Benito Mussolini formed the Fascist Party in Italy in 1919 and established a fascist government in 1922. He consolidated his power by banning other political parties, imposing censorship, and establishing fascist courts. Mussolini pursued an aggressive foreign policy aimed at expanding Italian territory and signed the Lateran Treaty recognizing Rome as part of Italy. Though Italy was nominally a monarchy, Mussolini held absolute power as the country's dictator.

2. •Formed the Fascist Party in Italy in 1919
•Formed Government in Italy in 1922.
•Introduced Fascist Rule to Italy.
•Signed the Treaty of Lateran with the
Pope, recognizing the Italian
Government over Rome.
•Captured Abyssinia in 1936 and left the
League.
•In 1943, he was deposed by his own
party.
•In April 1945, he was captured and
executed while trying to escape
imprisonment.
•His body was hung upside down at a
service station in Milan to assure people
that he was dead.

3.  Born in Austria, but was a soldier in
German army during the First
World War and after the war he
became the Corporal.
 In 1919, joined German Worker’s
Party, of which he became leader
and renamed it National Socialist
party or Nazi Party.
 Wrote an autobiography entitled
Mein Kampf.
 Became Chancellor Of Germany on
January 30, 1933 and thus formed
Nazi Government in Germany.
 Succeeded Hindenburg as
President Of Germany.
 Attacked Poland On Sept 1, 1939
and thus started the Second World
War.
 After the defeat of Germany, he
committed suicide in 1945.

5. Aims of
Fascism
Aggressive
foreign policy
Antithesis of
Democracy
One party,
one leader
Equal control
over all
sections of
society
Nationalism
not individual
institutions
State more
important
than
individual

6. Meaning
Of
Fascism
From the
Italian word “
fascio “ which
means “ to
unite “.
From the ancient
Roman symbol of
power, fasces, which
was a bundle of
sticks bound to an
axe. And this became
the symbol of
Fascism.

7. Causes for the Rise of
Fascism in Italy
Discontent over the Treaty of Versailles: Italy did not get territories of
Turkey and Germany from the Allies .
Economic Crises: Heavy losses in World War I; Unemployment of
soldiers; Shutting down of trade and commerce units; Shortage of food
grain.
Political Instability: Democratic experiment of 1919 failed because of no
clear majority; Six coalition governments were formed fro 1919-22.
Class Conflict: Div between aristocracies and less privileged majorities.
Threat of Socialism and Communism: Communists brought
revolutionary ideas from Russian Revolution; Peasants, workers and people
waned peace and prosperity by ending the influence of socialism and
communism.
Failure of League of Nations: League of Nations failed to check rise of
dictatorship; could not prevent Mussolini from gaining.
Leadership of Mussolini: Charismatic personality; Great Orator;
Speeches about reviving Italy’s past Glory.

8. Formation of
Fascist Party.
• Benito Mussolini formed the fascist Party in 1922. His ideal ideology was socialist but
he became anti-socialist when he realised hat he could get finances from industrialists.
• He organised groups called fascios who were against communist and socialist people.
They wore black shirts and took over factories, municipalities and police stations.
Eventually, he organised them to for the Fascist Party.
Expansionist
Rule of Italy.
• Mussolini focused on expanding Italy beyond its frontiers. He recaptured lost Italian
territories as well as added new regions to Italy. His motto was “Italy must expand or
perish”.
• He regained the islands of Rhodes and Dodecanese, which were ceded to Greece.
• He conquered the Port of Fiume. He converted Albania into a protectorate of Italy. He
captured Abyssinia in 1936.
Absolute Power
of Mussolini.
• Though Italy was ruled by King Victor Emmanuel II, he was only a titular king as the
real power was vested in the hands of Mussolini.
• Mussolini made his power absolute by : Banning all other political parties; Imposing
severe censorship on the press; Abolishing judicial system and establishing fascist
courts; Making it obligatory for everyone to obey his rules.

9. Positive
Impact Of
Fascism
Improvement Of
Economic
Condition
Reduction of
Unemployment
Removal of
Illiteracy
Improvement of
Military
Treaty of Lateran
with the Pope
Revival of Past
Glory
Negative
Impact Of
Fascism
He curbed political
freedom
He became a dictator
and tool all military and
civil powers in his own
hands
All political parties
except the Fascist part
were banned
The judicial System was
abolished and fascist
Courts were set up.
Press was censored
Freedom of speech was
taken away
Organising meetings
were banned he crushed
his enemies brutally

11. Aims of
Nazism
Stated in ‘Mein
Kampf’ (My
Struggle) by Hitler
Racial Supremacy of
German, anti-
Semitism
Rule of one leader
from a great party
To Exalt
National
-ism
To Extol
War
Use of
Force
and
Brutality
Against
Inter-
nationalis
m

12. Humiliating Treaty of Versailles: Germany was named guilty
for World War I and it was humiliated and insulted; Had to pay
$33 billion as war compensation; Had to give several territories to
Allies; Military, navy and air force was curtailed; No Trust In
Weimar Republic which signed the Treaty
Growing fear of Communism: Communist influence due to
Russian Revolution; Hitler warned people against this influence
and offered an option – his own Nazi rule
Economic Crisis: Agriculture, foreign investment, trade was
hampered; increased tariff against German goods;
Unemployment increased and the condition of farmers became
worsened; Hitler assured capitalists that industries would not be
nationalised
Militant Nationalism: Germans wanted their lost prestige,
were dissatisfied with current democratic government; Hitler
promised this lost glory, increased military strength
Anti-Semitism: Hatred of Jews, whom Hitler thought would be
the reason for he losing in World War I
No Strong Opposition: Hatred of Jews, whom Hitler thought
would be the reason for he losing in World War I
Volunteer Corps: Hitler organised Volunteer Corps to make up
for the restrictions put on German Army
Leadership of Hitler: Charismatic personality; Greatest Orator,
Speeches about reviving Germany’s past glory

13. 1. In the Second World War
Germany was totally
defeated by the Allied
powers.
2. In 1945, Hitler committed
suicide.
3. With his death, Nazism
came to an end in
Germany.
1. Hitler eradicated the
parliamentary system and
established a totalitarian state.
2. He changed the federal
government into a unitary one
that was controlled by Nazism.
By 1934, he had dissolved all
provincial legislatures and
assumed the sovereign power of
the central government.
3. He abolished the press. He put a
ban on public speeches and
writing.
4. Everyone who opposed him,
even the people from his own
party, were arrested and/or
executed.
5. He established a secret police
force known as Gestapo that
kept a check on the loyalty of
the citizens towards Nazism.

14. Impact of
Nazism
Racial Supremacy: Hitler
believed that his race, the
German Nordic Aryan Race,
was the purest race in the
world. He referred to his race
as Harrenvolt, the master race;
He believed that his supreme
race was meant to rule over
all other races of the world;
He regarded Jews, Christians
and Communists as inferior
to his race and
attacked them.
Militarism and compulsory
Military Training: The
military force of the country
was increased; Military
training was made compulsory
in schools; Disregarding the
Treaty of Versailles, he began
rearmament, this pleased the
army officers who were
yearning for
revenge.
Economic Reforms: He
introduced Five Years Plans to
increase prod- tion of
Germany; Trade unions were
dissolved; factories were set up
to provide employment;
Capitalists were encouraged to
increase production, strikes
were banned;
etc.
Militarism and Compulsory
Military Training: Hitler
rejected the Treaty of Versailles
that had imposed humiliating
conditions on Germany. He
declared t hat the worth of the
treaty was as much as that of a
tissue paper.
Establishment of a
Totalitarian: Hitler’s rule
was Totalitarian that
means anyone who
opposed him were arrested
and executed.
Acquisition of New
Territories: He entered into a
non-aggression treaty with
Poland in 1934 for a period of
10 yrs. However, this was only
to ensure its safety on the
eastern frontiers; In 1938 he
used force to annex Austria; etc

15. • Discontent over Treaty of Versailles
• Economic Crisis
• Against democratic governments
• Fear of Communism
• Political instability
• Class conflict
• Failure of League of Nations
• Charismatic Leaders
Similar
Causes
• Faith in Totalitarian rule – one person, one
party
• Despise democratic political systems
• State is more important than individuals
• Aggressive Nationalism
• Imperialism
• War is essential for national interests
Similar
Ideologies