metabolism functions and regulation

1. Shazma Muhammad Yar

2. Sodium is a mineral that occurs naturally in some foods and is
added to many foods and beverages during processing,
cooking, or at the table.
 Sodium attracts water into the blood vessels and helps
maintain normal blood volume and blood pressure.

3.  Minimum requirement = 500 mg/day
 Chief Functions = extracellular cation
◦ maintains normal fluid & electrolyte balance;
assists in nerve impulse transmission & muscle
contraction
 Deficiency - rare
◦ muscle cramps, mental apathy
 Toxicity
◦ edema, acute hypertension
 Food Sources

4.  Sodium chloride or salt, contains 40g sodium and
60g chloride by weight.
 Some foods naturally contain sodium however,
usually in small amounts.
 Some people add salt in cooking and at the table,
but the majority of dietary salt and sodium comes
from foods where salt has been added during
processing or preparation.

5. • No way is present to tell who may be
sodium sensitive or who may develop high blood
pressure from consuming too much sodium.
• However, many health professionals recommend
that the population as a whole should reduce
sodium
intake.

6.  Processed foods
In general, processed foods provide the
majority of sodium in the diet.
Salt or other sodium compounds are added
to food during preparation or processing for
flavor or preservation.

7.  Cured meats (hot dogs, bologna, sausage, bacon)
 Pickled foods (pickles, olives, sauerkraut)
 Canned vegetables
 Frozen peas and lima beans
 Salted snack foods (potato chips, crackers, corn
chips)
 Soy and other sauces
 Baking soda baking powder monosodium glutamate
(MSG)
 Other seasonings

8.  Medications
Many over-the counter medications
contain sodium. These include medications for
indigestion, headache remedies, cough medicines,
laxatives, as well as many others. Check the
label of over-the-counter medications for sodium
content.

9. • Drinking water
 Soft water contains more sodium
than hard water. In some areas the drinking water
may be high in sodium. Water softeners increase
the sodium content of the water.
Contact the local health department if you want more
information on the sodium content of the water in
your community.

24. Normally, the body adapts during perspiration so
that you will not lose too much sodium.
• Normally a well balanced diet containing
regularly salted foods will provide enough sodium
to replace losses from perspiration.

25.  The total amount of sodium in the body affects the
amount of fluid in the blood (blood volume) and
around cells
 The body continually monitors blood volume and
sodium concentration.
 When either becomes too high or low, sensors in
the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys detect the
increases and stimulate the kidneys to increase or
decrease sodium excretion, thus returning blood
volume to normal.

29.  Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH)
 Is released in the heart atria as a response to
stretch (elevated blood pressure),
 It has potent diuretic and natriuretic effects
 It promotes excretion of sodium and water,
inhibits angiotensin II production

30.  Sodium and potassium help your nerve cells send
electrical signals, called action potentials, that
signal for your muscles to contract
 Sodium stimulates the dephosphorylation of ATP
and ADP in the presence of magnesium. This would
result in muscle contraction. The sodium influx
also sends a message within the muscle fiber
to trigger the release of stored calcium ions. The
calcium ions diffuse into the muscle fiber, entry of
calcium during membrane depolarization initiates
contraction of the muscle fibers.
 .

31.  Hyponatremia is a deficiency disease wherein sodium
concentrations in the body are very low. A normal blood
sodium level is between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter
(mEq/L). Hyponatremia occurs when the sodium in your blood
falls below 135 mEq/L.
 Hypernatremia usually develops when the body retains
too much fluid, as in the case of heart failure or liver disease. It
is very commonly observed in people who drink too many fluids
regularly, as well as those on diuretic medicines, to resolve the
health issue of kidneys not functioning optimally.
 Situations of hyponatremia must be treated at once, by
administering appropriate medications and procedures in a
hospital setting

32. Health Risks Associated with Sodium
High-sodium diets increase the risk of high blood
pressure among some people and aggravates
high blood pressure once it exists.
High blood pressure increases the risk of heart
attacks, strokes, and kidney disease.
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