The document summarizes the rise of socialism in Europe and Russia in the late 19th/early 20th century. Key ideas include: (1) The French Revolution led to new political divisions in Europe between liberals, radicals, and conservatives; (2) The Industrial Revolution concentrated wealth and exploited workers, fueling support for socialism; (3) Early socialists like Robert Owen and Louis Blanc advocated for worker cooperatives, while Karl Marx argued for a communist revolution led by the working class; (4) In Russia, most people were poor peasants or industrial workers facing harsh conditions, fueling support for socialism there as well.

1. SOCIALISM IN EUROPE AND RUSSIAN
REVOLUTION

2. AGE OF SOCIAL CHANGE IN EUROPE
• INTRODUCTION French Revolution is not only accredited with giving a new
system of ruling i.e. Democracy, but it opened up possibilities of social change
around the world starting from the European continent
• It brought about some drastic changes in the European society by demolishing the
Estate structure and orders. It also led to downfall of the Church & aristocracy which
were in control of economic and social life.
• The revolution created a new division of the European society based on their
ideologies.
• The new groups that emerged were:
• 1. THE LIBERALS.
• 2. THE RADICALS.
• 3. THE CONSERVATIVES

3. AGE OF SOCIAL CHANGE CONT…

4. THE LIBERALS
• The first group called themselves as ‘Liberals’ were in favour of a nation or society based on
religious tolerance. It must be remembered the European society was largely hostile towards
the idea of religious intolerance.
• Majority of the nations favour one religion or another but couldn’t live with the idea that two
different faiths can co-exist.
• In regards to their political thinking the Liberals were more in favour of guarding the
individual rights against the governments. They were highly critical of the unopposed,
uncontrol power of the dynastic rulers.
• They favoured representative, elected parliamentary government, subjected to laws which
were interpreted by a well trained Judiciary, independent of the rulers & officials.
• The aspect of the Liberals opposing governments for individual rights & wanted a
parliamentary elected government confused some people, but more than this the opposing of
Universal Adult Franchise, favoruing only men with property to vote & strongly dening the
Women Voting rights made then Undemocratic

5. THE RADICALS
• Another group that emerged was in favour of complete drastic change in the
political, social & cultural aspect of the society.
• Radicals wanted a government that should be based on the choice of the majority of
the population of the nation even including the women in the process, they supported
UAF for women also.
• The Radicals also opposed the privileges of the big landowners and factory owners,
to whom majority of the Liberals belonged and i.e. they never opposed these
communities.
• They were not against the existence of the private property , but rejected the
concentration of property in fewer hands.

6. THE CONSERVATIVES
• The group was basically the members of the old Estate structure who were in
complete disagreement with the Radicals & the Liberals, these were the
Conservatives.
• Earlier in 18th century any idea of change would send shivers down the spine of these
conservatives, but the French Revolution change a bit of their thinking.
• They started to believe that in order to survive they need to incorporate certain
amount of openness in their thinking.
• But deep down they still believed that the old structure was overall good for the
society & nation and argued that the change which comes through a slow gradual
process, respecting the past is the best suited for the overall survival & growth of the
society.

7. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY & SOCIAL CHANGE
INTRODUCTION The above discussed views were a trailer of things to come & the
conflicts that were bound to happen.
• Change is & always will be inevitable, this was actually taking place in Europe as
new cities & industrial regions came up leading to profound change in social &
cultural aspects of the society.
• Expansion of Railways lead to rise in industrial revolution but also lead to large scale
migration of labour from country side to these cities or industrial regions.
• Population migrating to factories were seeking good earnings & better lives, but
what they received was long working hours, less wages & division of work on
gender basis.
• Apart from these cities offered them over- crowed ghettos, with filthy conditions,
malnuturion, hunger & no medical & sanitation facilities apart from these easy prey
to criminal activities.

8. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY CONT…
• These conditions became playing ground for both the Liberal & the Radicals, who
were interestingly also owner of these factories or industries.
• Though both Liberals & Radicals made wealth through trade & ventures, but they
believed that the benefits must be shared with the labour also.
• They were also of the opinion that if the workforce is heathy & citizens educated
then this would lead to rise in economic wealthy& prosperity.
• Both were highly critical of the privileges of the aristocracy or old regime enjoyed
and stress on valuing the individual efforts
• According to them if the freedom of individual is ensured, the poor can work hard
and those having capital can invest then nothing can stop the societies to develop.
• Many from the working class or workforce who wished the change started to rally
around these Liberals & Radicals.

9. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY CONT……..
• These events were also captured or closely monitored by nationalists Liberals &
Radicals, who were to uproot the governments formed in Europe after 1815 i.e. after
the defeat of Napoleon.
• Majority of these governments were monarchies which were estb. In France, Italy,
Germany & Russia.
• The nationalists for the first time coined the term ‘nation’ which was an political
entity were everyone was equal.
• In 1815 Guesppe Mazzini an Italian nationalists tried to achieve this in Italy.

10. THE COMING OF SOCIALISM TO EUROPE
• INTRODUCTION As French revolution had stirred the society with new ideas &
ideologies that how society should be reshaped, though there were many versions to
this question but, the best answer came to be SOCIALISM.
• WHAT IS SOCIALISM?
• Socialism can be best defined as a political and economic system whereby the ownership of
the resources or means of production are controlled by the state or the government. It is also
known as Community ownership or Collective Ownership. In perfect socialist view all
production & distribution of the resources the decision is made by the government and the
individuals rely on the State or The Government for everything. There is no scope of private
property or ownership.
• To simply it’s an ideology which imagines society to be based on Equality.
• So the far –reaching idea to restructure the society should be Socialism & in
mid 19th century Europe the idea of socialism was gaining fast popularity.

11. THE COMING OF SOCIALISM CONT..
• Socialists hated the idea of private property & according to them the greed for earning
more wealth by individual is the root cause of all social evils.
• The reason was this according to them was that no doubt individual property was a
source of employment but the owners were only concerned with acquiring more
wealth for themselves
• They had little or infact no concern about the welfare of those individuals who worked
hard to make the property profitable.
• The solution to this was control of property or resources by the Government, as then
more attention towards welfare of the people

12. IDEAS OF ROBERT OWEN
• INTRODUCTION Socialists had very unique views regarding the future or the reshaped
society.
• One of the leading views of how Socialism would be practiced or implemented was given by
Robert Owen an English Manufacturer, known as COOPERATIVES.
• Owen implemented his idea in Indiana (USA) where he sought to build a cooperative
community ‘NEW HARMONY’
• But his idea wasn’t welcomed as Owen had accepted because other socialists believe that
cooperatives through individual effort won’t be successful as it could lead to concentration
of wealth & power in single hand.
• So government initiative is must to start cooperatives on a larger scale for better
establishment of a socialist society.
• LOUIS BLANC , a French socialist described Cooperatives as association of people who
produced goods together & divided the profits according to the work done by the
individuals.
• He wanted the governments to support & encourage cooperatives in order to replace
capitalist establishment for having equality based society.

13. IDEAS OF KARL MARX
• One of the greatest philosopher of his time & arguable the father of Communism or
Socialism Karl Marx had very different views on rearrangement of society.
• He was vey critical of the industrial society because he believed that they were
capitalist in nature.
• Capitalist according to him was some one who owned lots of property or resources
and exploited these resources for his own profit or benefit without sharing the
benefits with those i.e. the labour who made this property profitable.
• He argued that in a capitalist or industrial society the workers are always exploited
and not given their due share of hard work & profits.
• Though these are exploited & weak but they will one day rise against the industrial
society according to Marx.
• For this Marx suggested that the labour class should organize themselves into a
radical socialist society and uproot this capitalist setup.

14. IDEAS OF MARX CONT..
• Marx was of the opinion that workers will be victorious in their effort and the
Communist society will be established which will be the natural society of the
World.

15. THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN 1914
• INTRODUCTION TERRITORIAL ASPECT
• Tsar Nicolas II was the ruler of the Russian empire during 1914. The empire had a vast
territory under its control, with Moscow as key area & the administrative Capital.
• The empire included the current- day Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, parts of
Poland, Ukraine, & Belarus
• The empire territory stretched to the Pacific Ocean even controlling the Central Asian
States, Georgia, Armenia & Azerbaijan
• RELIGIOUS COMPOSITION
• The majority religion was Roman Orthodox Christianity, which had grown over the Greek Orthodox Church.
• Apart from this Empire included Catholics, Protestants, Muslims & Buddhists.

16. THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE CONT..
• ECONOMY & SOCIETY The Russian Empire was very different from the other
European states or dynasties especially on its Economic & social structure.
• As per Economic structure even during the peak of Industrial revolution in Europe
i.e. the beginning of the 20th century over 85% of the population was engaged in
agriculture which was quite higher than any another European nation.
• The agriculture was both subsistence & commercial as the farmers not only produced
for their needs but market also. At that time Russia was the major exporter of the
grains.
• INSDUSTRIAL SECTOR In regard to industrial sector Russia wasn't developed
as other European powers. It had industries located in small pockets.
• The major industrial region of the Empire were St. Petersburg & Moscow
• Interestingly, the industrial sector was also mixed i.e. handlooms or traditional &
cottage industry co-existed with the modern heavy industries.

17. THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE CONT..
• With expansion of the Railways & foreign investment the industrial sector started to
grow especially the Coal industry which saw its production being doubled & Iron –
steel Industry which grew 4 times more in 1900s.
• Interestingly all these factories were property of private industrialists, Government
only kept an eye on these to ensure minimum wages & limited working hours.
• For this factory inspectors were appointed by the Government who proved to be
insufficient & mostly inefficient due to corruption which led to exploitation of the
workers.
• For instance, there was 10- 12 hour working day in factories as compared to 15 hours
working day in small workshops & craft units with very less wages or better living
conditions.

18. WORKERS & PEASANTS OF THE EMPIRE
• INTRODUCTION The workers & peasant are backbone of any country or
economy & similar was situation for Russia.
• WORKERS These were divided into social groups on the basis of their skills &
place of origin.
• Some workers had links with their villages , while others were now permanently
settled in big cities.
• On the level of the skill the Metal workers ( Iron & Steel Workers) were considered
as aristocrats among other workers because Iron & Steel was growing in demand.
• Division of workers was also based upon Gender, Women made 31% of the labour,
but were paid less & had sometimes longer shifts.
• Some workers even formed associations to help each other out during hard times,
also they were engaged in organizing strikes in the factories. Especially in Textile
industry in 1897 & during 1902 in metal industry.

19. WORKERS & PEASANTS OF EMPIRE CONT..
• PEASANTS Peasantry constituted a large proportion of the Russian empire, were
exploited by the feudal lords or the Noble etc…
• Peasants cultivated most of the land which was owned by The Nobility, The Crown,
& the Orthodox Church owned large properties.
• There was division of Peasantry also like seen among the workers of the empire, but
one thing set apart the workers & peasants was that later were deeply religious.
• They also hated the Nobility, leaving certain exceptions, the Nobles didn’t enjoy the
respect of the peasants , who wanted the land or property of the Nobles to be
distributed, among the peasants.
• The peasants believed that the nobles got their power & position from the service of
the Tsar, so in order to respect the Tsar who commanded the loyalty & support of the
peasantry, peasants obeyed the nobles.
• In fact , Nobles were highly unpopular as against what was seen in the French
society where in certain provinces the peasantry fought for the Nobles

20. PEASANTRY CONT..
• The Russian Peasantry was highly critical of the nobles & wanted the land of the
nobles to be given to them, i. e. they wanted to be owners from tenant.
• For, they started to refuse payment of the rent which led to violent clashes between
the peasants & the nobles especially in south Russia in 1902.
• By, 1905 these incidents were happening all over Russia, This aspect of strong
haltered & aggression towards nobility was a unique feature of the Russian
peasantry.
• Another aspect which set them apart from the rest of the European peasantry was the
practice of pooling land periodically & their Commune (MIR) i.e. the revenue or
income & dividing it according to the individua; families needs.

21. SOCIALISM IN RUSSIA
• INTRODUCTION Russia under Tsar was Monarchical State. It was anarchist,
tyrant & lawlessness prevailed.
• Under these circumstances Social Democratic Workers Party was established in 1898
which had great leaning towards vies of Marx.
• But it had to work underground as before 1914 all parties were illegal in Russia.
• VIEWS OF SOCIALITS The practice of peasants to combine their fields though
periodically, according to some socialists made them natural socialists.
• So, it was to mobile the workers not the peasantry as the workers would be the force
of the revolution.

22. THE 1905 REVOLUTION
• INTRODUCTION Like any other European power Russia was also ruled by
autocratic rulers who exercised immense control over the Parliament.
• Though Tsar enjoyed a good deal of loyalty & respect from the common Russian, but
some of his administrative steps & growing influence of the Liberal, Social Democrats,
Socialist Revolutionaries the Russian society started to look other way around .
• 1905 was a tough year for the Russian Society as due to bad harvest in previous year
owing to harsh winters the Agricultural production was low , this also impacted the
industrial production which led to inflation in the Economy.
• The workers especially the Metal workers were also effected as the real wages ( the
power of money to buy things by spending less money) declined due to high increase in
the prices of the essential items.
• The number of labour committees & union started to increase with rise in membership
also.