34262213 nacl-drug-study
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Sodium chloride was ordered for a patient to prevent or treat extracellular volume depletion and chloride deficiency. The dosage is 0.5-1g up to 10 times per day not exceeding 4.8g daily. As an electrolyte, sodium plays a crucial role in fluid and electrolyte balance. Nursing responsibilities include monitoring electrolytes, ECG, liver and renal function as well as signs of hypernatremia such as flushed skin or edema.
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nacl drug-study
Sodium chloride is an electrolyte used to prevent or treat extracellular volume depletion and chloride deficiency. It works by maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. The patient was ordered 1 tablet three times a day for 6 days to treat their condition. Nurses should monitor the patient's electrolytes, vital signs, fluid intake/output, and for any signs of fluid overload like edema which is a potential side effect if taken in excess.
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This document discusses hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and hyperkalemia. It covers the etiology, clinical features, investigations, and management of each condition. For hypernatremia, the causes include diabetes insipidus or inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine. Symptoms range from reduced brain function to coma and death. Treatment depends on severity and underlying cause, and involves slow correction of sodium levels. For hypokalemia, causes include diuretic use and tubular disorders. Symptoms include weakness and arrhythmias. Treatment involves potassium replacement orally or intravenously. For hyperkalemia, symptoms include weakness and cardiac effects. Investigations include electrolyte levels and renin
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please comment
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This document discusses serum sodium disorders caused by abnormalities in water homeostasis. It focuses on SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion), a disorder of impaired water excretion caused by excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion or action. SIADH is the most common cause of hyponatremia. Treatment involves fluid restriction and sometimes intravenous saline or vasopressin receptor antagonists to raise sodium levels.
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Similar to 34262213 nacl-drug-study
nacl drug-study
Sodium chloride is an electrolyte used to prevent or treat extracellular volume depletion and chloride deficiency. It works by maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. The patient was ordered 1 tablet three times a day for 6 days to treat their condition. Nurses should monitor the patient's electrolytes, vital signs, fluid intake/output, and for any signs of fluid overload like edema which is a potential side effect if taken in excess.
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1. The document discusses hypertension, its types, causes, and treatment options. It covers the renin-angiotensin system and how drugs like ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers work to lower blood pressure by inhibiting this system.
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3. Future potential treatments mentioned include blood pressure vaccinations currently being studied.
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Electrolyte imbalance
Metabolic: hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia.
Erectile dysfunction
Not effective in chronic renal disease.
More effective in elderly: also in patients with isolated systolic hypertension.
Long acting, used once a day
No tolerance and no fluid retention
Reduce calcium excretion, preferred in osteoporosis (especially older women).
Hydrochlorothiazide is one commonly used thiazide and consider as 1st choice.
the main problem with thiazide is hypokalemia and this can be avoided by K+ supplementation or using K+ sparing diuretics.
However, ACEI/ARBs should not combined with K+ sparing diuretics which cause dangerous hyperkaliemia in some pt.
Indications: HT, especially co-existing with:-
DM,
Nephropathy,
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVF),
Chronic Heart Failure (CHF),
Angina,
Post Myocardial Infarction (MI) cases.
ADRs: Dry persistent cough, Fetal malformations, granulocytopenia, proteinuria (Rare).
Efficacy as monotherapy ~30-40%. Always combined with other drugs
Slow onset (1-3 weeks), well sustained action
Gradual in BP in hypertensives only.
Mech : Initially, TPR increases due to -blockade
Later TPR decreases – resistance vessels adapt to chronically decreased CO
Both systolic & diastolic BP reduced.
Also, ↓ release of NA from sympathetic nerve endings, ↓ Renin release from kidney (1).
Contraindicated in CHF, Pulmonary diseases (Bronchial asthma/COPD), Peripheral vascular disease and Variant angina.
Cardioprotective – especially helpful to prevent sudden cardiac death if given Post MI, along with ACEIs.
Hypoglycemic episodes – (1 selective less risky)
Absence of SEs like Postural Hypotension, GIT effects etc
Efficacy as monotherapy ~30-40%. Always combined with other drugs
Slow onset (1-3 weeks), well sustained action
Gradual in BP in hypertensives only.
Mech : Initially, TPR increases due to -blockade
Later TPR decreases – resistance vessels adapt to chronically decreased CO
Both systolic & diastolic BP reduced.
Also, ↓ release of NA from sympathetic nerve endings, ↓ Renin release from kidney (1).
Almost obsolete drugs
Reserpine – R.serpentina roots. Indigenous. Inhibits tpt of NA into storage granules depletion. Slow onset (2-3 wks). Also CA & 5HT depletion in brain depression, antipsychotic effect & Parkinsonism like symptoms. Not preferred as anti-HT drug now.
Guanethidine – Displaces NA from storage granules, release of NA from nerve terminals & NA reuptake inhibited depletion. Obsolete drug.
Latest guidelines (JNC8, NICE 2011): Consider:-
Age / Race: Younger patients (↑ renin) respond better to ACEIs/ARBs. Blacks & aged respond better to CCBs. Diuretics alternatives to CCBs.
If monotherapy ineffective – ACEIs/ARBs + CCBs/Diuretics.
ACEIs/ARBs + CCBs + Diuretics – 3rd step
If all fails – resistant HT – add a aldosterone antagonist or beta-blocker with vasodilator action.
BP > 140/90 in pregnancy can be risky
CKD, Diabetes & Chronic HT are risk factors for Pre-eclampsia
Aspirin
Ati flash cards 09, medications affecting fluid, electrolytes, minerals, and ...
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Credits to: "♪♫ in my ♥" (http://allnurses.com/member-228833/)
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Control of calcium homeostasis involves parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, PTHrP, and calcitonin. Vitamin D is produced in skin and converted to its active form in liver and kidneys to regulate calcium absorption and bone mineralization. Disorders like rickets and osteomalacia can result from vitamin D deficiency. Primary hyperparathyroidism is a common cause of hypercalcemia where an overactive parathyroid gland increases bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption. Hypocalcemia can occur in chronic kidney disease or hypoparathyroidism and cause neuromuscular symptoms. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 involves tumors of the parathyroid glands, pancreas
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This document discusses potassium, including its normal levels and functions in the body. It summarizes that potassium is essential for nerve conduction and muscle function. It regulates the heart and is primarily found inside cells. The document then covers hypokalemia and hyperkalemia, their causes, symptoms, and the ranges for normal potassium levels in adults, children, infants and neonates. Food sources of potassium like bananas and oranges are also listed.
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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects more than 80 million people in our country. Around the world, one out of every three diabetics and one out of every five adults with high blood pressure has CKD.According to Hiranandani Hospital Powai News, aside from diabetes and high blood pressure, other variables that raise your risk of kidney disease include heart disease, obesity, and a family history of kidney disease.
Fluid and electrolyte balance
The document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. It covers several key points:
1) Water and electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride must be balanced for normal bodily function. The kidneys and other organs work to maintain this balance.
2) Imbalances in various electrolytes can occur from medical conditions, medications, or diet. This can cause issues like abnormal heart rhythms or muscle problems.
3) Laboratory tests are used to diagnose electrolyte imbalances by measuring levels in blood and urine. Treatment focuses on identifying and addressing the underlying cause while restoring normal electrolyte levels.
Sodium
Sodium is a mineral that helps regulate blood pressure and volume. It is found naturally in many foods but is often added during food processing and preparation. While sodium is essential for nerve and muscle function, too much can lead to high blood pressure. Processed foods are a major source of dietary sodium. Reducing sodium intake is recommended for overall health.
Approach to patient of sodium imbalance
This document discusses sodium imbalance and provides guidance on assessing and treating patients with sodium level abnormalities. It defines electrolytes and describes their distribution and daily requirements in the body. The key electrolyte imbalances of hyponatremia and hypernatremia are explained. For hyponatremia, causes, clinical presentation, investigations, and management approaches are outlined. Management depends on the severity and chronicity of the low sodium level and whether it developed rapidly or slowly. For hypernatremia, causes and clinical signs are also summarized, along with guidance that treatment depends on the rate of sodium level increase.
sodium and its medical importance for medical students
Sodium is an essential mineral found primarily in bones and extracellular fluid. It is required for muscle function, heart beat initiation and maintenance of fluid balance. The daily recommended intake is 5-10g but many consume more than required due to salt's flavoring properties. The kidneys regulate sodium levels by filtering it from blood and reabsorbing almost all of it. Both low (hyponatremia) and high (hypernatremia) sodium levels can occur due to various diseases, hormone imbalances, or prolonged medication use. Common causes of hyponatremia include Addison's disease while hypernatremia can result from Cushing's syndrome or prolonged corticosteroid administration.
Calcium, phosphorus, potassium
Calcium, phosphorus, and potassium are essential minerals that play important roles in bone health, cell signaling, energy production, and other physiological processes. Calcium is critical for bone structure and strength. Phosphorus is also structural and involved in energy production. Potassium helps nerves and muscles function properly. Deficiencies can lead to bone diseases like rickets or osteomalacia. Maintaining adequate intake through diet or supplements is important for prevention of diseases like osteoporosis and kidney stones.
hyponatremiappt-170315180214.pptx
This document discusses hyponatremia, defined as a serum sodium level below 135 mmol/L. It is common in hospitalized patients. Acute severe hyponatremia can cause morbidity and mortality, while overly rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia can also cause neurological issues. The document then covers etiologies and pathophysiologies of hypotonic hyponatremias including hypovolemic, euvolemic, and hypervolemic types. It discusses evaluation and treatment of hyponatremia, emphasizing the need for slow correction to avoid osmotic demyelination syndrome. Treatment depends on the severity and chronicity of hyponatremia and includes fluid restriction
Fluid and Eletrolyte imbalance and nursing care.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte imbalances. It covers fluid volume deficit (dehydration) and excess (hypervolemia), as well as electrolyte imbalances including sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium deficits and excesses.
Some key points include:
- Fluid normally makes up about 60% of body weight and is located intracellularly and extracellularly. Fluid imbalances occur when compensatory mechanisms are unable to maintain homeostasis.
- Dehydration can result from vomiting, diarrhea, decreased intake, and other causes. Symptoms include weight loss, decreased skin turgor, and hypotension. Treatment involves oral or IV fluid replacement.
- Electrolyte imbalances lead to various
Understand your blood test report
This document provides a guide to understanding common blood tests by listing each test and providing the normal range, potential causes of high or low values, and nutritional notes. It explains what each test measures, such as glucose measuring blood sugar levels and sodium and potassium measuring electrolyte balance, and health issues that could be indicated by abnormal results, to help readers understand their test results.
presentation fluid.pptx
This document provides information on fluid therapy and electrolyte abnormalities in children. It discusses the composition of body fluids and water balance. Key points include: total body water decreases with age; water intake and output are tightly regulated; and electrolyte composition differs between extracellular and intracellular fluids. The document also addresses maintenance fluid and electrolyte requirements based on age and weight. Conditions that alter these requirements are presented. Causes, clinical manifestations, and treatment approaches for hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and hyperkalemia are summarized.
electrolyte.pptx
Body fluids play an important role in homeostasis and comprise 60% of body weight in men and 52-55% in women. Total body water is divided into intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid compartments. Electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are present in body fluids and help regulate various functions including energy production, acid-base balance, and muscle contraction. Disturbances in body fluids and electrolytes can cause hyponatremia or hypernatremia, and treatment involves slowly correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances to avoid complications.
Fluids and Electrolytes Complete Notes.pdf
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FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.docx
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance. It covers the main electrolytes in the body (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, chloride, bicarbonate), their normal ranges and functions. It describes the regulation of total body water and fluid compartments. It then examines causes, symptoms and treatment of various electrolyte imbalances including hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypophosphatemia, hypermagnesemia and hypomagnesemia.
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sodium and its medical importance for medical students
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34262213 nacl-drug-study
- 1. Date ordered: 07-05-2010 Generic Name: sodium chloride Classification: electrolyte Pregnancy category: C Indication: prophylaxis of heat prostration or muscle cramps; chloride deficiency due to dieresis or salt restrictions; prevention or treatment of extracellular volume depletion Ordered dose: 1 tab TID 6-12-6 Dosage: 0.5 – 1 g with 8 oz water up to 10 times/day, total daily dose should not exceed 4.8 g Mode of Action: sodium is the major cation of the body’s extracellular fluid. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the fluid and electrolyte balance. Excess retention of sodium results in overhydration (edema, hypervolemia), which is often treated with diuretics. Abnormally low levels of sodium result in dehydration. Normally, the plasma contains 136-145 mEq/L and 98-1-6 mEq chloride/L. the average daily requirement of salt is approximately 5g. Drug-Drug Interaction: Contraindication: congestive heart failure, severely impaired renal function, hypernatremia, fluid retention Side Effects: hypernatremia, hypopotassemia, acidosis. Fluid and solute overload leading to dilution of serum electrolyte level, CHF, overhydration, acute pulmonary edema Nursing Responsibilities: a. Monitor electrolytes, ECG, liver and renal function studies b. Note level of consciousness c. Assess the heart and lung sounds d. Observe S&S of hypernatremia, flushed skin, elevated temperature, rough dry tongue, and edema e. Monitor VS and I&O f. Assess urine specific gravity and serum sodium levels