3.15.2010
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Greg The document discusses different types of cell signaling including endocrine, paracrine, contact-dependent, and intracellular signaling. It describes various signaling molecules such as hormones, growth factors, cytokines, neurotransmitters, and gases that act as signals between cells. These molecules bind to receptors on target cells and induce downstream signaling cascades and cellular responses such as changes in gene transcription or cytoskeleton that affect processes like cell survival, proliferation, and death.
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Komunikasi sel
1. Cells communicate with each other through signaling molecules that bind to specific receptors on target cells.
2. Signaling cells produce extracellular signaling molecules that are detected by receptors on target cells, triggering intracellular signaling pathways that elicit responses in the target cells.
3. The same signaling molecule can have different effects on different target cell types depending on the intracellular signaling pathways activated.
Cell signalling 1
Cell signaling involves communication between cells through extracellular signaling molecules that bind to receptor proteins on the cell surface or inside the cell. These receptors activate intracellular signaling pathways that lead to changes in target proteins and cell behavior. The major types of cellular signaling pathways are those using membrane receptors, including ion channel-linked receptors, enzyme-linked receptors, and G protein-coupled receptors, which activate intracellular signaling proteins upon ligand binding.
Cell communication and signaling
Cell communication allows cells to communicate through direct contact or chemical signals. Cell signaling involves cells detecting signals through receptors on their membranes, which leads to a response. A new discovery found that the PERK protein, known to detect protein folding errors, also coordinates communication between the inside and outside of cells. This opens possibilities for cancer, Alzheimer's, and diabetes research. PERK establishes contact between the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane to help restore calcium levels and maintain cell functions under stress.
Cell signaling
Cell signaling allows cells to communicate and coordinate their activities in response to environmental changes. Specialized receptors called integrins provide communication links between the interior and exterior of cells. They interact with enzymes and are involved in many cellular processes. The formation of specialized tissues in multicellular organisms depends on coordinated regulation of cell number, location, morphology, and function through complex communication networks between cells. Signals are received and processed in target cells to trigger intracellular reactions that dictate physiological functions.
Cell signalling
The document discusses cell signaling pathways and regulation. It describes different types of cell signaling including autocrine, paracrine, synaptic, endocrine, and juxtacrine signaling. It also discusses various signaling molecules like hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, and cytokines. The different types of cell surface receptors and intracellular receptors are described, including G protein-coupled receptors, enzyme-linked receptors, and ion channel receptors. The mechanisms of various cell signaling pathways such as G protein signaling and MAP kinase pathways are summarized. Disorders related to improper cell signaling are also mentioned.
Cell signaling an over view
This document provides an overview of cell signalling and the key components involved. It discusses the main types of signalling molecules, including membrane-bound and secretory signals. Examples are given such as epinephrine, insulin, and steroid hormones. The document also describes the role of receptors in cell signalling, noting that receptors undergo a conformational change upon ligand binding to initiate downstream signalling pathways. The main types of receptors are described as intracellular receptors, cell surface receptors, and receptor types including G protein coupled receptors and ion channel receptors.
Cell signaling
This document discusses cell signaling and communication between cells. It describes how cells use various signaling modes like contact-dependent signaling, paracrine signaling, autocrine signaling, synaptic signaling, and endocrine signaling to communicate. It also discusses receptor proteins that bind to signal molecules and initiate intracellular responses, as well as intracellular mechanisms like phosphorylation, G-proteins, feedback loops, and cell sensitization that allow cells to respond to signals.
Cell signalling
Cell signalling occurs through the interaction of signalling molecules and receptors. Signalling molecules are secreted or expressed on cell surfaces and bind to receptors on other cells. This initiates intracellular reactions that regulate cell behavior. Signalling can occur through direct cell contact or through secreted molecules acting over short (paracrine) or long (endocrine) distances. Examples of signalling molecules include nitric oxide (NO) and steroid hormones. NO regulates blood vessel dilation by diffusing into cells and activating guanylate cyclase, while steroid hormones enter cells and regulate gene expression by binding nuclear receptors.
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Komunikasi sel
1. Cells communicate with each other through signaling molecules that bind to specific receptors on target cells.
2. Signaling cells produce extracellular signaling molecules that are detected by receptors on target cells, triggering intracellular signaling pathways that elicit responses in the target cells.
3. The same signaling molecule can have different effects on different target cell types depending on the intracellular signaling pathways activated.
Cell signalling 1
Cell signaling involves communication between cells through extracellular signaling molecules that bind to receptor proteins on the cell surface or inside the cell. These receptors activate intracellular signaling pathways that lead to changes in target proteins and cell behavior. The major types of cellular signaling pathways are those using membrane receptors, including ion channel-linked receptors, enzyme-linked receptors, and G protein-coupled receptors, which activate intracellular signaling proteins upon ligand binding.
Cell communication and signaling
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Cell signaling
Cell signaling allows cells to communicate and coordinate their activities in response to environmental changes. Specialized receptors called integrins provide communication links between the interior and exterior of cells. They interact with enzymes and are involved in many cellular processes. The formation of specialized tissues in multicellular organisms depends on coordinated regulation of cell number, location, morphology, and function through complex communication networks between cells. Signals are received and processed in target cells to trigger intracellular reactions that dictate physiological functions.
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The document discusses cell signaling pathways and regulation. It describes different types of cell signaling including autocrine, paracrine, synaptic, endocrine, and juxtacrine signaling. It also discusses various signaling molecules like hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, and cytokines. The different types of cell surface receptors and intracellular receptors are described, including G protein-coupled receptors, enzyme-linked receptors, and ion channel receptors. The mechanisms of various cell signaling pathways such as G protein signaling and MAP kinase pathways are summarized. Disorders related to improper cell signaling are also mentioned.
Cell signaling an over view
This document provides an overview of cell signalling and the key components involved. It discusses the main types of signalling molecules, including membrane-bound and secretory signals. Examples are given such as epinephrine, insulin, and steroid hormones. The document also describes the role of receptors in cell signalling, noting that receptors undergo a conformational change upon ligand binding to initiate downstream signalling pathways. The main types of receptors are described as intracellular receptors, cell surface receptors, and receptor types including G protein coupled receptors and ion channel receptors.
Cell signaling
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Cell signalling
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Cell signaling involves communication between cells through signaling molecules called ligands. Ligands can be proteins, peptides, hormones, or other molecules. They are released by signal-producing cells and bind to receptors on target cells to initiate responses. Signaling can occur through several methods - paracrine signaling involves local cell-to-cell communication, endocrine signaling uses hormones to target distant cells, and autocrine signaling allows cells to stimulate themselves. Receptors are proteins that receive signals, and can be intracellular or cell-surface receptors. Intracellular receptors interact with hydrophobic ligands that enter the cell, while cell-surface receptors have an extracellular ligand-binding domain and transduce signals across the membrane.
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Introduction of cell signaling
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Cell signaling involves communication between cells through signaling molecules called ligands. Ligands can be proteins, peptides, hormones, or other molecules. They are released by signal-producing cells and bind to receptors on target cells to initiate responses. Signaling can occur through several methods - paracrine signaling involves local cell-to-cell communication, endocrine signaling uses hormones to target distant cells, and autocrine signaling allows cells to stimulate themselves. Receptors are proteins that receive signals, and can be intracellular or cell-surface receptors. Intracellular receptors interact with hydrophobic ligands that enter the cell, while cell-surface receptors have an extracellular ligand-binding domain and transduce signals across the membrane.
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Cell signaling involves the transmission and reception of information between cells through signal molecules. Signal molecules can act through direct cell contact, over long distances via neurons, locally through paracrine signaling, or systemically through endocrine signaling. Signal molecules bind to membrane receptors on target cells and initiate intracellular responses through ion channels, enzymes, or G-proteins. This allows for complex and specific cell communication critical to multicellular organism function.
Cell signaling
This document discusses cell signaling and signal transduction. It defines cell signaling as the communication process that governs basic cell activities and coordinates cell actions. Cell signaling involves the transfer of specific information from the cell surface to the cytosol and nucleus, leading to changes in gene expression. The document outlines the key components of cell signaling, including signal recognition by receptors, signal transduction, and cellular responses. It also distinguishes between intercellular signaling via hormones or gap junctions and intracellular signaling pathways.
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To make multicellular organisms cell must communicate. This communication is mediated by extracellular signal molecules.
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Cell Signaling mechanism.
Drug action.
Mechanism of G-protein.
Second messenger system.
Regulation of gene expression.
Ligand-gated channel.
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Introns are crucial because the protein variety is greatly enhanced by alternative splicing in which introns take partly important roles.
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neurohumoral transmission refers to the transmission of impulse through synapse and neuroeffector junction by the release of chemical (humoral) substance.
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2. Cells in plants communicate with each other through the process of cell signaling, where a signaling cell produces signal molecules that are detected by target cells.
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The document summarizes key aspects of cellular respiration, including:
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Cell adhesion molecules, Introduction to cell signalling, signalling molecules and G protein coupled receptors
Cell and its organelles MK MBBS SPIHER.pptx
This document discusses cell organelles and intercellular communication. It describes the basic components of cells, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and various organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. It then explains how cells communicate with each other through direct contact via gap junctions, short-range chemical signaling as in autocrine and paracrine signaling, and long-range chemical signaling through the endocrine and nervous systems. The process of signal transduction is also summarized, from membrane receptors that detect extracellular signals, to second messengers within the cell that amplify and propagate the signal, to cellular responses.
_Cell Signalling .pptx
Cell signaling is the process where cell communicate with each other with the help of signaling molecules and receptors. Cell signaling is done by different types of signaling processes such as autocrine, paracrine, synaptic, endocrine, contact dependent signaling
Biochem Lectures 36-39 Outline
The document summarizes key aspects of cell membranes and membrane proteins. It discusses how cell membranes act as selective barriers and have three main roles: receiving information through signaling, importing and exporting materials through transportation, and enabling motility and cell growth. It then describes the lipid bilayer structure of membranes and different types of membrane proteins, focusing on their functions in transport, anchoring, receptor activity, and enzymatic processes. Finally, it discusses how membranes enclose intracellular compartments and how proteins are transported between membranes through various mechanisms.
intracellular receptors
intracellular receptors, cell signaling by intracellular receptors, drug interaction and plasma protein binding
Molecular interaction, Regulation and Signalling receptors and vesicles
1. Overview of Extracellular signalling
2. Signalling molecules operate over various distance in animals
3.Endocrine Signalling
4.Paracrine Signalling
5.Autocrine Signalling
6. Signalling by Plasma membrane attached proteins
7.Receptors
8 Properties of receptors
9.Cell surface receptors belong to four major classes
10.Signal transduction Mechanism
11. Second messenger
12. Contraction of skeletal Muscle cells mechanism
Final outline
This document summarizes key concepts about cell membranes and signaling. It discusses how cell membranes act as selective barriers and enclose intracellular compartments. The lipid bilayer structure is described, including how phospholipids can move within the bilayer. Various types of membrane proteins are also outlined, highlighting their functions in transport, structure, and signaling. Different classes of cell surface receptors are introduced, along with general principles of intracellular signaling cascades and their roles in cellular responses. Specific G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathways mediated by cyclic AMP and calcium are then examined in more detail.
Cell signaling
Cellular communication occurs through chemical signaling via ligands and receptors. There are several forms of cellular signaling including autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, synaptic, and cell-cell contact signaling. Ligands can be small hydrophobic molecules that pass through the cell membrane or bind to extracellular domains of cell surface receptors. Receptors can be intracellular or cell surface receptors. Common types of receptors include G-protein coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and ion channel receptors. Binding of ligands to receptors triggers downstream signaling pathways involving second messengers like cAMP, cGMP, calcium ions, and inositol phosphates to produce a cellular response.
cell signalling
Cell signaling allows cells to communicate and coordinate complex processes in the body. Chemical signals are sent between cells via signaling molecules that bind to receptors and trigger intracellular signaling cascades, resulting in cellular responses. There are several types of signaling molecules including paracrine and endocrine ligands. Receptors activate intracellular secondary messengers like cAMP, IP3, and calcium ions that propagate signals via pathways such as Wnt and Hedgehog. Recent advances include research on the SIRT1 gene and its role in chondrocyte differentiation as well as signaling pathways involved in diseases like polycystic kidney disease.
Cell signaling
Cell signaling allows cells to communicate and coordinate their actions. It is important for processes like growth, development, and immunity. There are different types of cell signaling including direct cell-cell signaling and signaling by secreted molecules. Signaling molecules bind to receptors on target cells and can regulate gene expression. Examples of signaling molecules include hormones, gases like nitric oxide, and intracellular signaling molecules like steroid hormones.
4) Signaling, Ola Elgaddar
The forth lecture about the "Cell".
Here, I am discussing the several signaling pathways.....It is highly dependent on the 3rd lecture; Receptors.
Enjoy :)
Signal transduction
Hormones act as chemical messengers that bind to receptors and elicit responses in target cells. There are three main types of chemical messengers based on their method of travel: endocrine (travel via bloodstream), paracrine (travel between nearby cells), and autocrine (act on the producing cell). Hormone receptors contain sites for ligand binding and signal transmission. When a hormone binds its receptor, it triggers intracellular responses such as changes in gene expression that produce physiological effects. Termination of signaling is important to regulate responses and prevent improper cell growth.
overview signaltransductionpathways
1. The document discusses cell signaling and communication between cells through signaling molecules. It describes different types of cell signaling including paracrine, autocrine, and synaptic signaling.
2. Key components of cell signaling pathways are described such as receptors, ligands, second messengers, and protein phosphorylation. Different classes of receptors - intracellular receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, and receptor tyrosine kinases - are summarized.
3. Common second messengers like calcium ions, cyclic AMP, and inositol phosphates are explained. The roles and mechanisms of hormone receptors and different types of ligands are also outlined.
Similar to 3.15.2010 (20)
1901711085034_CELL SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION_ALOK KUMAR.pptx
1901711085034_CELL SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION_ALOK KUMAR.pptx
CELL SIGNALING AND PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN CELL SIGNALING AND SOLID TUMORS.
CELL SIGNALING AND PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN CELL SIGNALING AND SOLID TUMORS.
Molecular interaction, Regulation and Signalling receptors and vesicles
Molecular interaction, Regulation and Signalling receptors and vesicles
More from Greg
Silversun ticket
This ticket is for Gregory Stimac to attend a Silversun Pickups concert on July 30, 2010 at 8:00 PM at the Knitting Factory Concert House in Spokane, WA. The ticket price is $24.50 plus $5.11 in fees. The ticket states it must be presented in its entirety for entry and is non-refundable unless the event is rescheduled.
Test 1 article
The document summarizes a study that used live cell imaging to visualize hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry into human liver cells. Key findings include:
1) HCV was labeled with fluorescent membrane dyes and found to move along actin stress fibers in an actin-dependent manner after internalization, suggesting clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
2) Inhibition of clathrin machinery or related host factors blocked HCV entry. Immunofluorescence showed HCV co-localizing with clathrin and early endosomes.
3) While tight junction proteins were thought to mediate HCV entry, live imaging found internalization occurring outside of tight junctions, indicating their role may be overstated.
4
Review session
Chelators are used in tissue dissociation as they bind calcium and magnesium ions, allowing the removal of tight cell junctions. RNA probes can be produced by inserting a gene of interest into a plasmid with a viral promoter, which is then transfected into bacteria for transcription and isolation of the encoded protein. Antibodies recognize epitopes, which are antigen sites on proteins, and secondary antibodies are used to tag primary antibodies with fluorescent markers for visualization. Western blotting identifies and quantifies specific proteins in samples but does not localize where they are within cells. GFP tagging allows visualization of a protein's localization and interactions in living cells.
2.1.2010
This document discusses the composition and structure of cell membranes. It notes that membranes contain lipids like sterols and glycolipids that form lipid rafts and help attach proteins. Membranes contain different ratios of proteins to lipids depending on their origin, such as mitochondria or myelin sheaths. The document categorizes types of membrane proteins and how they can attach to or span the membrane. It also outlines techniques for extracting and analyzing membrane proteins, such as using detergents and SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis.
1.29.2010
Lipids are a major constituent of plasma and organelle membranes. They are made of fatty acids and other molecules like phospholipids, glycolipids, and sterols. Lipid bilayers form spontaneously due to the hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions of lipids. Bilayers compartmentalize cells and allow for selective transport and signaling. The fluid mosaic model describes membranes as fluid bilayers with embedded proteins that allow various functions like transport and cell communication.
1.27.2010 lecture
1. DNA or RNA probes can be used to detect specific sequences of interest in cells through techniques like Southern blots, Northern blots, and in situ hybridization.
2. PCR and RT-PCR can be used to amplify nucleic acid sequences, allowing detection of low concentrations. Reverse transcriptase is used to generate cDNA from mRNA.
3. Techniques like overexpression and tagging of proteins allow studying the function and localization of proteins in cells. Fluorescent tags like GFP enable visualization of proteins in living cells.
1.22.2010
There are several key principles of microscopy. Thicker samples require sectioning to be accurately imaged. Various microscopy techniques like light, fluorescent, and electron microscopy can be used to image fixed or live samples. Confocal live imaging uses layered excitation of fluorescent molecules to visualize distinct optical layers within tissue. The resolution, contrast, magnification, and type of microscopy technique used depend on the size and features of structures needing examination.
1.20.2010 lecture
1. Cysteine forms disulfide bonds in proteins during processing in the Golgi apparatus. These bonds make proteins either hydrophilic or hydrophobic.
2. There are two main types of primary cell cultures: epithelial cells which are tightly connected, and mesenchymal cells which are more loosely connected. Primary cultures maintain characteristics of the original tissue but can divide indefinitely in controlled environments.
3. Techniques for dissociating tissues into single cells for primary culture include chemical digestion using enzymes like trypsin, and mechanical disruption using homogenization. Cells are then centrifuged and plated to form a primary culture.
Test article 2
The document discusses mitochondrial dysfunction in insulin resistant mice (DKO mice) as a model for type 2 diabetes. Electron microscopy showed DKO mice had larger, fewer mitochondria than controls. Foxo1, a transcription factor regulated by insulin, was dysregulated in DKO mice, affecting genes controlling mitochondrial function. Immunoblotting showed altered levels of fission/fusion proteins in DKO mice mitochondria. Respiration and ATP production were lower in DKO mice mitochondria, as was electron transport chain activity. Ppargc1a, a regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, was highly expressed but inhibited by acetylation in DKO mice. Restoring Ppargc1a function or deleting Foxo1 improved mitochondrial morphology and
Review session for test 2
This document provides an overview of phospholipid formation and the Krebs cycle. It discusses how enzymes transfer fatty acids from fatty acyl CoA to glycerol-3-phosphate to form diacylglycerol. Diacylglycerol is then used with choline transferase to generate phosphatidylcholine, a major phospholipid. It also lists oxaloacetate as the starting point of the Krebs cycle and notes the steps that yield NADH and GTP, as well as the regulatory steps involving changes in Gibbs free energy.
3.1.2010
The document summarizes key aspects of protein transport within cells, including:
1) Proteins entering the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) have an N-terminal signal sequence that is recognized by signal recognition particle (SRP) to initiate translocation. Chaperone proteins such as BiP assist with proper folding within the ER lumen.
2) Transmembrane proteins maintain their orientation throughout transport, with alpha helices embedding in membranes. Multiple transmembrane proteins have multiple start and stop sequences recognized by SRP.
3) Vesicle transport between organelles is mediated by SNARE proteins on transport vesicles (v-SNAREs) and target membranes (t-SNAREs) that facilitate docking and fusion
2.26.2010
Peroxisomes are organelles that oxidize fatty acids, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which they then decompose to water and oxygen using the enzyme catalase. They can also utilize organic compounds as a source of hydrogen. Peroxisomes replicate through division or can form de novo from the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins destined for peroxisomes contain a peroxisome targeting signal (PTS1) that directs them to the organelle.
2.24.2010
The document summarizes key processes that occur in the endomembrane system. It describes how the rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins and lipids. It then discusses post-translational modifications that occur in the Golgi apparatus, including glycosylation. From the Golgi, vesicles traffic proteins to other organelles or secrete them. Lysosomes contain enzymes to break down molecules. Autophagy and phagocytosis allow degradation of old organelles or foreign particles respectively. Peroxisomes contain enzymes to break down toxic metabolites.
2.22.2010
Actin filaments interact with myosin proteins to enable cell movement. Specifically, myosin I interacts with actin filaments and transports vesicles along actin filaments, moving toward the plus end. When the globular heads of myosin bind to actin filaments, they cause the filaments to bend inward toward the minus end, shortening the sarcomere. Myosin II is involved in cell division. There are several steps to cell movement, including formation of a leading edge and protrusion of lamellipodia and filopodia, which adhere to actin filaments via myosin I, and severing and contraction of actin filaments at the cell rear mediated by myosin II.
2.22.2010 organelles
Cells create organelles that concentrate proteins and enzymes in specific areas. The endomembrane system includes the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and transport vesicles. The endoplasmic reticulum buds vesicles that are sent to the Golgi apparatus, then to the plasma membrane. Isolated organelles include the nucleus and mitochondria.
2.17.2010
1) The cytoskeleton is made up of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that regulate cell structure, motility, and transport of organelles.
2) Microtubules are involved in cell division and shape cellular structures like cilia. Microfilaments help with cell motility and division. Intermediate filaments provide structural support and strength to cells.
3) Mutations in proteins that make up the cytoskeleton can cause diseases like epidermolysis bullosa and Lou Gehrig's disease that impact skin, muscle, and nerve cells.
2.15.2010
The document summarizes key aspects of electron transport chains and ATP synthesis in mitochondria. It discusses how:
1) Ubiquinone pumps two hydrogen ions across the membrane after accepting two electrons, and cytochrome c transfers electrons to complex III.
2) ATP synthase is made of FO and F1 complexes, with F1 generating ATP using energy from protons pumped through FO.
3) The proton motive force drives ATP synthesis through chemiosmotic coupling, with ATP synthase functioning reversibly to generate or hydrolyze ATP.
3.19.2010
Small G proteins bind either GDP or GTP and function as molecular switches. When bound to GTP, they interact with and activate target proteins. Heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits and bind to G protein-coupled receptors in the cell membrane. When a ligand binds the receptor, it activates the G protein, causing the alpha subunit to exchange GDP for GTP. The alpha subunit then activates downstream effector molecules like adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP), which activates protein kinase A and triggers phosphorylation of target proteins to elicit cellular responses.
3.24.2010
The document summarizes key concepts about the cell cycle, including:
1) The cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and mitosis (M phase), with checkpoints between phases to ensure cell readiness.
2) Experiments fused cells at different phases and observed activation, identifying maturation promoting factor (MPF) as important for mitosis.
3) Further work identified MPF as a cyclin-Cdk complex, with cyclin levels and Cdk activating phosphorylations regulating progression through the cell cycle.
4) The cyclin B-Cdk1 complex promotes mitosis, driving events like nuclear envelope breakdown, before cyclin degradation inactivates Cdk1
3.17.2010
The document summarizes key aspects of signal transduction pathways involving smooth muscle relaxation. It describes how acetylcholine binds to receptors on endothelial cells, activating a G protein which signals the production of nitric oxide (NO). NO then diffuses into the smooth muscle cell where it binds receptors and activates guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP levels. cGMP activates protein kinase G, which phosphorylates calcium channels and causes them to close. With reduced calcium levels, the smooth muscle relaxes. The document also provides an overview of different receptor types, molecular switches in pathways, and differences between heterotrimeric and small G proteins.
More from Greg (20)
3.15.2010
- 2. We will look at signaling molecules that are:
- 4. Secreted
- 5. Form the basis for cell communication, such as long distance or shorter and remote
- 6. Direct cell contact communication
- 7. Cells must be able to decipher the signals
- 8. Slide 2 – different types of cell signaling
- 9. Endocrine
- 10. Circulate in the blood, long distances
- 11. Paracrine – short distance, local
- 12. Steroid horomones where a molecule is secreted into EX space, but traveling short distances
- 13. Local mediators
- 14. Amino acids
- 15. Lipids
- 16. Growth factors (huge family of proteins)
- 17. Cytokines
- 19. The response is the specific signaling aspect of this process, which lies with the receptors on a cell.
- 20. Neuronal
- 21. Neurotransmitters are the soluble cues that are released
- 23. Glutamate
- 25. GABA – derived from glutamate
- 28. Presynaptic cell releases the neurotransmitter (chemical cues)
- 29. Into the synaptic cleft (space between presynaptic cell and target cell)
- 30. Postsynaptic cell is the receiver
- 31. Synapse – structure made up by precell/postcell/syna cleft
- 32. Contact Dependent Intracellular Signaling
- 33. Don’t secrete but use membrane bound cues to interact with receptor on target cell.
- 34. Notch/Delta – heterophylic binding (two different structures binding to one another
- 35. Important in early development
- 36. Integrins/CAM (cell adhesion molecules) – heterophylic binding
- 37. Important in development and allow cells to attach to endothelial cells
- 38. Cadherin/Cadherin – Homophylic binding, requires calcium
- 39. Secreted, soluble signals from a cell that are probably processed in lumen of ER and trafficked to PM and released into EX space, or circulation and travel long distances, endocrine.
- 40. Slide 3
- 41. Transmembrane receptor binding to a hydrophilic soluble signal (don’t go through membrane)
- 42. In order for molecule to have an effect on a cell, must bind to receptor and causes a
- 45. Nucleus
- 46. Cytoplasm
- 47. Bind to small, hydrophobic molecules such as steroids.
- 48. Sometimes move to nucleus and regulate gene transcription
- 49. Gases can exist as signaling transduction molecules
- 50. CO – carbon monoxide
- 51. Nitric Oxide – NO
- 53. Slide 4
- 54. Series of events that happens
- 55. Must have receptor bind signal transduction molecule (
- 56. Induces conformational change that is linked directly to receptor or neighboring component
- 57. Signal transduction components for amplification
- 60. Changes in gene transcription
- 64. Receptors
- 67. Receptors can be modified even as they are expressed in plasma membrane
- 69. Can activate receptor or make it inactive
- 70. Acts as a switch (turn things on and off)
- 71. Signaling molecules that bind receptors can be modified as well
- 72. Phosphorylation
- 73. Bound by inhibitory proteins
- 74. Bound to GTP or GDP
- 75. Slide 5 – Examples of small hydrophobic signaling molecules
- 76. How peripheral nervous system regulates dilation
- 77. Allows endothelial cells to respond to signals in peripheral nervous sytem
- 78. Smooth muscles cells will relax to become loose allowing blood vessels to dilate (become larger)
- 80. Secretion of neurontransmitter called acetylcholine
- 81. Peripheral Nervous System Sympathetic Neuron releases acetylcholine to its receptor that is in the endothelial cell, which makes up blood vessel wall lining (interior of vessel)
- 82. Nerve
- 83. NOS – nitric oxide synthase drives the reaction where you convert arginie to nitric oxide, activated by binding of acetylcholine to acetylcholine receptor
- 84. NO as made, is rapidly lost so diffusion can carry NO away, and binds to receptor in target cell that accepts it. (diffuses across membrane)
- 85. Smooth muscle cells have a recptor for NO gas, which binds to NO and indices relaxation of smooth muscle.