Fascism is a totalitarian philosophy that glorifies the state and assigns it control over all aspects of national life. Fascism emerged in post-WWI Italy in response to nationalism, socialism, and fears of social disorder. Benito Mussolini founded the fascist movement and rose to power as Prime Minister in 1922, establishing a dictatorship and cult of personality around himself. Mussolini imposed a totalitarian regime through propaganda, indoctrination of youth, and suppression of dissent. However, fascism in Italy lacked the effectiveness of other totalitarian states and compromised with existing power structures like the Catholic Church.
Political Ideologies: Fascism. Presentation suitable for Cambridge History students, level 11, 12 and 13 (IGCSE, AS, A2). It contains a comprehensive presentation of fascism.
Political Ideologies: Fascism. Presentation suitable for Cambridge History students, level 11, 12 and 13 (IGCSE, AS, A2). It contains a comprehensive presentation of fascism.
This presentation presents the overview and the origin of the two political concept, the political ideology of fascism and the type of leadership of totalitarian.
What is FascismFascism is a new type of mass, right-wing politilorileemcclatchie
What is Fascism
“Fascism is a new type of mass, right-wing political movement created by Benito Mussolini in 1919, who ruled Italy between 1922 and 1943” (Shubert, Goldstein, 2012).
Discuss the role of fascism in the interwar period/What were the driving forces that accounted for the rise of fascism during the interwar period in Europe
Fascism started in 1919 in Italy by a man named Benito Mussolini. Between 1918 and 1920 Italy was given the nick name the two red years. Mussolini held this position in power until 1943. “Italy’s Fascist regime ended on 25 July 1943, when Benito Mussolini was arrested on order of the king, Victor Emmanuel III” (Foot, 2018).
This is because there were working class protests, factory sit-ins, and peasant discontent. Many Italians feared there would end up being a revolution if things did not get fixed. Mussolini then came up and he had been leading the PSI party until he was kicked out in 1914. That is when he organized a fascist group which soon took rein in Italy. This group challenged many traditional ways such as socialism, communism, and strikers. By the year 1922 the fascist groups had silenced most of these groups and many feel these groups saved the country.
What characteristics distinguished fascist states from merely authoritarian regimes
There are many different characteristics to fascism and those can be nationalism, and that is because fascism supports a very strong liking to patriotism and countries providing for themselves. Other characteristics are lack of recognition of human rights, supremacy for military, uncontrolled sexism, intertwined government and religion, and controlled mass media. In fascism the government’s power is unlimited and is used to control public and private life. This include political, financial, morals, and beliefs. In authoritarianism there is a strong central government, but it allows its citizens a small limited amount of freedom.
Why did the average person allow fascism to take hold
In many cases after the war nationalism started to take effect on most countries. Italy was on the verge of collapse due to many different things such as factory sit-ins and working-class protests. Many feared that Italy was about to have a revolution by the working-class like Russia had done just years before. Therefore, Mussolini used this to his advantage and many Italians felts like this was the way to restore and expand Italian territories. This was their way of being superior leaders to the rest of the world and gain power and rein back to what they had prewar. Many also allowed this to happen because they were scared Italy was going to be over taken by a stronger power and they didn’t want it to decay under the hands of another country. They also hoped it would help resolve class conflict between employer and employee.
Foot, J. (2018). Forgetting Fascism. History Today, 68(8), 8–11. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/login.aspx?direct=true& ...
1010DocumentsConsidering the Evidence Ideologies of.docxpaynetawnya
1010
Documents
Considering the Evidence:
Ideologies of the Axis Powers
Even more than the Great War of 1914–1918, the Second World War was aconflict of ideas and ideologies as well as a struggle of nations and armies.
Much of the world was immensely grateful that the defeat of Italy, Germany,
and Japan discredited the ideas that underlay those regimes.Yet students of
history need to examine these ideas, however repellant they may be, to under-
stand the circumstances in which they arose and to assess their consequences.
Described variously as fascist, authoritarian, right-wing, or radically nationalist,
the ideologies of the Axis powers differed in tone and emphasis.But they shared
a repudiation of mainstream Western liberalism, born of the Enlightenment,
as well as an intense hatred of Marxist communism.The three documents that
follow provide an opportunity to define their common features and to distin-
guish among them.
Document 21.1
Mussolini on Fascism
In 1932, after ten years in power, the Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini
wrote a short article for an Italian encyclopedia outlining the political and
social ideas that informed the regime that he headed. It was an effort to pro-
vide some philosophical coherence for the various measures and policies that
had characterized the first decade of his rule. (See pp. 988–90 for background
on Italian fascism.)
■ To what ideas and historical circumstances is Mussolini reacting in this
document?
■ What is his criticism of pacifism, socialism, democracy, and liberalism?
■ How does Mussolini understand the state? What is its relationship to
individual citizens?
■ Why might these ideas have been attractive to many in Italy in the
1920s and 1930s?
1011considering the evidence / documents: ideologies of the axis powers
Benito Mussolini
The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism
1933
Above all, Fascism.. . believes neither in the pos-sibility nor the utility of perpetual peace. It thus
repudiates the doctrine of Pacifism—born of a re-
nunciation of the struggle and an act of cowardice
in the face of sacrifice.War alone brings up to its
highest tension all human energy and puts the stamp
of nobility upon the peoples who have the courage
to meet it. . . .This anti-Pacifist spirit is carried by
Fascism even into the life of the individual; . . . it is
the education to combat, the acceptation of the risks
which combat implies, and a new way of life for
Italy.Thus the Fascist . . . conceives of life as duty and
struggle and conquest, life which should be high and
full, lived for oneself, but above all for others—
those who are at hand and those who are far distant,
contemporaries, and those who will come after. . . .
Fascism repudiates any universal embrace, and
in order to live worthily in the community of civ-
ilized peoples watches its contemporaries with vig-
ilant eyes. . . .
Such a conception of Life makes Fascism the
complete opposite of . . . Marxian Socialism, the ma-
terial ...
Against the facts and the history itself, Bolsonaro and Ernesto Araújo, his incompetent Foreign Minister, insist on affirming that Nazism is of the left. It is well known by all those who know the history of Nazism as a far right political movement that it is synonymous with dictatorship, barbarism, genocide, war, among other crimes against humanity practiced by him. Nazism and fascism as the far right political movement are, historically, the antithesis of socialism and communism as a far-left movement as will be demonstrated in this article.
2. A Definition of Fascism
Fascism is the totalitarian philosophy of
government that glorifies the state and nation
and assigns to the state control over every aspect
of national life.
The State not only is authority which governs and
molds individual will with laws and values of spiritual
life, but it is also power which makes its will prevail
abroad….For the Fascist, everything is within the
State and…neither individuals nor groups are outside
the State...For Fascism, the State is an absolute,
before which individuals or groups are only
relative….Liberalism denied the State in the name of
the individual; Fascism reasserts the rights of the
State as expressing the real essence of the individual.
-- Enciclopedia Italiana, 1932
3. The Birth of Fascism
Introduction
Background
WWI
Social Cost of War
9. Squadristi
Bands of Fascists
Mussolini gains respectability
Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti
Gaines a hold of parliament
10.
11. Violence and Fascism
Blackshirts number 200,000
Gains Middle Class support through fear
Brute force vs Elections
Victory through Chaos
March on Rome
Abdication of Emmanuel III Oct. 1922
12.
13. Mussolini and the Fascist State
Mousillini as Prime Minister
Abreco Law
Elections of 1924
Fraud and Coercion
Fascist Dictatorship
Head of Government
OVRA
14. The fascists were taught:
Credere! [to believe]
Obbedire! [to obey]
Combattere! [to fight]
15. Mussolini's Totalitarian Regime
State Run
Ineffective
“Mussolini is always right”
New Fascist Man
Young Fascists
Women
Ideas
Law
16. Education
The first sentence
pronounced by children
at school was Let us
salute the flag in the
Roman fashion; hail to
Italy; hail to Mussolini.
Textbooks emphasized:
The glorious pat of the
ancient Romans.
The limitations imposed
upon the present
inhabitants by geography
and the West.
The imperial destiny that
awaited Italy’s future
development.
17. Rampant Sexism
Almost exclusively
male-dominated.
Traditional gender
roles are made more
rigid.
Divorce, abortion &
homosexuality are
suppressed.
The state is
represented as the
ultimate guardian of
the family institution.
18.
19.
20. Conclusions
Lacked effectiveness of Nazi State or Stalinists Russia
Never Eradicated Old Regime
Compromised With Church
Lateran Accords
Showed Mussolini's Desire/Need for Legitimization
Dichotomy of Fascism
Promised Much, Delivered Little
