the minus end, where GTP is hydrolyzed.
3) Dynamic instability occurs when a microtubule switches between growth and shrinkage, providing a source of tubulin for other microtubules. Growing microtubules are favored when GTP-tubulin concentrations are high.
4.28.2010 lecture 2
This document discusses various mechanisms of cancer development and treatment strategies:
1. Cancer cells acquire mutations that allow them to evade normal cell cycle controls and proliferate uncontrollably. Key genes like Ras, Rb, p53 and telomerase are often mutated.
2. Advanced cancer cells recruit blood vessels to fuel their growth, avoid dependence on growth factors, and become invasive. They can also manipulate the immune system to avoid detection.
3. New targeted cancer treatments aim to deliver chemotherapy directly to cancer cells using nanoparticles coated with proteins that bind specifically to receptors on tumor cells. Immunotherapy approaches reprogram a patient's immune cells to attack the cancer.
4. Understanding the hallmarks of
4.23.2010
Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes both form plaques on the cytoplasmic side of cell membranes and link keratin intermediate filaments. Desmosomes directly link adjacent cell membranes through homophilic interactions between transmembrane proteins, while hemidesmosomes link the cell membrane to the basal lamina using integrin proteins. Tight junctions form a barrier near the apical surfaces of epithelial cells and regulate the diffusion of molecules between cells. They are composed of claudin and occludin transmembrane proteins that interact homophilically. Gap junctions link the cytoplasms of adjacent cells and allow small molecules to pass through, and are composed of connexin proteins that oligomerize into connexons.
Review 4.30.2010
Provenge is a cancer immunotherapy that involves extracting dendritic cells from a patient, shipping them to a company where they are treated with a prostate cancer antigen and GM-CSF growth factor, and then re-injecting the activated dendritic cells into the patient in 3 injections. The document also defines and compares the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways, describes the Ras signaling pathway and its role in cell survival and proliferation, and outlines the stages of the cell cycle including checkpoints at G1/S and G2/M.
4.16.2010
The document provides information on the structure and function of proteoglycans in cartilage, integrins, and cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion junctions. Proteoglycans in cartilage are made of hyaluronate linked to proteoglycans, which contain glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) like chondroitin sulfate and keratin sulfate. Integrins are cell adhesion molecules composed of alpha and beta subunits that bind the extracellular matrix and link to the cytoskeleton. There are several types of cell junctions including tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes that regulate cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion.
2.10.2010
1. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate through a series of 10 steps, generating 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule.
2. Key regulated steps include conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate which traps glucose in the cell, and conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate which controls glycolysis.
3. Pyruvate generated by glycolysis can then undergo fermentation, producing lactate or ethanol to regenerate NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue under anaerobic conditions.
3.5.2010
1. Vesicles bud off from donor membranes with v-SNAREs and are carried along microtubules by motor proteins to target membranes containing t-SNAREs.
2. Vesicle and target membrane tethering proteins bring the two close together to allow v- and t-SNAREs to associate and fuse the vesicle and target membrane.
3. Rab GTPases regulate vesicle movement and docking by cycling between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states.
3.15.2010
The document discusses different types of cell signaling including endocrine, paracrine, contact-dependent, and intracellular signaling. It describes various signaling molecules such as hormones, growth factors, cytokines, neurotransmitters, and gases that act as signals between cells. These molecules bind to receptors on target cells and induce downstream signaling cascades and cellular responses such as changes in gene transcription or cytoskeleton that affect processes like cell survival, proliferation, and death.
4.12.2010
The document discusses different types of cell death pathways including extrinsic pathways like the Fas/Fas ligand pathway and perforin/granzyme pathway. It also discusses intrinsic pathways triggered by withdrawal of growth factors or mitochondrial signals. Other cell death types discussed include apoptosis, autophagy, anoikis, and entosis. Autophagy involves degrading organelles through autophagosomes and lysosomes. Anoikis is apoptosis from detachment from the extracellular matrix. Entosis is when one cell engulfs another.
Similar to 4.14.2010 lecture 2
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AND ITS COMPONENTS
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM). It describes the ECM as a network of proteins and macromolecules that provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells. It identifies two basic forms of ECM - the interstitial matrix present in connective tissue and the basement membrane that lies beneath epithelium. It also outlines the major components of ECM including collagens, elastin, proteoglycans, hyaluronan, fibronectin and laminin. Finally, it discusses the roles of ECM in mechanical support, cell proliferation, tissue regeneration and cellular interactions.
extracellular-matrix_cell_biology_cellpptx
The extracellular matrix is a network of molecules that cells are attached to. It provides structural support to tissues through proteins like collagen, elastin, and fibrillin. Collagen is the most abundant protein and contributes to tissue strength and structure. It is synthesized through a process involving hydroxylation and crosslinking. Defects in collagen synthesis can cause diseases like osteogenesis imperfecta or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Glycoproteins also help link extracellular matrix components and cells to form a cohesive network.
Interactions Between Cells and Their Environment
Cells interact with their extracellular environment and each other in crucial ways. The glycocalyx and extracellular matrix (ECM) allow cell-cell and cell-substrate communication through molecules like integrins, selectins, and immunoglobulins. Integrins link the ECM to the cytoskeleton, forming structures like focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes that mediate adhesion and sensing. The ECM is a network of proteins and sugars including collagens, proteoglycans, fibronectin, and laminins that provide structure, regulate cell behavior, and facilitate processes like tissue formation and wound healing. Abnormalities in these interactions can lead to diseases.
Chapter 20 notes – connective tissues etc
This document summarizes key topics in cell and tissue biology, including the structure and function of different tissue types in plants and animals. It discusses the extracellular matrix, cell junctions, stem cells, and an overview of cancer biology. The main points covered are:
1) Connective tissues provide strength and support through the extracellular matrix composed of collagen, elastin and proteoglycans. Plant cell walls derive strength from cellulose microfibrils.
2) Epithelial tissues form sheets with tight junctions and basal lamina. Cadherin junctions bind cells together.
3) Cancer arises through mutations that alter cell proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis. Oncogenes and tumor suppressors
conn_tissue_fibres_types_em1_VV_2018.ppt
The document summarizes connective tissue fibers and the extracellular matrix. It describes the main cell types and extracellular components of connective tissue, including collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. It discusses the synthesis and structure of collagen and elastin. It also classifies and describes the different types of connective tissues, including loose connective tissue, dense irregular and regular connective tissue, cell-rich reticular and spinocellular tissue, and specialized tissues like blood, adipose tissue, bone, and cartilage.
collagen.pptx
Collagen and elastin are fibrous proteins that provide structure and elasticity to connective tissues in the body. Collagen is abundant in skin, bone, tendons and cartilage. It forms strong fibers or networks through a triple helix structure. Elastin provides elasticity to tissues like lungs and blood vessels through a rubber-like polymer. Defects in these proteins can cause diseases like brittle bone disease or emphysema.
Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM)
The document discusses the extracellular matrix (ECM), which provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells. It is composed of proteins, enzymes and glycoproteins such as collagen, fibronectin and laminin. The ECM regulates cell communication, stores growth factors, and influences cell behavior through mechanical properties. Defects in ECM proteins can cause connective tissue disorders like Marfan syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The ECM is important for tissue development, wound healing and has applications in medicine.
Collagen! - The connective Tissue Protein
This was a seminar I had done for my Biochemistry class while studying naturopathy and yoga -BNYS (1st Year). enjoy.
Collagen -Structure and Function
Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body and provides structure and strength to connective tissues. There are many types of collagen with Type I, II, III, IV being most prevalent. Collagen forms fibrils and fibers through a unique triple helical structure stabilized by cross-linking. Genetic defects in collagen synthesis can lead to disorders of the skin, bones, blood vessels and other tissues. Common collagen-related diseases include Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Alport syndrome, and osteogenesis imperfecta. Collagen has many industrial and medical uses including in food products, cosmetics, and reconstructive surgeries.
Periodontal Ligament
This document summarizes a presentation on the periodontal ligament given by Dr. Abhishek Gakhar. It discusses the structure, development, constituents including cells, fibers and blood/nerve supply of the periodontal ligament. The functions of the periodontal ligament and its clinical correlations are also reviewed. Diagrams illustrate the fiber groups and cells found in the periodontal ligament.
1. CT ppt for class (1).pptx
Connective and supporting tissues provide structural support, allow for nutrient exchange, and aid in protection and repair. They are primarily composed of extracellular matrix containing fibers and ground substance.
The ground substance is a gel-like material made of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. It fills spaces between cells and fibers. Fibers include collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers which provide strength, flexibility, and resilience. Collagen is the most abundant fiber and forms strong fibrils and bundles.
The extracellular matrix provides structure and allows for nutrient/waste transfer between cells and blood. It is composed of ground substance, fibers, and tissue fluid. Glycosaminoglycans such
Collagen
Collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals and forms the main fibrous component of connective tissues like skin, bone and cartilage. There are many types of collagen that vary in structure and function. Collagen provides strength, support and elasticity to tissues. It is synthesized through a complex process involving post-translational modifications. Collagen in the periodontium includes types I, III, IV, V, VI and XII which provide structure and allow for adaptation to forces. The periodontal ligament has the most rapid collagen turnover of tissues in the body to enable response to occlusion forces.
Connective tissue.pptx
This document provides an overview of connective tissue, including its classification, functions, components, and types. Connective tissue is the most widespread and abundant tissue in the human body. It is composed primarily of extracellular matrix and embedded connective tissue cells. Connective tissue can be classified as connective tissue proper, specialized connective tissue, or embryonic connective tissue. Its main components are ground substance, fibers, and cells. The document describes the various types of connective tissue fibers and cells in detail.
Extracellular matrix n collagen
The document summarizes the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is composed of three main groups of macromolecules - fibrous proteins, adhesive glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. These molecules assemble to form the interstitial matrix between cells and the basement membrane closely associated with cell surfaces. The ECM regulates key cell functions and remodeling of the ECM is important for processes like wound healing and tissue development. Main ECM components include collagen, elastin, cell adhesion proteins, and glycosaminoglycans.
Adherent and non adherent cells- Importance of substrate in cell culture
Non-adherent cells attach to culture vessels through opposite surface charges that create attraction. This causes cells to produce an extracellular matrix (ECM) around themselves for support. The ECM is comprised of various proteins, glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans that provide structure, facilitate cell communication and direct tissue growth. Cells adhere to the ECM through integrin proteins that bind ECM components and link to the cell's cytoskeleton.
Extracellular Matrix : Session 1
The document discusses the extracellular matrix (ECM), which was once considered an inert scaffold but is now recognized as a complex, interactive network that regulates cell gene expression. It describes the various components that make up the ECM, including collagens, elastin, fibrillin, fibronectin, and laminins. It also discusses the functions of the ECM, such as providing mechanical support and controlling cell proliferation, and describes some clinical correlations regarding genetic defects in collagen.
Oral Histology - Periodontal ligament
The periodontal ligament is a dense fibrous tissue that connects teeth to the alveolar bone. It is composed primarily of collagen fibers arranged in bundles and a ground substance containing cells, blood vessels and nerves. The collagen fibers provide structural support and allow the teeth to withstand functional forces. Fibroblasts are the main cell type and are responsible for collagen synthesis and remodeling. Blood vessels supply the ligament with nutrients. The periodontal ligament functions to attach teeth to the alveolar bone and helps maintain the teeth in their proper functional positions.
Tissue engineering
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Connective tissue
Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body and fills spaces between other tissues. It has several components including fibers, ground substance, and cells. The document categorizes connective tissue and describes its various cell types such as fibroblasts that produce collagen fibers, undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells that can differentiate into other cell types, pigment cells like melanocytes that produce pigment, fat cells that store lipids, and immune cells including lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Connective tissue provides structure and support to the body.
Cytoskeleton
The document discusses the cytoskeleton. It begins by defining the cytoskeleton as an intricate network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm and allows eukaryotic cells to maintain their shape, organize their interior components, interact mechanically with the environment, and move in a coordinated fashion.
It then describes the three main types of cytoskeletal filaments - intermediate filaments, microtubules, and microfilaments. Intermediate filaments provide tensile strength and anchor cells together. Microtubules act as tracks for intracellular transport and form the mitotic spindle during cell division. Microfilaments are involved in cell motility and contraction.
The document goes on to provide more detailed information about each type of
Similar to 4.14.2010 lecture 2 (20)
Adherent and non adherent cells- Importance of substrate in cell culture
Adherent and non adherent cells- Importance of substrate in cell culture
More from Greg
Silversun ticket
This ticket is for Gregory Stimac to attend a Silversun Pickups concert on July 30, 2010 at 8:00 PM at the Knitting Factory Concert House in Spokane, WA. The ticket price is $24.50 plus $5.11 in fees. The ticket states it must be presented in its entirety for entry and is non-refundable unless the event is rescheduled.
Test 1 article
The document summarizes a study that used live cell imaging to visualize hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry into human liver cells. Key findings include:
1) HCV was labeled with fluorescent membrane dyes and found to move along actin stress fibers in an actin-dependent manner after internalization, suggesting clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
2) Inhibition of clathrin machinery or related host factors blocked HCV entry. Immunofluorescence showed HCV co-localizing with clathrin and early endosomes.
3) While tight junction proteins were thought to mediate HCV entry, live imaging found internalization occurring outside of tight junctions, indicating their role may be overstated.
4
Review session
Chelators are used in tissue dissociation as they bind calcium and magnesium ions, allowing the removal of tight cell junctions. RNA probes can be produced by inserting a gene of interest into a plasmid with a viral promoter, which is then transfected into bacteria for transcription and isolation of the encoded protein. Antibodies recognize epitopes, which are antigen sites on proteins, and secondary antibodies are used to tag primary antibodies with fluorescent markers for visualization. Western blotting identifies and quantifies specific proteins in samples but does not localize where they are within cells. GFP tagging allows visualization of a protein's localization and interactions in living cells.
2.1.2010
This document discusses the composition and structure of cell membranes. It notes that membranes contain lipids like sterols and glycolipids that form lipid rafts and help attach proteins. Membranes contain different ratios of proteins to lipids depending on their origin, such as mitochondria or myelin sheaths. The document categorizes types of membrane proteins and how they can attach to or span the membrane. It also outlines techniques for extracting and analyzing membrane proteins, such as using detergents and SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis.
1.29.2010
Lipids are a major constituent of plasma and organelle membranes. They are made of fatty acids and other molecules like phospholipids, glycolipids, and sterols. Lipid bilayers form spontaneously due to the hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions of lipids. Bilayers compartmentalize cells and allow for selective transport and signaling. The fluid mosaic model describes membranes as fluid bilayers with embedded proteins that allow various functions like transport and cell communication.
1.27.2010 lecture
1. DNA or RNA probes can be used to detect specific sequences of interest in cells through techniques like Southern blots, Northern blots, and in situ hybridization.
2. PCR and RT-PCR can be used to amplify nucleic acid sequences, allowing detection of low concentrations. Reverse transcriptase is used to generate cDNA from mRNA.
3. Techniques like overexpression and tagging of proteins allow studying the function and localization of proteins in cells. Fluorescent tags like GFP enable visualization of proteins in living cells.
1.22.2010
There are several key principles of microscopy. Thicker samples require sectioning to be accurately imaged. Various microscopy techniques like light, fluorescent, and electron microscopy can be used to image fixed or live samples. Confocal live imaging uses layered excitation of fluorescent molecules to visualize distinct optical layers within tissue. The resolution, contrast, magnification, and type of microscopy technique used depend on the size and features of structures needing examination.
1.20.2010 lecture
1. Cysteine forms disulfide bonds in proteins during processing in the Golgi apparatus. These bonds make proteins either hydrophilic or hydrophobic.
2. There are two main types of primary cell cultures: epithelial cells which are tightly connected, and mesenchymal cells which are more loosely connected. Primary cultures maintain characteristics of the original tissue but can divide indefinitely in controlled environments.
3. Techniques for dissociating tissues into single cells for primary culture include chemical digestion using enzymes like trypsin, and mechanical disruption using homogenization. Cells are then centrifuged and plated to form a primary culture.
Test article 2
The document discusses mitochondrial dysfunction in insulin resistant mice (DKO mice) as a model for type 2 diabetes. Electron microscopy showed DKO mice had larger, fewer mitochondria than controls. Foxo1, a transcription factor regulated by insulin, was dysregulated in DKO mice, affecting genes controlling mitochondrial function. Immunoblotting showed altered levels of fission/fusion proteins in DKO mice mitochondria. Respiration and ATP production were lower in DKO mice mitochondria, as was electron transport chain activity. Ppargc1a, a regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, was highly expressed but inhibited by acetylation in DKO mice. Restoring Ppargc1a function or deleting Foxo1 improved mitochondrial morphology and
Review session for test 2
This document provides an overview of phospholipid formation and the Krebs cycle. It discusses how enzymes transfer fatty acids from fatty acyl CoA to glycerol-3-phosphate to form diacylglycerol. Diacylglycerol is then used with choline transferase to generate phosphatidylcholine, a major phospholipid. It also lists oxaloacetate as the starting point of the Krebs cycle and notes the steps that yield NADH and GTP, as well as the regulatory steps involving changes in Gibbs free energy.
3.1.2010
The document summarizes key aspects of protein transport within cells, including:
1) Proteins entering the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) have an N-terminal signal sequence that is recognized by signal recognition particle (SRP) to initiate translocation. Chaperone proteins such as BiP assist with proper folding within the ER lumen.
2) Transmembrane proteins maintain their orientation throughout transport, with alpha helices embedding in membranes. Multiple transmembrane proteins have multiple start and stop sequences recognized by SRP.
3) Vesicle transport between organelles is mediated by SNARE proteins on transport vesicles (v-SNAREs) and target membranes (t-SNAREs) that facilitate docking and fusion
2.26.2010
Peroxisomes are organelles that oxidize fatty acids, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which they then decompose to water and oxygen using the enzyme catalase. They can also utilize organic compounds as a source of hydrogen. Peroxisomes replicate through division or can form de novo from the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins destined for peroxisomes contain a peroxisome targeting signal (PTS1) that directs them to the organelle.
2.24.2010
The document summarizes key processes that occur in the endomembrane system. It describes how the rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins and lipids. It then discusses post-translational modifications that occur in the Golgi apparatus, including glycosylation. From the Golgi, vesicles traffic proteins to other organelles or secrete them. Lysosomes contain enzymes to break down molecules. Autophagy and phagocytosis allow degradation of old organelles or foreign particles respectively. Peroxisomes contain enzymes to break down toxic metabolites.
2.22.2010
Actin filaments interact with myosin proteins to enable cell movement. Specifically, myosin I interacts with actin filaments and transports vesicles along actin filaments, moving toward the plus end. When the globular heads of myosin bind to actin filaments, they cause the filaments to bend inward toward the minus end, shortening the sarcomere. Myosin II is involved in cell division. There are several steps to cell movement, including formation of a leading edge and protrusion of lamellipodia and filopodia, which adhere to actin filaments via myosin I, and severing and contraction of actin filaments at the cell rear mediated by myosin II.
2.22.2010 organelles
Cells create organelles that concentrate proteins and enzymes in specific areas. The endomembrane system includes the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and transport vesicles. The endoplasmic reticulum buds vesicles that are sent to the Golgi apparatus, then to the plasma membrane. Isolated organelles include the nucleus and mitochondria.
2.15.2010
The document summarizes key aspects of electron transport chains and ATP synthesis in mitochondria. It discusses how:
1) Ubiquinone pumps two hydrogen ions across the membrane after accepting two electrons, and cytochrome c transfers electrons to complex III.
2) ATP synthase is made of FO and F1 complexes, with F1 generating ATP using energy from protons pumped through FO.
3) The proton motive force drives ATP synthesis through chemiosmotic coupling, with ATP synthase functioning reversibly to generate or hydrolyze ATP.
3.19.2010
Small G proteins bind either GDP or GTP and function as molecular switches. When bound to GTP, they interact with and activate target proteins. Heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits and bind to G protein-coupled receptors in the cell membrane. When a ligand binds the receptor, it activates the G protein, causing the alpha subunit to exchange GDP for GTP. The alpha subunit then activates downstream effector molecules like adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP), which activates protein kinase A and triggers phosphorylation of target proteins to elicit cellular responses.
3.24.2010
The document summarizes key concepts about the cell cycle, including:
1) The cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and mitosis (M phase), with checkpoints between phases to ensure cell readiness.
2) Experiments fused cells at different phases and observed activation, identifying maturation promoting factor (MPF) as important for mitosis.
3) Further work identified MPF as a cyclin-Cdk complex, with cyclin levels and Cdk activating phosphorylations regulating progression through the cell cycle.
4) The cyclin B-Cdk1 complex promotes mitosis, driving events like nuclear envelope breakdown, before cyclin degradation inactivates Cdk1
3.17.2010
The document summarizes key aspects of signal transduction pathways involving smooth muscle relaxation. It describes how acetylcholine binds to receptors on endothelial cells, activating a G protein which signals the production of nitric oxide (NO). NO then diffuses into the smooth muscle cell where it binds receptors and activates guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP levels. cGMP activates protein kinase G, which phosphorylates calcium channels and causes them to close. With reduced calcium levels, the smooth muscle relaxes. The document also provides an overview of different receptor types, molecular switches in pathways, and differences between heterotrimeric and small G proteins.
Final notes
The document summarizes various topics in cellular chemistry and microscopy. It discusses types of sugars, bonds, and metabolism. It also describes different types of light microscopy techniques used to study cells, including brightfield, fluorescent, DIC, phase contrast, confocal, TEM, and SEM microscopy. Key terms related to microscopy like magnification, resolution, fluorescence dyes, and confocal imaging are also defined.
More from Greg (20)
4.14.2010 lecture 2
- 2. There are four tissue types
- 11. Bone
- 12. Osteocytes
- 14. Precursor is the osteoblast
- 15. Secretes ECM during development of that tissue
- 16. Cartilage
- 17. Condroblasts
- 18. Secrete ECM
- 20. Fibroblasts
- 21. Secrete ECM
- 22. Blood
- 23. Lymphoid Tissue
- 24. Made by cells
- 25. Undifferentiated form of the mature cells that are characteristic of that tissue type
- 27. Epithelia
- 28. Epithelial Cells
- 29. Skin
- 31. Held to one another and to the basal lamina
- 32. Held to one another by tight junctions and adherins junctions
- 33. Linked to basal lamina by integrins
- 34. Integrins interact directly with the ECM
- 35. Needs of basal lamina
- 37. This is where we see the most gel-like structure in this type of connective tissue
- 39. Collagen
- 40. Elastin
- 43. Use intermediate filaments that are connected to the junctions between the cells and with the cell interaction between the basal lamina to withstand stress
- 45. ECM is made of two types of macromolecules
- 46. Proteoglycans
- 47. Protein core, which can vary, surrounded by GAGs
- 49. They are negatively charged repeating units of sugars, polysaccharides, that covalently link themselves to the protein core, and useful in forming ECM because – charge attracts H20, creating a buffering sort of tissue that can withstand tensile stress and create a hydrated environment so cells can move and nutrients and waste can diffuse through and the cells can function because of those mobile molecules. Also cell motility
- 50. Can link in complex ways
- 51. The more GAGs, the more water and the more flexible that connective tissue is
- 52. Fibrillar
- 53. Types
- 54. Collagen
- 55. Fibronectin
- 56. Elastin
- 57. Importance
- 59. Strength to the ECM
- 60. Organization to the ECM
- 62. From organized structure of ECM, allowing ECM to withstand pressure
- 63. Holds tissue together when there is change or mechanical stress on the tissue
- 64. Collagen
- 66. Inflammatory response, autoimmune, that is though to be genetic
- 67. Immune system attacks collagen in ECM
- 68. Unknown
- 69. Causes pain and disfiguring of the joints
- 70. Made of alpha chains
- 71. Can assemble in a variety of ways
- 72. Results in the types of collagen made
- 74. Type I – Fibrillar type
- 75. 90% of ECM of the body
- 76. Types can be differentiated by the roman numerals. Types can be placed into functional group:
- 81. Synthesis of Collagen - ER
- 82. Formed by the synthesis of an alpha chain
- 83. Amino acid structure varies
- 84. All have high concentrations of proline and glycine amino acids
- 85. Proline: becomes heavily hydroxylated as the chain forms
- 86. Form H bonds with neighboring amino acids
- 87. Helps hold alpha chains together
- 88. Glycine
- 90. Present every third amino acid so the chains can interact very closely and tightly
- 91. Three alpha chains fold together to make a procollagen triple helix, still in the ER
- 92. On either end of the procollagen, amino acids hang off of amino and COOH termini
- 93. Eventually clipped, which allows continual assembly
- 94. Cannot occur until procollagen is secreted into cytoplasm
- 95. Procollagen peptidase cleaves of terminal amino acids to make a mature collagen molecule ready to form into the fibril and fiber forms
- 96. Assembly
- 97. Procollagen align with one another with overlapping regions
- 98. Creates striated pattern in the fibrillar collagen and allows for strength of collagen fiber in mature state
- 99. Collagen fiber is generated as fibril wind around one another (~270 of collagen molecules that make up the fibril before the fiber)
- 100. Occurs in cytoplasm after terminal amino acids are cleaved
- 101. Types of Collagen
- 102. Type I
- 103. Fibrillar and associated collagen molecule (type 6)
- 104. Type 6 – collagen regions, in between is a globular domain, which allows flexibility
- 105. Purpose of flexibility: strength of fiber and flexibility of collagen associated protein
- 106. Makes a strong fiber less rigid and more flexible
- 107. Proteoglycan associates with the fibrils and carries with it the GAGs and water molecules, creating a buffer and gel like substrate for the absorption of force
- 108. Bone
- 109. Type II
- 110. Cartilage
- 111. Associated with non-fibrilar collagen, type IX
- 112. Type IX has globular repeating units that interact with the fibrilar collagen
- 113. Has a kink so amino terminus protrudes into ECS
- 114. Organizes collagen fibers in cartilage
- 115. Instead of aligned, they criss-cross one another
- 116. More space = more proteoglycans and water
- 117. Provides more flexibility to collagen, unlike bone
- 119. Hydroxylated states of proline
- 120. Scurvy
- 121. Caused by a deficiency in vitamin C
- 122. Teeth fall out
- 123. Joints hurt
- 124. All types of collagen break down because the deficiency causes a decrease in the ability of the cell to hydroxylate proline
- 125. Less interaction of collagen and the assembly in the cytoplasm doesn’t take place
- 126. Teeth not connected
- 127. Type I mutation
- 128. Affects bone tissue
- 130. Brittle bones
- 131. Unbreakable movie
- 132. Type II mutations
- 133. Cartilage
- 134. Condro displagia
- 135. Abnormal joint formation and structure and function due to mutation
- 137. Type III
- 138. ECM
- 140. Fragile skin
- 141. Disruption in basal lamina
- 142. Affects blood vessel strength (weak BVs)
- 143. Hypermobile joints because tendons are very loose
- 144. Recurrent joint dislocation and swelling
- 146. Blister easily
- 147. Fibronectin
- 149. Secreted by fibroblasts in the connective tissue
- 150. Made of two polypeptides linked together at COOH terminus by disulfide bonds
- 151. When secreted, has multiple roles because it has different regions that do different things
- 152. Fibrin and heparin binding domains
- 153. Sites where fibronectin molecules is associate with blood clot processes
- 154. Helps induce reaction to blood clot formation
- 155. Cell surface receptor binding domain
- 156. RGD sequence – three amino acids
- 158. Important for interacting with cells in ECM
- 159. Links with integrin receptors specifically in the PM
- 160. Bind to fibronectin in the ECM
- 161. If cell is on top of ECM, integrin poke down into ECM and interact with firboncetin at that particular site
- 163. Allows fibronectin to interact with collagen and help organize ECM
- 164. Interacts on PM with integrin receptors and the FN out in the environment
- 165. Integrins transduce signals to the inside of the cells and link to the actin cytoskeleton
- 166. As integrin binds to actin, actin will grow, so integrins help develop the structure of the cell
- 167. Cells use these cues to move through environment
- 168. Allows organization of cytoskeleton
- 169. Allows functioning properly in the tissue types