A brief introduction to the IBD and its classification. Mainly dealing here with the Imaging techniques used in the diagnosis of the IBD.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic disease caused by a dysregulated immune response to host intestinal microflora. The two major types of inflammatory bowel disease are ulcerative colitis (UC), which is limited to the colon, and Crohn disease (CD), which can affect any segment of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus, involves "skip lesions," and is transmural. There is a genetic predisposition for IBD, and patients with this condition are more prone to the development of malignancy.
A brief introduction to the IBD and its classification. Mainly dealing here with the Imaging techniques used in the diagnosis of the IBD.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic disease caused by a dysregulated immune response to host intestinal microflora. The two major types of inflammatory bowel disease are ulcerative colitis (UC), which is limited to the colon, and Crohn disease (CD), which can affect any segment of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus, involves "skip lesions," and is transmural. There is a genetic predisposition for IBD, and patients with this condition are more prone to the development of malignancy.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
3.intestine
1. Inflammatory bowel diseaseInflammatory bowel disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) commonly refers toInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) commonly refers to
Ulcerative colitis (UC)Ulcerative colitis (UC)
Crohn disease (CD),Crohn disease (CD),
which are chronic inflammatory diseases of the GI tract of unknownwhich are chronic inflammatory diseases of the GI tract of unknown
etiology.etiology.
CD and UC are chronic relapsing inflammatory disorders whichCD and UC are chronic relapsing inflammatory disorders which
share many common features.share many common features.
They result from an abnormal local immune response against theThey result from an abnormal local immune response against the
normal flora of the gut, and probably against some self antigensnormal flora of the gut, and probably against some self antigens
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2. CrohnCrohn’’s Diseases Disease
It is an idiopathicIt is an idiopathic "a disease or condition the cause of which is not "a disease or condition the cause of which is not
known or that arises spontaneously"known or that arises spontaneously", chronic ulcero-constrictive, chronic ulcero-constrictive
inflammatory disease of the alimentary tract from mouth to anus butinflammatory disease of the alimentary tract from mouth to anus but
most commonly affects terminal ileummost commonly affects terminal ileum
Crohn disease is also referred to as regional enteritis, terminalCrohn disease is also referred to as regional enteritis, terminal
ileitis, or granulomatous ileocolitis.ileitis, or granulomatous ileocolitis.
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3. Ulcerative colitisUlcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis is a nongranulomatous disease limited to the colonUlcerative colitis is a nongranulomatous disease limited to the colon
Whereas UC is confined to the large intestineWhereas UC is confined to the large intestine
limited to the mucosa and submucosalimited to the mucosa and submucosa
begins in the rectum and extends proximally in a continuous fashionbegins in the rectum and extends proximally in a continuous fashion
(almost always involve the rectum)(almost always involve the rectum)
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4. AetiopathogenesisAetiopathogenesis
Etiology unknownEtiology unknown
Possibly an exaggerated and destructive mucosal immunePossibly an exaggerated and destructive mucosal immune
response.response.
The tissue injury in IBD is likely to be initiated by -The tissue injury in IBD is likely to be initiated by -
Genetic susceptibility and failure of immune regulation,Genetic susceptibility and failure of immune regulation,
that are triggered by environmental influences, including microbesthat are triggered by environmental influences, including microbes
and their products.and their products.
various types of mycobacteria (particularlyvarious types of mycobacteria (particularly M. paratuberculosisM. paratuberculosis))
E. coliE. coli
YersiniaYersinia
streptococcistreptococci
viruses (including measles)viruses (including measles)
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5. AetiopathogenesisAetiopathogenesis
Both the clinical manifestations and the morphologicBoth the clinical manifestations and the morphologic
changes of IBD are ultimatelychanges of IBD are ultimately
the result of activation of inflammatory cells-neutrophilsthe result of activation of inflammatory cells-neutrophils
initially and mononuclear cells later in the course.initially and mononuclear cells later in the course.
cause nonspecific tissue injury.cause nonspecific tissue injury.
55
6. Pathology : Morpholgy of ChronPathology : Morpholgy of Chron ’’s diseases disease
Inflammatory infiltrate around the crypts→Inflammatory infiltrate around the crypts→ ulcerationulceration of superficialof superficial
mucosa (Cobble stone ) ⇓mucosa (Cobble stone ) ⇓
Inflammatory cells invade deeper layers and organize intoInflammatory cells invade deeper layers and organize into non-non-
caseating granulomascaseating granulomas→ deeper ulcers (→ deeper ulcers (Cobblestone patternCobblestone pattern - ulcers- ulcers
criss-crossing each other with surrounding oedema). with,criss-crossing each other with surrounding oedema). with, sinuses/sinuses/
fistulasfistulas formation.formation.
Thickening of the bowel wallThickening of the bowel wall and narrowing of the lumen → obstruction,and narrowing of the lumen → obstruction,
⇓⇓
Transmural extensionTransmural extension of inflammatory process →Involvement of serosaof inflammatory process →Involvement of serosa
& mesentry& mesentry
66
9. Microscopic examination,Microscopic examination,
Inflammatory changes throughout the entire thickness of the wallInflammatory changes throughout the entire thickness of the wall
Ulceration which is the usual outcome of active diseaseUlceration which is the usual outcome of active disease
Noncaseating epithelioid cell granulomas are formedNoncaseating epithelioid cell granulomas are formed
Giant cell may occurGiant cell may occur
Secondary Fibrosis & muosa undergoes metaplsiaSecondary Fibrosis & muosa undergoes metaplsia
99
11. Whole mount specimen of Crohn's disease showing transmuralWhole mount specimen of Crohn's disease showing transmural
inflammation with predominance of the inflammation in the mucosainflammation with predominance of the inflammation in the mucosa
and submucosa.and submucosa.
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12. Pathology Ulcerative colitisPathology Ulcerative colitis
Uniform and continuous inflammatory process of the colonic mucosaUniform and continuous inflammatory process of the colonic mucosa
↓↓
Ulcerations (shallow) & pseudo polypoidal changes (islands of regeneratingUlcerations (shallow) & pseudo polypoidal changes (islands of regenerating
mucosa bulge upwardmucosa bulge upward
↓↓↓↓
Hypertrophy of muscularis mucosa & contraction of colonic musculatureHypertrophy of muscularis mucosa & contraction of colonic musculature
↓↓
Shortening & narrowing of the colon with loss of haustrationShortening & narrowing of the colon with loss of haustration
1212
13. M/EM/E
A diffuse, predominantly mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate of theA diffuse, predominantly mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate of the
mucosa & submucosamucosa & submucosa
crypt abscesses may occurcrypt abscesses may occur
In late stages, granulation tissue fills in the ulcer craters, followed byIn late stages, granulation tissue fills in the ulcer craters, followed by
regeneration of the mucosal epitheliumregeneration of the mucosal epithelium
Submucosal fibrosis and mucosal architectural disarray and atrophySubmucosal fibrosis and mucosal architectural disarray and atrophy
remainremain
1313
18. Toxic megacolonToxic megacolon
severe colonic dilation (toxic megacolon) with potential rupturesevere colonic dilation (toxic megacolon) with potential rupture
Exposure of the muscularis propria and neural plexus to fecalExposure of the muscularis propria and neural plexus to fecal
material also may lead to complete shutdown of neuromuscularmaterial also may lead to complete shutdown of neuromuscular
functionfunction
1818
19. FeaturesFeatures Ulcerative ColitisUlcerative Colitis Crohn`sCrohn`s
DiseaseDisease
SiteSite Colon Any part of GITColon Any part of GIT
Rectal involvementRectal involvement over 90%over 90% Rectum spared > 50%Rectum spared > 50%
Terminal ileum involvementTerminal ileum involvement 10%10% 30%30%
Continuity of lesionContinuity of lesion continuouscontinuous Segmental (skip lesion)Segmental (skip lesion)
PolypsPolyps Common UncommonCommon Uncommon
FistulaeFistulae Rare Very CommonRare Very Common
SinusesSinuses AbsentAbsent CommonCommon
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