Exam 1 Review
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The document contains 20 multiple choice questions from a plant biology exam review covering topics like the life cycles of bryophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms, plant tissues and transport, plant hormones, and plant adaptations. It tests understanding of key concepts such as alternation of generations, the roles of gametophytes and sporophytes, pollen and seed formation, vascular tissue, and mechanisms of long-distance water and nutrient transport in plants.
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The document discusses plant systems and diversity. It describes the main divisions of plants as bryophytes (nonvascular plants like moss) and tracheophytes (vascular plants like ferns and seed plants). Tracheophytes have specialized tissues called xylem and phloem that allow for transport of water and nutrients. Seed plants are further divided into gymnosperms like conifers which bear seeds openly on cones, and angiosperms which bear seeds within flowers. Angiosperms have flowers as their reproductive organs and are divided into monocots with one seed leaf and dicots with two seed leaves. The plant life cycle and role of hormones like auxin are also summarized.
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- Plants evolved adaptations like roots, leaves, and vascular tissue to survive on land. They obtain water and minerals from roots and CO2 from the air through leaves.
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Asexual reproduction allows organisms to reproduce without the production of gametes. It results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. There are several types of asexual reproduction including binary fission, budding, spores, and vegetative reproduction through runners, rhizomes, tubers and bulbs. Mutations can introduce variation in offspring produced through asexual reproduction.
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plant reprodutive system
Sexual reproduction occurs in flowering plants through flowers which contain both male and female reproductive structures. The male structures called stamens produce pollen grains which contain the male gametes. The female structures called pistils contain ovules which house egg cells. Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains to the stigma of the pistil. This triggers a process called double fertilization where two male gametes fuse with an egg cell and polar nuclei to form a zygote and endosperm which nourish the developing seed. Growth in multicellular organisms involves increases in cell number through cell division and cell size through cell enlargement and differentiation into specialized cell types.
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- Plants evolved adaptations like roots, leaves, and vascular tissue to survive on land. They obtain water and minerals from roots and CO2 from the air through leaves.
- Plants have alternation of generations, where the haploid gametophyte produces gametes and the diploid sporophyte produces spores through meiosis. This life cycle is seen in mosses, ferns, and seed plants.
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Asexual reproduction allows organisms to reproduce without the production of gametes. It results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. There are several types of asexual reproduction including binary fission, budding, spores, and vegetative reproduction through runners, rhizomes, tubers and bulbs. Mutations can introduce variation in offspring produced through asexual reproduction.
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Sexual reproduction occurs in flowering plants through flowers which contain both male and female reproductive structures. The male structures called stamens produce pollen grains which contain the male gametes. The female structures called pistils contain ovules which house egg cells. Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains to the stigma of the pistil. This triggers a process called double fertilization where two male gametes fuse with an egg cell and polar nuclei to form a zygote and endosperm which nourish the developing seed. Growth in multicellular organisms involves increases in cell number through cell division and cell size through cell enlargement and differentiation into specialized cell types.
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Hello everyone,
welcome my dear students....
i know after going through the chapter you all must be asking so many questions to yourself ... so here is a small set of questions to help you out....for more details you can login to my youtube channel PM Biology(PMB).
Plant APBio
The document summarizes key aspects of the plant kingdom, including their multicellular nature, ability to photosynthesize, and alternation of generations between haploid and diploid forms. It describes the evolution of plants from green algae ancestors and their adaptations to life on land, including roots, vascular tissue, and waxy cuticles. Seed plants evolved pollen, seeds, and fruits to reproduce on land without water, while angiosperms further developed flowers, broad leaves, and fruits to disperse seeds. Plants play a crucial ecological role by producing oxygen and decomposing to form soil.
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1. Reproduction is essential for the continuity of life as it allows organisms to produce offspring. There are two main types of reproduction - asexual reproduction which involves a single parent and sexual reproduction which involves two parents of opposite sex.
2. Asexual reproduction methods include binary fission, budding, and vegetative reproduction through structures like stolons, rhizomes, tubers etc. Sexual reproduction involves the formation of haploid gametes which fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.
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This document summarizes plant reproduction, including both vegetative and sexual reproduction in flowering plants. It discusses the alternation of generations between the sporophyte and gametophyte generations. Sexual reproduction involves meiosis, formation of gametophytes from spores, pollination which transfers pollen containing sperm, double fertilization within the embryo sac resulting in formation of the seed and fruit. Exceptions like parthenogenesis are also covered. The document also discusses plant growth, differentiation, and maturation as well as the roles of hormones like auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins in regulating various growth processes.
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The document discusses various topics related to sexual reproduction in plants and animals. It describes the typical phases of sexual reproduction in flowering plants as gametogenesis, pollination, fertilization, and embryogenesis. It also defines key terms like clone, gametes, meiocytes, monoecious plants, dioecious plants, parthenogenesis, hermaphrodites, pistillate and staminate flowers. The document provides examples of the life spans of different organisms and different modes of gamete transfer in plants and animals.
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2. It defines key terms like anther, ovule, embryo sac, and discusses the layers of the anther and structures of the ovule.
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Question 1
Mammals have two traits that set them apart from all other animals. These are
A.
body hair or fur, and being homeothermic.
B.
body hair or fur, and milk production.
C.
four-chambered heart and milk production.
D.
amniotic eggs and milk production.
E.
four-chambered heart and body hair or fur.
5 points
Question 2
Which of the following are adaptations to land of both gymnosperms and angiosperms but are lacking in ferns and mosses?
A.
fruits and flowers
B.
spores
C.
pollen and seeds
D.
vascular system
E.
roots, stems, and leaves
5 points
Question 3
Which of the following characteristics is not shared by typical birds and mammals?
A.
four limbs
B.
endothermy
C.
insulating skin structures
D.
four-chambered heart
E.
milk production
5 points
Question 4
Lichens are
A.
parasitic interactions between a fungus and an alga.
B.
capable of causing some obscure diseases.
C.
insensitive to changes in the environment.
D.
only found growing on living matter.
E.
symbiotic associations between a fungus and an alga.
5 points
Question 5
In bryophytes, the rhizoids
A.
serve as attachment structures.
B.
are involved in reproduction.
C.
obtain nutrients.
D.
lure possible prey.
E.
obtain water.
5 points
Question 6
The segmented worms of the phylum Annelida
A.
have an open circulatory system.
B.
are acoelomate.
C.
display radial symmetry.
D.
possess setae on each segment.
E.
move by use of flagella.
5 points
Question 7
It is generally thought that four critical innovations arose during the evolution of our ape-like ancestors into humans. All of the following are innovations except
A.
expansion of the human brain.
B.
development of the opposable thumb.
C.
use of brain power for abstract thought.
D.
bipedalism.
E.
toolmaking.
5 points
Question 8
This characteristic allows fungi to withstand heat and drought conditions.
A.
hyphae
B.
spores
C.
cell walls
D.
specialized organelles
E.
mycelia
5 points
Question 9
In general, mammals are not good at dispersing chili plant seeds because
A.
the chili seeds do not stick to the mammals’ fur.
B.
chili seeds are dispersed mainly by the wind.
C.
the seeds die as they pass through the digestive tract.
D.
the mammals are the main pollinators for the chili plant.
E.
the mammals do not travel very far before they release the chili seeds.
5 points
Question 10
It is generally thought that animals have undergone four major physiological and anatomical innovations during their evolution. These are (in no particular order)
A.
bilateral symmetry, development of tissues, origin of the multichambered heart, origin of patterns of embryonic development.
B.
origin of patterns of embryonic development, development of the versatile forelimb, origin of the multichambered heart, multicellularity.
C.
development of tissues, photosynthesis, bilateral symmetry, multicellularity.
D.
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1) The document provides biology exam questions and answers from March 2014 to September 2020 related to reproduction in organisms and sexual reproduction in flowering plants.
2) It includes one mark, two marks, three marks, and five marks questions along with their answers from past exams covering topics such as parthenogenesis, embryogenesis, menstrual cycle, pollination, and structure of male and female gametophytes.
3) Diagrams of structures like longitudinal section of flower, transverse section of anther, and embryo sac are also provided along with detailed explanations of processes like development of pollen and embryo sac.
Angiosperm (seed formation and development)
Daisy Capon is a PhD student studying crop science. Her research focuses on angiosperm seed formation and development. She outlines the key stages of male and female gametophyte development, including microsporogenesis, microgametogenesis, megasporogenesis, and megagametogenesis. She then discusses seed formation, including the roles of the integuments, nucellus, and embryo sac. The structures and development of plant embryos are also examined, from fertilization through the cotyledon, hypocotyl, and radicle stages. Finally, she analyzes the chemical composition of seeds and factors that affect it.
Chapter 18
The document contains 20 multiple choice questions about plant biology concepts such as carnivorous plants, plant evolution, alternation of generations in plants like mosses and ferns, and adaptations that allowed plants to colonize land. Key ideas addressed include how plants like venus flytraps obtain nutrients, evidence supporting the theory that plants evolved from green algae, the dominant generation in mosses and ferns, and adaptations like vascular tissue that enabled plants to survive on land.
Lecture 13 plant diversity 2
1) There were three major reproductive adaptations in the evolution of seed plants: reduction of the gametophyte, seeds becoming an important means of dispersal, and pollen eliminating the liquid water requirement for fertilization.
2) Gymnosperms were the most common plants during the Mesozoic era. They bear naked seeds not enclosed in specialized chambers. Angiosperms later evolved to form seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.
3) The defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms is the flower, which is made up of modified leaves and contains the male stamens and female carpels. Fruits aid in seed dispersal through various adaptations like wind, attachment, and consumption.
Seed science and technology
1. The document discusses the evolution of seeds from early algal mats to complex angiosperms and gymnosperms.
2. It describes the key stages in seed development including pollination, fertilization, embryo and endosperm development, and seed coat formation.
3. Seed structure and function is explained for both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous seeds, highlighting differences in embryo, endosperm, and food storage tissues between the two groups.
6. All plants produce __________ by mitosis and __________ by meiosi.pdf
6. All plants produce __________ by mitosis and __________ by meiosis. A)spores, gametes
B)gametes, gametes C)gametes, spores D)spores, spores E)spores, gametes and spores 7. In a
heterosporous life cycle, the microspore develops into the _____ gametophyte, while the
megaspore develops into the ______ gametophyte. A)female, male B)male, female C)diploid,
haploid D)haploid, diploid E)None of the above 8. Asexual reproduction in liverworts is
accomplished by A)gametophytes. B)spores. C)gemmae. D)tracheids. 9. You are walking along
a roadside and find a plant with the following characteristics: very thin waxy cuticle, stomata,
simple leaves in whorls around a central stem, independent sporophyte and gametophyte,
sporangia in strobili. This plant is most likely a member of which of the following phyla?
A)Bryophyta B)Sphenophyta C)Pterophyta D)Lycophyta 10. Plants differ from algae in that only
plants A)are photosynthetic. B)are multicellular. C)possess chlorophyll. D)have multicellular
embryos protected by the parent. E)are eukaryotic. 11. Which statement about the alternation of
generations in plants is not true? A) The plant life cycle is characterized by diploid and haploid
forms. B)Meiosis occurs in sporangia. C)Gametes are always produced by meiosis. D)The
zygote is the first cell of the sporophyte generation. E)The gametophyte and sporophyte differ
genetically. 12. The most abundant gymnosperm phylum today is A) Cycadophyta. B)
Ginkgophyta. C) Gnetophyta. D) Coniferophyta. E) None of the above 13. Coniferous
gymnosperms, such as pines, depend primarily on __________ for pollination; thus, the plants
produce large quantities of pollen that disperse over large areas during the spring. A) insects B)
birds C) water D) wind E) mammals 14. An evolutionary trend that runs throughout the plant
kingdom is that the sporophyte generation ___ and is more independent of the gametophyte, and
the gametophyte generation _____ and is more dependent upon the sporophyte. A) becomes
smaller, becomes smaller B) becomes larger, becomes smaller C) becomes smaller, becomes
larger D) becomes larger, becomes larger E) does not change in size, becomes larger 15.
Angiosperms differ from other plants in that two male gametes, contained within a single male
gametophyte, participate in fertilization events. One sperm nucleus combines with the egg to
produce a diploid zygote. The other sperm nucleus combines with two other haploid nuclei of the
female gametophyte. This process is called A) biparental inheritance. B) multiple paternity. C)
double fertilization. D) biparental fertilization. E) multiple fertilization. 16. The reproductive
organ of angiosperms is the A)sporangium. B) flower. C) cone. D) archegonium. E) sporophyte.
17. The prominent components of Earth\'s modern land flora in most areas are A) angiosperms.
B) gymnosperms. C) ferns. D) bryophytes. E) club mosses. 18. Flowers with insect pollination
have showy A) petals. B) sepals. C) anthers. D) fruits 19. In a.
Reproduction in plants
Flowers contain four whorls - calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. The gynoecium contains carpels with ovaries containing ovules. Pollen grains contain vegetative and generative cells. Fertilization involves pollination, where pollen is transferred, followed by germination of the pollen tube and fusion of sperm with egg and central cells, resulting in double fertilization. This stimulates fruit and seed development containing embryos that can grow into new plants.
Reproduction in organism NCERT Question and Answer by mohanbio2013
1. Reproduction, both sexual and asexual, is essential for continuity of life on Earth and evolution.
2. Sexual reproduction introduces genetic variation which allows offspring to better adapt to the environment, whereas asexual reproduction produces clones of the parent.
3. Vegetative reproduction, like runners and rhizomes, is a form of asexual reproduction where new plants are produced from fragments of the parent plant.
Class 10 - Reproduction.pptx
There are two main types of reproduction - asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction involves mitosis and produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. It is common in single-celled and simple organisms. Sexual reproduction involves meiosis and the fusion of male and female gametes, producing offspring that are not identical to the parents. It plays an important role in evolution and is seen in more complex multicellular organisms. Some examples of asexual reproduction discussed include binary fission, budding, regeneration and vegetative propagation using various plant structures like roots, stems and leaves. Sexual reproduction and the formation of gametes via meiosis is also summarized.
1. It is widely agreed that the plant kingdom arose from A)Eumycota..pdf
1. It is widely agreed that the plant kingdom arose from A)Eumycota. B)Chrysophyta.
C)Phaeophyta. D)Rhodophyta. E)Chlorophyta.
2. A universal feature of the life cycle of plants is A)morphologically identical haploid and
diploid stages. B)genetically identical haploid and diploid stages. C)alteration of generations
between heteromorphic haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes. D)All of the above
E)None of the above
3. Several evolutionary adaptations to land are shared by all plants. These shared adaptations do
not include A)waxy protective coverings. B)support against gravity. C)means of taking up water
from the soil. D)protective structures for the new sporophyte. E)water transport by xylem.
4. Ferns are in which phylum? A) Lycophyta B) Anthocerophyta C) Hepatophyta D) Pterophyta
E) Bryophyta
5. The bryophytes are dependent on water for reproduction because A) sperm are passively
transported to eggs by water. B) gametogenesis only occurs when the plants are moist. C) eggs
and sperm are released into water and then unite. D) sperm must swim through water to reach
and fertilize eggs. E) None of the above
6. All plants produce __________ by mitosis and __________ by meiosis. A)spores, gametes
B)gametes, gametes C)gametes, spores D)spores, spores E)spores, gametes and spores
7. In a heterosporous life cycle, the microspore develops into the _____ gametophyte, while the
megaspore develops into the ______ gametophyte. A)female, male B)male, female C)diploid,
haploid D)haploid, diploid E)None of the above
8. Asexual reproduction in liverworts is accomplished by A)gametophytes. B)spores. C)gemmae.
D)tracheids.
9. You are walking along a roadside and find a plant with the following characteristics: very thin
waxy cuticle, stomata, simple leaves in whorls around a central stem, independent sporophyte
and gametophyte, sporangia in strobili. This plant is most likely a member of which of the
following phyla? A)Bryophyta B)Sphenophyta C)Pterophyta D)Lycophyta
10. Plants differ from algae in that only plants A)are photosynthetic. B)are multicellular.
C)possess chlorophyll. D)have multicellular embryos protected by the parent. E)are eukaryotic.
11. Which statement about the alternation of generations in plants is not true? A) The plant life
cycle is characterized by diploid and haploid forms. B)Meiosis occurs in sporangia. C)Gametes
are always produced by meiosis. D)The zygote is the first cell of the sporophyte generation.
E)The gametophyte and sporophyte differ genetically.
12. The most abundant gymnosperm phylum today is A) Cycadophyta. B) Ginkgophyta. C)
Gnetophyta. D) Coniferophyta. E) None of the above
13. Coniferous gymnosperms, such as pines, depend primarily on __________ for pollination;
thus, the plants produce large quantities of pollen that disperse over large areas during the spring.
A) insects B) birds C) water D) wind E) mammals
14. An evolutionary trend that runs throughout the plant kingdom is that the sporophyte
generation ___ and .
fertilisation in angiosperms
This document summarizes the process of fertilization in angiosperms. It describes the structures involved, including the pollen grain, which contains two cells including the generative cell that divides into two male gametes. The female gamete is contained in the embryo sac, which contains seven cells including an egg cell. Pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains to the stigma. Germination of compatible pollen on the stigma produces a pollen tube that grows down to fertilize the egg cell in a process called double fertilization, where one gamete fuses with the egg and the other with the polar nuclei. This results in the formation of a diploid zygote and triploid endosperm to nourish
What are the major terrestrial adaptations of plants1- List the F.pdf
What are the major terrestrial adaptations of plants?
1- List the FOUR major challenges plants encountered as they evolved on to land.
2- Next to each challenge, provide at least ONE (or more) example(s) of an adaptation that meets
that challenge. Refer to Ch 17, Section 17.1 (pp 342-43)
Follow format below:
Challenge 1- Adaptation(s)
Challenge 2- Adaptation(s)
Challenge 3- Adaptation(s)
Challenge 4- Adaptation(s)
Solution
the four major challenges observed in all terrestrial plants include the following.
there is an alternation of generations,
a sporangium formation is seen,
a gametangium giving rise to haploid cells,
Apical meristem tissue which develops from roots and shoots.
challenge 1- Alternation of generations: Ferns reproduce using alteration of generations. it is a
diploid sporophyte and by meiosis produces single-celled haploid spores which are dispersed by
air, wind or floating water. after the spore reaches appropriate conditions, it will germinate and
form prothallus which carries out sexual reproduction forming a sporophyte.
challenge 2- Sporangia in the Seedless Plants: sporophytes of seedless plants are diploid and are
a result of syngamy or fusion of 2 gametes. sporophyte contains sporangia which are a
reproductive sac containing spores. inside the sporangia, diploid sporocytes or mother cells
produce haploids by meiosis thereby reducing chromosome number from 2n to n. These spores
get dispersed in the environment. ferns, mosses are one such
challenge 3- Gametangia in the Seedless Plants: seedless plants produce sperm with flagella and
swim into a moist environment to the archegonia which are the female gametangium. later, the
embryo develops inside as sporophyte. Liverwort plants are one example for such adaptation.
challenge 4- Apical Meristems: by rapid cell division in the tissues, the length of roots and
shoots increases which give rise to apical meristem. it is a small zone of cells present at the shoot
tip or root tip. Elongation of these shoots and roots helps the plants to access additional use
natural resources such as light by shoots and water by roots. Apple seedlings are examples where
apical meristems give rise to new shoots and root growth.
B10vrv6241
1) Flowers are reproductive organs composed of specialized leaves called sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Stamens contain pollen and anthers, while carpels contain ovaries with ovules that produce eggs.
2) Angiosperms undergo a life cycle with alternating sporophyte and gametophyte generations. Pollen grains and embryo sacs develop from meiosis and contain sperm and eggs.
3) Fertilization involves a pollen tube transferring two sperm for double fertilization - one fuses with the egg to form the embryo, while the other fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm in the seed.
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Exam 1 Review
- 1. BY 124 REVIEW Exam One
- 2. Question 1 Review the life cycle of a typical moss plant by filling in the following blanks: The dominant generation is the a)_____. Female gametophytes produce eggs in the b)______. Male gametophytes produce sperm in the c)________. Sperm d)_______ through the damp environment to fertilize the egg. The zygote remains in the archegonium and grows into the e)______, still attached to the female gametophyte. Spores are formed by the process of f)______ in the g)______. When shed, spores develop into the h)_______.
- 3. Question 2 Adaptations for terrestrial life seen in all plants are chlorophylls a and b cells walls of cellulose and lignin Sporopollenin, protection and nourishment of embryo by gametophyte Vascular tissue and stomata Alternation of generations
- 4. Question 3 Bryophytes differ from all other land plant groups because Their gametophyte generation is dominant They are lacking in gametangia They have flagellated sperm They are not embryophytes Of all of the above
- 5. Question 4 If a plant’s life cycle includes both a male and a female gametophyte, the sporophyte plat must be Heterosporous Homosporous Homologous Analogous Megasporous
- 6. Question 5 [Life cycle of a pine] Describe a pollen cone and the formation of a male gametophyte.
- 7. Question 6 [Life cycle of a pine] Describe a ovulate cone and the formation of a female gametophyte.
- 8. Question 7 Name the four whorls of modified leaves that make up a flower.
- 9. Question 8 What does a seed consist of?
- 10. Question 9 List the four phyla that are considered gymnosperms
- 11. Question 10 Where would you find a microsporangium in the life cycle of a pine? Within the embryo sac in an ovule In the pollen sacs in an anther At the base of a sporophyll in a pollen cone On a scale-like sporophyll found in an ovulate cone Forming a seed coat surrounding a pine seed
- 12. Question 11 In which of the following groups do sperm no longer have to swim to reach the female gametophyte? bryophytes ferns gymnosperms angiosperms Both c and d
- 14. The synchronization of nutrient development and fertilization resulting from double fertilization
- 15. Win pollination in conifers
- 16. The evolution of seeds in both gymnosperms and angiosperms
- 18. Question 14 Which types of plant cells lack nuclei at functional maturity?
- 19. Question 15 Starting from the outside, place the letters of the tissues in the order in which they are located in a woody tree trunk. Primary phloem Secondary phloem Primary xylem Secondary xylem Pith Cork cambium Vascular cambium Cork cells
- 20. Question 16 Explain the contribution of each of the following to the long-distance transport of water: Transpiration: Cohesion: Adhesion: Tension:
- 21. Question 17 Epiphytes Have haustoria for anchoring to their host plants and obtaining xylem or phloem sap Are symbiotic relationships between leaves and fungi Grow on other plants and obtain nutrients from their hosts Grow on other plants and do not obtain nutrients from their hosts Are able to fix their own nitrogen
- 22. Question 18 What function does double fertilization serve?
- 23. Question 19 Name two important messengers in plant hormonal systems.
- 24. Question 20 What kind of root growth do auxins promote? What kind of charge does auxin have? How are auxins transported in plants?