The document presents a report on three-dimensional (3-D) technology, highlighting its significance in various fields, including military, medicine, and entertainment. It details the phases of 3-D image creation—tessellation, geometry, and rendering—while discussing techniques like stereoscopy and integral imaging for capturing and displaying 3-D data. Additionally, it mentions the advancements in 3-D conformal radiotherapy, which utilizes 3-D digital data for precise radiation treatment planning.

1. NOIDA INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
REPORT FILE
―3- DIMENSIONAL TECHNOLOGY‖
1

2. Certificate
This is to certify that, Ankit Mishra of E.C-VII-A has made a report on
the ―3-Dimensional Technology‖. The report here submitted is true,
genuine, and accurate in its limitations.
Dr. V.K Pandey
(H.O.D ECE DEPTT.)
--------------------------------------------
Mr. Deepak Bhardwaj
(Lecturer)
----------------------------------------------
2

3. Acknowledgement
3

4. Abstract
Our left eye and right eye are two separate lenses, registering two
differently-angled images of the mouse, which are then sent to your
brain. The brain then acts as the ‗image processor‘, putting the two
pictures together to come up with one three-dimensional picture in
your mind. In computers, 3-D (three dimensions or three-dimensional)
describes an image that provides the perception of depth. 3-D
Technology has a vision of the future that is a quantum leap beyond
current display hardware. It is working to integrate a volumetric
display that can satisfy the visualization needs of industries as diverse
as military, medicine, science, engineering, education, and
entertainment. 3-D image creation can be viewed as a three-phase
process of: tessellation , geometry , and rendering 3-D Studio MAX,
Softimage 3D, and Visual Reality. The Virtual Reality Modelling
Language (VRML ) allows the creator to specify images and the rules
for theirs display and interaction using textual language statements.
4

5. Contents
Introduction………………………………………………………….. 6
Stereoscopy………………………………………………………….. 10
3-D image processing on integral imaging………………… 11
3-D Conformal Radiology…………………………………………. 21
3-D Printing……………………………………………………………. 23
3-D Television…………………………………………………………. 26
Digital 3-D………………………………………………………………. 31
3-D Cameras……………………………………………………………. 37
5

6. Introduction
In computers, 3-D (three dimensions or three-dimensional) describes
an image that provides the perception of depth. When 3-D images are
made interactive so that users feel involved with the scene, the
experience is called virtual reality
3-D image creation can be viewed as a three-phase process of:
tessellation , geometry , and rendering . In the first phase, models are
created of individual objects using linked points that are made into a
number of individual polygons (tiles). In the next stage, the polygons
are transformed in various ways and lighting effects are applied. In the
third stage, the transformed images are rendered into objects with
very fine detail.
Tessellation
• A tessellation or tiling of the plane is a collection of plane figures
that fills the plane with no overlaps and no gaps
• Regular and semi-regular tessellations, Hexagonal tessellation of
a floor
• A regular tessellation is a highly symmetric tessellation made up
of congruent regular polygons. Only three regular tessellations
exist: those made up of equilateral triangles, squares, or
hexagons. A semiregular tessellation uses a variety of regular
polygons; there are eight of these. The arrangement of polygons
6

7. at every vertex point is identical. Regular and semi-regular
tessellations
Rendering
Rendering is the process of generating an image from a model, by
means of computer programs
In the graphics pipeline, it is the last major step, giving the final
appearance to the models and animation.
Rendering has uses in architecture, video games, simulators, movie
or TV special effects, and design visualization, each employing a
different balance of features and techniques.
A rendered image can be understood in terms of a number of visible
features.
7

8. shading — how the color and brightness of a
surface varies with lighting
texture-mapping — a method of applying detail to
surfaces
bump-mapping — a method of simulating small-
scale bumpiness on surfaces
fogging/participating medium — how light dims
when passing through non-clear atmosphere or air
shadows — the effect of obstructing light
soft shadows — varying darkness caused by
partially obscured light sources
reflection — mirror-like or highly glossy
reflection
transparency (optics), transparency (graphic) or
opacity — sharp transmission of light through solid objects
translucency — highly scattered transmission of
light through solid objects
refraction — bending of light associated with
transparency
diffraction — bending, spreading and
interference of light passing by an object or aperture that
disrupts the ray
indirect illumination — surfaces illuminated by
light reflected off other surfaces, rather than directly from a light
source (also known as global illumination)
caustics (a form of indirect illumination) —
reflection of light off a shiny object, or focusing of light through a
transparent object, to produce bright highlights on another
object
depth of field — objects appear blurry or out of
focus when too far in front of or behind the object in focus
motion blur — objects appear blurry due to high-
speed motion, or the motion of the camera
non-photorealistic rendering — rendering of
scenes in an artistic style, intended to look like a painting or
drawing
8

9. 3D Rendering modeling and
Animation
9

10. Stereoscopy
Stereoscopy (also called stereoscopic or 3-D imaging) is any technique
capable of recording three-dimensional visual information or creating
the illusion of depth in an image.
Human vision uses several cues to determine relative depths in a
perceived scene[1]. Some of these cues are:
Stereopsis
Accommodation of the eyeball (eyeball focus)
Occlusion of one object by another
Subtended visual angle of an object of known size
Linear perspective (convergence of parallel edges)
Vertical position
Stereoscopy is the enhancement of the illusion of depth in a
photograph, movie, or other two-dimensional image by presenting a
slightly different image to each eye, and thereby adding the first of
these cues (stereopsis) as well.
Traditional stereoscopic photography consists of creating a 3-D
illusion starting from a pair of 2-D images. The easiest way to enhance
depth perception in the brain is to provide the eyes of the viewer with
two different images, representing two perspectives of the same
object, with a minor deviation exactly equal to the perspectives that
both eyes naturally receive in binocular vision.
10

11. 3-D Information Processing based on Integral Imaging
Three-dimensional (3D) information processing covers entire stages of
the data processing stream, including acquisition, processing, and
display. The techniques that have been developed so far can be listed
according to the amount of data they address. Stereoscopy and
holography are located at the opposite ends of that list. Stereoscopy
accesses the 3D information by using two view images. The required
bandwidth is only two times larger than that of the two-dimensional
(2D) case, and the system requirement is also relatively simple—a
stereo camera for acquisition and view splitting optical means such as
a parallax barrier and lenticular lens for display. The explicit 3D data
extraction, however, requires massive image processing and generally
is prone to errors since the depth is only implicitly encoded in the
disparity between two view images. The display of 3D images also
results in eye fatigue or discomfort, since only limited depth cues are
provided to the viewer. Holography directly addresses the wavefront of
the light from the object scene. Since the whole data extent of the
object light can be captured and reproduced without loss, the 3D
information processing can be achieved in a complete way. However,
the required bandwidth is too huge, and no device is currently
available for handling the holographic data in real time with
satisfactory resolution and viewing angle. Integral imaging is an
interesting alternative of stereoscopy and holography. Integral
imaging addresses the spatioangular distribution of light rays.
11

12. Although it depends on sampling density, it is safe to say that the data
extent of integral imaging is larger than stereoscopy and smaller than
holography.
Principle of Integral Imaging
For the 3D information acquisition, the object is captured by an image
sensor such as a charge coupled device (CCD) through a lens array.
The lens array consists of many identical lenses, i.e., elemental
lenses, and forms an array of the images of the object that are called
elemental images. These elemental images are captured and stored by
a CCD. For 3D data processing, the captured elemental images are
digitally processed to extract 3D data explicitly or to visualize the 3D
structure of the object for other applications. For the 3D display, the
elemental images are presented by an SLM and observed through the
lens array. The light rays from the elemental images are integrated by
the lens array such that they form a 3D image of the captured object.
12

13. Three-Dimensional Information Acquisition
Pickup Methods
The first stage of integral imaging is the acquisition of the
spatioangular light ray distribution, i.e., elemental images, which is
referred to as the pickup process. The basic configuration where the
recording medium has the same size as the lens array is simple as
shown in the pickup part of Fig. 2. In practice, however, the CCD
sensor, which is used as a recording medium, is much smaller than the
lens array, requiring modification of the basic configuration. The
immediate modification would be addition of one imaging lens for
demagnification of the elemental images as shown in Fig. 4. Usual
issues associated with this pickup system include (1) crosstalk
between neighboring elemental images, (2) nonparallel pickup
directions, and (3) difficulty of simultaneous pickup of real and virtual
objects. The crosstalk means overlapping of the elemental images on
the CCD plane as shown in Fig. 4. The overlapped elemental images
cannot be separated in later steps, and eventually this degrades the
quality of the reproduced 3D images. The pickup direction means the
direction from which the object is captured by a given elemental lens.
If one draws a trajectory of a chief ray that passes through the
principal points of an elemental lens and the imaging lens as shown in
Fig. 4, all the other rays refracted by the elemental lens will be evenly
13

14. distributed with respect to that chief ray. Hence the direction of the
chief ray in the object space can be regarded as the pickup direction
[3]. The pickup directions should be parallel, since the display system
of integral imaging has parallel directions for all elemental lenses.
Nonparallel pickup directions as shown in Fig. 4 cause depth-
dependent distortion of the reconstructed images [3,4]. Moreover the
basic configuration shown in Fig. 4 can capture only real objects, and
the simultaneous pickup of real and virtual objects is not possible..
Recent progress with the pickup system makes it possible to solve
these issues. For the nonparallel pickup directions, adding a large
aperture field lens after the aerial elemental image plane and locating
the imaging lens at the focal length of the field lens as shown in Fig.
5(a) can be one solution [3]. By controlling the size of the imaging lens
aperture, reduction of the crosstalk is also possible to some extent.
However, recent analysis shows the crosstalk cannot be completely
eliminated by the setup of Fig. 5(a). The enhanced system is shown in
Fig. 5(b) . In this configuration, a telecentric lens system behind the
lens array aligns the pickup directions parallel to each other. The
aperture stop also eliminates the crosstalk. Hence clear and
distortion-free elemental images can be captured. However, only real
objects can be captured, and simultaneous pickup of real and virtual
objects is not possible yet. The configuration shown in Fig. 5(c)
tackles these three issues at the same time . As shown in Fig. 5(c), a
telecentric lens system is used behind the lens array to make the
pickup directions parallel and prevent crosstalk as before. The unique
point is the use of the 4-f optics in front of the lens array. The 4-f
optics, which consists of 5 planes, i.e., the critical plane, first lens,
aperture plane, second lens, and rear focal plane, separated from each
other by the focal length, relays the object to the lens array space
maintaining the parallel pickup directions and no crosstalk condition.
Therefore the objects located around the critical plane are relayed by
the 4-f optics to the space around the lens array, and captured,
spanning real and virtual fields simultaneously without any
geometrical distortion. The dynamic control of the lateral location of
the aperture at the Fourier plane of the 4-f optics can also change the
angular range captured in each elemental image, making it possible to
14

15. increase the viewing angle of the 3D images by time multiplexing
afterwards . Another issue with the pickup system is pseudoscopic–
orthoscopic conversion. When objects are captured by a pickup
system and reproduced by a display system, the depth order of the
objects is reversed. To the viewer, the farther object looks like it is
occluding the closer object, which is unnatural. A simple way to
remedy this is to rotate each elemental image by 180° . The real image
is converted to a virtual image with corrected depth order. The
elemental image rotation can be done digitally or optically. For optical
operation, several systems using a gradient-index lens array or
overlaid multiple lens arrays have been proposed as shown in Figs.
6(a) and 6(b). Instead of rotating each elemental
image, it is also possible to invert the depth order of the objects using
an optical depth converter that usually consists of multiple lens arrays
as shown in Fig. 6(c) . A digital second pickup as shown in Fig. 6(d)
has also been proposed, where not only the depth order but also the
depth range can be controlled . For practical applications of the
pickup system, compact implementation of overall system is one of
the major issues. Recently, some progress has been reported. In one
study, a micro lens array was inserted in the main body of the camera
such that the overall system looks like an ordinary hand-held camera .
A direct integration of the multiaperture complimentary metal oxide
semiconductor image sensor has also been reported .
15

16. 16

17. 17

18. Viewing Quality Enhancement
There has been intensive research to enhance the viewing quality of
the integral imaging display system. These systems enhance viewing
parameters by increasing the information bandwidth using temporal or
spatial multiplexing or by modifying the configuration such that the
limited information bandwidth contributes more to a specific viewing
parameter while minimally sacrificing others. The depth range is one
of the essential parameters of the integral imaging display since it
characterizes the 3D nature of the integral imaging. One possible
method for depth range enhancement is to combine floating displays
with the integral imaging as shown in Fig. 16(a). The floating display
relays the object or image to the observer space. It is possible to
design the relay optics so that the image is magnified along the
longitudinal direction during the relay. Therefore, combined with
integral imaging, the insufficient depth range of integral imaging
display can be enhanced, giving much improved depth sensation to the
observer . Creating multiple CDPs shown in Fig. 16(b) is another
solution. Since the depth range is formed around a CDP, the available
depth range is widened by creating multiple CDPs. This is achieved by
moving the elemental image plane , using a birefringent plate ,
overlaying multiple liquid crystal display panels , or using multiple
electrically controllable active diffuser screens made of polymer-
dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) . The viewing angle enhancement is
achieved by enlarging the area in the elemental image plane that
corresponds to each elemental lens or by arranging it such that more
elemental images can contribute to the integration of the 3D images.
Elemental lens switching using an orthogonal polarization mask was
an early but very effective method . The curved lens array structure
shown in Fig. 17(a) can further increase the horizontal viewing angle .
A horizontal viewing angle of 66° for real 3D images was achieved
experimentally using curved screen and lens array . The use of the
multiple axis telecentric relay system shown in Fig. 17(b) can provide
the elemental images to the lens array with proper directions,
increasing the viewing angle . Head tracking, shown in Fig. 17(c), is
another approach . Instead of enlarging the
18

19. static viewing angle, the head tracking system can be used to
dynamically adapt the system for the observer, enhancing the
effective viewing angle. Although it is not practical yet, it is also
reported that a lens array made of negative refractive index material
can have a much smaller f-number, and hence the viewing angle can
be enhanced . Resolution enhancement is mainly achieved by
presenting more information using a higher resolution display panel or
using a temporal/spatial multiplexing scheme. Okano et al. used
ultrahigh definition video system of over 4000 scan lines for
developing a high-resolution integral imaging system . The use of
multiple projectors, which is shown in Fig. 18(a), has also been
proposed to increase the resolution of the elemental images . The time
multiplexing scheme is usually combined with the movement of the
lens array in an effort to reduce the grid pattern that is visible due to
the lens array structure and to increase the effective resolution of the
display panel as well. The moving lenslet array technique is the first
report of a time multiplexing resolution enhancement method . The
lens array, however, should be mechanically scanned along two
directions, which makes actual implementation difficult. A rotating
prism sheet in front of the lens array, which is shown in Fig. 18(b), can
relax this limitation , but mechanical movement is still required. A
recently proposed electrically controllable pinhole array, which is
shown in Fig. , eliminates this requirement completely . Low light
efficiency, however, still remains a problem.
19

20. 20

21. 21

22. 3-D Conformal Radoilogy
Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) is a complex
process that begins with the creation of individualized, 3D digital data
sets of patient tumors and normal adjacent anatomy. These data sets
are then used to generate 3D computer images and to develop
complex plans to deliver highly "conformed" (focused) radiation while
sparing normal adjacent tissue. For example, 3DCRT allows radiation
to be delivered to head and neck tumors in a way that minimizes
exposure of the spinal cord, optic nerve, salivary glands and other
important structures.
How does 3DCRT work?
3DCRT begins with a "virtual simulation" in which computed
tomography (CT) scans of the region of interest are obtained. The
virtual simulation creates a permanent digital file that can be
accessed by the entire treatment planning group to develop multiple,
individualized courses of therapy.
Scanned images are then linked into treatment planning software that
allows physicians to visualize the treatment area in three dimensions.
With this capability, radiation beam direction and intensity can be
selected to more precisely target the tumor while sparing surrounding
tissue. Clinicians input these selections into computer systems that
control treatment delivery.
22

23. What results are possible with 3DCRT?
A study presented in October 2003 by PAMF radiation oncologist
Pauling Chang demonstrates how three-dimensional treatment
planning can improve radiation treatment. The study found that 3DCRT
could improve the delivery of radiation beams to breast cancer tumors
while reducing burns to the surrounding skin.
23

24. 3-Dimensinal Printing
The system was developed at MIT and is shown schematically in Fig.
7. The method is very reminiscent of selective laser sintering, except
that the laser is replaced by an inkjet head.
Process
The multi-channel jetting head (A) deposits a liquid adhesive
compound onto the top layer of a bed of powder object material (B).
The particles of the powder become bonded in the areas where the
adhesive is deposited.
Once a layer is completed the piston (C) moves down by the thickness
of a layer. As in selective laser sintering, the powder supply system (E)
is similar in function to the build cylinder In this case the piston moves
upward incrementally to supply powder for the process and the roller
(D) spreads and compresses the powder on the top of the build
cylinder. The process is repeated until the entire object is completed
within the powder bed.
After completion the object is elevated and the extra powder brushed
away leaving a "green" object. Parts must usually be infiltrated with a
hardener before they can be handled without much risk of damage.
Applications
Reconstructing fossils in paleontology.
Replicating ancient and priceless artifacts in archaeology.
Rreconstructing bones and body parts in forensic pathology.
Reconstructing heavily damaged evidence acquired from crime
scene investigations.
Advantages
3D printing improves the iterative design process, enhancing
communication and understanding of design intent among all
stakeholders
24

25. On-the-fly modeling enables the creation of prototypes that
closely emulate the mechanical properties of the target design
Some technologies allow the combination of black and white
rigid materials in order to create a range of grayscales suitable
for consumer electronics and other applications
Save time and cost by removing the need to design, print and
‗glue together‘ separate model parts made with different
materials in order to create a complete model.
Online 3D printing services allow for a broad range of materials
to be 3D printed and delivered worldwide with no investment
cost.
25

26. 26

27. 3-D Television
A 3D television (3D-TV) is a television set that employs techniques of
3D presentation, such as stereoscopic capture, multi-view capture, or
2D plus depth, and a 3D display—a special viewing device to project a
television program into a realistic three-dimensional field.
Technologies
There are several techniques to produce and display 3D moving
pictures.Common 3D display technology for projecting stereoscopic
image pairs to the viewer include:
With lenses:
o Anaglyphic 3D (with passive red-cyan lenses)
o Polarization 3D (with passive polarized lenses)
o Alternate-frame sequencing (with active shutter lenses)
Without lenses:
Autostereoscopic displays, sometimes referred to commercially
as Auto 3D.
Shutter Glasses
These are glasses that alternately shut off the left eye and right eye,
while the TV emits separate images meant for each eye, thus creating
a 3D image in the viewer‘s mind.Here‘s how it works: The video signal
of the TV stores an image meant for the left eye on its even field, and
an image meant for the right eye on its odd field. The TV itself is
synchronised with the shutter glasses via infra-red or RF technology.
The shutter glasses contain liquid crystal and a polarising filter. Upon
receiving the appropriately synced signal from the TV, the shutter
glass is automatically applied with a slight current that makes it dark,
27

28. as if a shutter was drawn (hence the name). So at a time, only one eye
is seeing one image.
The technology perfectly draws the shutters over either eye to make
the left eye see the image meant for it on the even field, and make the
right eye see the odd field of the video signal. By viewing these two
images from different orientations, a 3D image is built up by the
viewer‘s brain.
While it seems like this would cause a delay for the viewer, there‘s no
need for such worries. With the high screen refresh rates that these
modern 3D televisions have, the end user‘s viewing experience is
seamless, smooth and rich.
However, the one down-side of this technology is that due to the rapid
drawing of ‗shutters‘, lesser light reaches the eye, thus making the
image seem darker than it is.
Polarised Glasses
Polarised glasses are basically your regular sunglasses, and have been
used as a medium for 3D stereoscopic viewing for a long time now.
They are also the most popular mode of 3D glasses, currently used by
large cinema houses and IMAX. Just like the shutter glasses, polarised
glasses use the lenses to show different images to each eye, making
the brain construct a 3D image for the viewer.
Here‘s how it works: For polarised glasses to work, the movie being
shown has to be shot using either two cameras, or a single camera
with two lenses. Two projectors (left and right), both fitted with
polarizing filters on their lenses, then simultaneously show the movie
on the same screen. The polarizing filter orients images from the left
projector to one plane (for the sake of example, let‘s say ‗vertical‘);
and the filter on the right lens orients its images to the plane that is
perpendicular to the left one (‗horizontal‘).
The viewer sits wearing the special glasses, which are equipped with
differently polarised lenses. The left lens of the glasses is aligned with
the same plane (vertical) that the left projector is throwing up images
28

29. at; and the right lens is aligned perpendicularly to correspond with the
plane of the right projector (horizontal).
Thus, the viewer‘s left eye sees only the images which the left
projector is screening, while the viewer‘s right eye sees only the
images which the right projector is screening. As both the images are
taken from different angles, the viewer‘s brain combines the two to
come up with a single 3D image.
But again, like the shutter glasses, the amount of light reaching your
eyes with polarised glasses is significantly lesser, making the image
appear darker than it is.
Without Glasses
The less popular of the two autostereoscopic models involves the use
of lenticules, which are tiny cylindrical plastic lenses. These lenticules
are pasted in an array on a transparent sheet, which is then stuck on
the display surface of the LCD screen. So when the viewer sees an
image, it is magnified by the cylindrical lens
29

30. When you are looking at the cylindrical image that the TV is now
showing you, your left and right eye see two different 2D images,
which the brain combines to form one 3D image.
However, lenticular lenses technology is heavily dependant on where
you are sitting. It requires a very specific ‗sweet spot‘ for getting the
3D effect, and straying even a bit to either side will make the TV‘s
images seem distorted. Depending on the number of lenticules and the
refresh rate of the screen, there can be multiple ‗sweet spots‘.
The other major method to enable autostereoscopic output is called
the parallax barrier. This is being actively pursued by companies such
as Sharp and LG, since it is one of the most consumer-friendly
technologies and the only one of the lot which allows for regular 2D
viewing.
The parallax barrier is a fine grating of liquid crystal placed in front of
the screen, with slits in it that correspond to certain columns of pixels
of the TFT screen. These positions are carved so as to transmit
alternating images to each eye of the viewer, who is again sitting in an
optimal ‗sweet spot‘. When a slight voltage is applied to the parallax
barrier, its slits direct light from each image slightly differently to the
left and right eye; again creating an illusion of depth and thus a 3D
image in the brain.
30

31. The best part about this, though, is that the parallax barrier can be
switched on and off with ease (one button on the remote is all it would
take, according to Sharp), allowing the TV to be used for 2D or 3D
viewing. So on a computer monitor, you could play video games in full
3D glory and then easily switch to 2D mode for your work
requirements.
While the wide range of content it offers is heartening, again, the need
to sit in the precise ‗sweet spots‘ hampers the usage of this
technology.
Still, there are quite a few companies finally looking to make 3D TVs a
reality. In the upcoming third part of this series, we will take a look at
some of the brands and products that promise to bring next-gen
content to your living room.
31

32. Digital 3D
Digital 3D is a non-specific 3D standard in which films, tv shows, and
video games are presented and shot in digital 3D technology or later
processed in digital Post-production to add a 3D effect. One of the first
studios to use digital 3D was Walt Disney Pictures. In promoting their
first CGI animated film Chicken Little, they trademarked the phrase
Disney Digital 3-D and teamed up with RealD in order to present the
film in 3D in the United States. A total of over 62 theaters in the US
were retro-fitted to use this new system.
Even though some critics and fans were skeptical about digital 3D, it
began to catch on and now there are several more digital 3D formats
such as Dolby 3D, XpanD 3D and MasterImage 3D. In 2008, IMAX
announced that it would be releasing digital versions of its films and
now IMAX 3D can be shown digitally in an IMAX digital venue. The first
home video game console to be capable of 3D was the Sega Master
System in which a limited number of titles where capable of delivering
3D.
History
A first peak of 3D film production started in 1952 and continued to
1955, during a time which was known as the golden era of 3D film.
Anaglyph red/blue 3D glasses were used in theaters along with
Polarized 3D glasses, and was among the many gimmicks proposed by
movie studios - like cinerama and cinemascope - to bring audiences to
the theater and in order to compete with television. A later process
that used red/green glasses came in the 1960s, this too lost out. Time
and time again 3D has been used to promote theaters, however the
advent of widescreen formats and widescreen TVs eclipsed these
efforts.
32

33. After announcing that Home on the Range would be their last hand
drawn feature in fear that Pixar would not re-sign for a new
distribution deal, Disney went to work on Chicken Little. Not only did
make it using CGI but also presented it in 3D. Disney heeded a
suggestion by the RealD company to use their system and, after
looking at test footage, decided to proceed. In 2005, Chicken Little
was a success at the box office in both 2D and 3D screenings. Two
more films followed in their classic feature animation - Meet the
Robinsons and Bolt - along with several others. Since then many film
studios have shot and released many films in several digital 3D
formats. In 2010, Avatar became the first feature film shot in Digital 3D
to win the Academy Award for Best Cinematography and was also
nominated for Best Picture.
2D to 3D conversion
Before the advent of digital cinema, converting 2D images to 3D was
mainly used for computer graphics because converting for film was
impossible. Following the release of Chicken Little, Walt Disney
Pictures decided to that it would re-release the 1993 film The
Nightmare Before Christmas in digital 3D. The film was rescanned and
then each frame was manipulated to create a left eye and right eye
image, doubling the number of frames. Disney wanted the film done in
time for a Halloween release and the work was costly but proved
successful. 2D to 3D conversions have become faster and a
convenience to filmmakers who do not like to deal with any kind of 3D
camera system whether it shoots film or digital video. Some critics
state that such things should not be done as it feels fake at times and
would say that if a film has been converted to 3D, they would rather
see its original flat 2D version instead. Some critics and fans do say
that it is a work-in-progress but there is no major standard for
converting 2D to 3D as of this date. CGI animated films can be
converted to 3D by going back to the source models as long as they
are still in existence. A small number of films shot in 2D are set to be
re-released in 3D both in theaters and straight-to-3D Blu-ray. Live-
Action
33

34. The standard for shooting live-action films in 3D haven't changed much
due to the standards of how true 3D Film is shot. It involves using two
cameras mounted so that their lenses are about as far apart from each
other as the average pair of human eyes, recording two separate
images for both the left eye and the right eye. In 2008, Journey to the
Center of the Earth became the first live-action feature film to be
released in Digital 3D. This film was later followed with several other
films shot in Live-action. The 2009 release of Avatar was shot in a 3D
process that is based on how the human eye looks at an image, it was
an improvement to a currently existing 3D camera system.
Animation
CGI animation is where most Digital 3D features come along, in 2009
the release of Monsters vs Aliens was the first 3D feature by
Dreamworks animation and used a new digital rendering process
called InTru3D which is a process developed by Intel to create more
realistic 3D images despite the fact that they are animated. InTru3D is
not a way that films are exhibited in theaters in 3D, the films created
in this process are seen in either RealD 3D or IMAX 3D.
Video games
In June 1986, Sega released the Sega Master System, part of the third
generation of gaming consoles. The system had a card slot that
provided power to a single pair of LCD shutter glasses, allowing
certain games to be viewed in 3D; however, only 13 3D-compatible
games were ever released, and when the system was redesigned in
1990 in order to cut down on manufacturing costs, it lost the ability to
support 3D. It was the first known electronic device released in North
America to use LCD shutter glasses.
In July 1995, Nintendo released the Virtual Boy, a 3D viewer that acted
like a pair of goggles. Both left and right eye images were red, and put
strain on the player's eyes; the system was a failure and was
discontinued the following year. In December 2008, several 3rd party
developers for the PlayStation 3 announced they would work toward
bringing Stereoscopic 3D gaming to major gaming consoles using their
34

35. own technology. In the coming months, both the Xbox 360 and the
PlayStation 3 will be capable of 3D imaging via 3DTV and
system/hardware updates. On June 15, 2010 at the E3 Expo, Nintendo
unveiled the Nintendo 3DS, the successor to the Nintendo DS series of
handheld consoles. It will be the first gaming console to allow 3D
viewing without the need for 3D glasses.
Home Media
Television
After the unexpected box office success of Avatar and a record
number of 20 3D films released in 2009, TV manufactures saw the
demand for 3DTVs go up dramatically and went in further into research
and development. The first to announce was Panasonic, followed in
April 2010 by an announcement from Sony that their 3DTV technology
would be somewhat loosely based on RealD's technology. Each TV
manufacture would make their own 3D glasses. The same month,
Samsung released a 3D starter kit which included the purchase of 3
items with a discount a select retailers, the starter kit would include a
Samsung model 3DTV, a samsung brand 3D capable Blu-ray disk
player, and a box with two pairs of Samsung brand 3D glasses which
included an exclusive 3D Blu-ray edition of Monsters vs. Aliens.
Specifications for 3D also include the HDMI 1.4a standards. Some of
these tv's can also convert 2D into 3D, but such features are limited as
to how much depth can be generated. In June 2010 Panasonic
announced Coraline and Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs as bonus 3D
Blu-ray titles with the purchase of any of their 3DTVs. On June 22,
2010, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs became the first 3D Blu-ray
title to be released without any requirements to buy any new
electronic hardware but free copies of this title will be included in 3D
entertainment packages by Sony.
Home Video
Several DVD and Blu-ray releases have already tried their hands at
releasing the 3D versions of films by using an anaglyph format. One
noted release prior to the advent of digital cinema is the 1982 film
35

36. Friday the 13th: Part 3 in 3D, but other such films actually shot
digitally like Coraline released on DVD and Blu-ray. Both included 2D
and 3D versions and both where packaged with pairs of 3D glasses, it
is currently being offered as a bonus 3D Blu-ray with the purchase of
any Panasonic 3DTV. The Blu-ray Association ordered a new standard
for presenting 3D content on Blu-ray that would also be Backwards
Compatible with all 2D displays. In December 2009, it was announced
that they had adopted the Multiview Video Codec, which would be
playable in all Blu-ray disk players even if they could not generate a 3D
image. The codec contains information that is readable on a 2D output
plus additional information that can only be read on a 3D output and
display. It is exactly the same when television stations started
broadcasting in color while most TV owners still had black and white
TV sets.
36

37. Dolby 3D
Dolby 3D (formerly known as Dolby 3D Digital Cinema) is a marketing
name for a system from Dolby Laboratories, Inc. to show three-
dimensional films in a digital cinema.
[edit] Technology
Dolby 3D uses a Dolby Digital Cinema projector that can show both 2D
and 3D films. For 3D presentations, an alternate color wheel is placed
in the projector. This color wheel contains one more set of red, green,
and blue filters in addition to the red, green, and blue filters found on a
typical color wheel. The additional set of three filters are able to
produce the same color gamut as the original three filters but transmit
light at different wavelengths. Glasses with complementary dichroic
filters in the lenses are worn which filter out either one or the other
set of three light wavelengths. In this way, one projector can display
the left and right stereoscopic images simultaneously. This method of
stereoscopic projection is called wavelength multiplex visualization.
The dichroic filters in the Dolby 3D glasses are more expensive and
fragile than the glasses technology used in circular polarization
systems like RealD Cinema and are not considered disposable.
However, an important benefit of Dolby 3D as compared to RealD is
that no special silver screen is needed for it to work.
37

38. 3-D Cameras
The application of 3D capturers is the process of using
digital cameras and pre-designed light to capture the
information of shape and appearance of real objects. This
process provides a simple way of acquiring 3D models of
unparalleled details of objects and realizes 3D image
modeling by scanning t hem from the real world.
The purpose of a 3D camera is usually to create a point cloud
of points on the surface of the subject. These points can then
be used to extrapolate the shape of the object (a process
called reconstruction). 3D cameras are very analogous to
cameras. Like cameras, they have a cone-like field of view,
and like cameras, they can only collect information about
surfaces that are not obscured. While a camera collects
color information about surfaces within its field of view, 3D
cameras collect distance information about surfaces within
its field of view. The ―picture‖ produced by a 3D camera
describes the distance to a surface at each point in the
picture.
For most situations, a single scan will not produce a
complete 3D image model of the object. Multiple scans from
many different directions are usually required to obtain
information about all sides of the objects. These scans are
merged to create a complete 3D image model.
Technologies of 3D cameras and 3D scanners
There are two types of 3D cameras, which are contact and
non-contact. Non-contact 3D cameras can be further divided
into two main categories, active cameras and passive
cameras. There are a variety of technologies that fall under
each of these categories.
Active 3D cameras emit some kind of radiation or light and
detect its reflection in order to probe an object or
environment. Possible types of radiation used include light,
ultrasound or x-ray.
38

39. Time of Flight Technique:
The time-of-flight 3D laser camera is an active 3D camera
that uses laser light to probe the object. At the heart of this
type of 3D camera is a time-of-flight laser range finder. The
laser range finder finds the distance of a surface by timing
the round-trip time of a pulse of light. A laser is used to emit
a pulse of light and the amount of time before the reflected
light is seen by a detector is timed. Since the speed of light
is a known, the round-trip time determines the travel
distance of the light, which is twice the distance between
the 3D camera and the object surface. The laser range finder
only detects the distance of one point in its direction of view.
Thus, the 3D capturer scans its entire field of view one point
at a time by changing the range finder‘s direction of view to
scan different points. The view direction of the laser range
finder can be changed by either rotating the range finder
itself, or by using a system of rotating mirrors. The latter
method is commonly used because mirrors are much lighter
and can thus be rotated much faster. Typical time-of-flight 3D
laser capturers can measure the distance of 10,000 points
every second.
Triangulation Technique:
The triangulation 3D laser capturer is also an active 3D laser
capturer that uses laser light to probe the environment. This
type of 3D laser capturer is identical to the time-of-flight 3D
laser scanner except for the way in which the laser range
finder determines distance. The triangulation laser range
finder used in this 3D capturer shines a laser on the subject
and a camera looks at the location of the laser dot. The laser
and the camera are placed so that the direction of the laser
and the view direction of the camera are not parallel.
Depending on how far away the laser strikes a surface, the
laser dot appears at different places in the camera‘s field of
view. This technique is called triangulation because the laser
dot, the camera and the laser emitter form a triangle. The
length of one side of the triangle, the distance between the
camera and the laser emitter is known. The angle of the
39

40. laser emitter corner is also known. The angle of the camera
corner can be determined by looking at the location of the
laser dot in the camera‘s field of view. These three pieces of
information fully determine the shape and size of the triangle
and gives the location of the laser dot corner of the triangle.
Structured Light Technique:
Structured light 3D capturers project a pattern of light on the
subject and look at the deformation of the pattern on the
subject. The pattern maybe be one dimensional or two
dimensional. An example of a one dimensional pattern is a
line. The line is projected onto the subject using either an
LCD projector or a sweeping laser. A camera, offset slightly
from the pattern projector, looks at the shape of the line and
uses a technique similar to triangulation to calculate the
distance of every point on the line. In the case of a single-
line pattern, the line is swept across the field of view to
gather distance information one strip at a time. An example
of a two dimensional pattern is a grid or a line strip pattern.
A camera is used to look at the deformation of the pattern
and a fairly complex algorithm is used to calculate the
distance at each point in the pattern. A variety of other
patterns can be used, each with their own advantages and
disadvantages. The advantage of structured light 3D
capturers is speed. Instead of scanning one point at a time,
structured light capturers scan multiple points or the entire
field of view at once. This reduces or eliminates the problem
of distortion from motion. Some existing systems are capable
of scanning moving objects in real-time.
Passive 3D Image Modeling Technologies
Passive 3D capturers do not emit any kind of radiation and
lights themselves, but instead rely on detecting reflected
ambient radiation. Most 3D capturers of this type detect
visible light because it is a readily available ambient
radiation. Other types of radiation, such as infrared could
also be used.
40

41. Stereoscopic Technique:
Stereoscopic 3D scanners usually employ two video cameras
or mirrors, slightly apart, looking at the same scene. By
analyzing the slight differences between the images seen by
each camera/mirror, it is possible to determine the distance
at each point in the images. This method is based on human
stereoscopic vision.
Reconstruction Technique:
The point clouds produced by 3D scanners are usually not
used directly. Most applications do not use point clouds, but
instead use polygonal 3D image models. The process of
converting a point cloud into a polygonal 3D model is called
reconstruction. Reconstruction involves finding and
connecting adjacent points in order to create a continuous
surface. Many algorithms are available for this purpose.
Specifications of a particular 3-d camera
Z-L1 $9,500.00
JPEG picture resolution 8 Mega-pixel
People captured 1 - 3 sit in one or two rows
3D reconstruction
0.3 mm
resolution
Capturing time <0.5s
Exposure time 1/120s - 1/60s
41

42. Maximum vision field 32"(w)*22"(h)*14"(d)
Distance from 3D camera
59"
to object
Environment light any light intensity conditions, don't need
requirement additional lighting
Configured to capture face, chest, back
Scalability
and head
3D recon structure angle
From 0 to 180 degree at one view direction
scope
Dimensions 16"(w)*5.5"(h)*8"(d)
Weight 7kg
Software OS Windows 2000, XP,Vista
D/2D Laser Crystal Engraving Machines
3D laser engraving machines developed by our advanced 3D laser
engraving technology are able to engrave your image into 3D laser
crystals. Our latest 3D laser engraving machines use diode pump and
air cooling technologies to make 3D laser machines very fast, portable
and reliable. Your image can be engraved into a 3D laser crystal
through our 3D laser engraving machine that penetrate through the
crystal and coordinate with the positions of tiny points depicting the
image.
The operation of the 3D laser crystal engraving machine is controlled
by the software using an optimized control algorithm to effectively
create each portrait with great quality, which is perfect for business
models set in shopping mall and traveling area. You can get all
equipments, such as 3D laser crystal engraving machines, 3D camera,
blank crystals and the way of how to setup/start your 3D laser crystal
engraving business, also free setup and training service.
42

43. LE-X1500 Fast 3D laser crystal engraving machine
The excellent stable diode-pumped solid-state 3D laser engraving
technology has been developed by our company. The LE-X laser
crystal engraving machine fully utilizes latest laser technologies and
reach super high engraving speed - 1500 points/s, and that allow you
are able to engrave 2D/3D image into crystral with super fast speed.
The most advantage of this new 3D laser engraving machine is smaller
size, low power consumption - only needs 700W and 110v voltage.
Actually you can easily bring or set 3D crystal engraving business in
shopping mall or any where you like.
(1) Laser medium Nd: YVO4 diode pump laser.
(2) Engraving speed: 1,500 points/s.
(3) Size of system: 28"(H) * 20"(W) * 25"(L).
(4) Power: 700(w).
(5) Laser Position accuracy: 3um
(6) Laser Engraving Resolution: 5um
(7) Power supply: 110v with 50/60Hz
(8) Max. Engraving Crystal size: 8"(X), 8"(Y), 4.5"(Z).
(9) Max. marking range: 7"(X), 6.5"(Y), 4"(Z).
(10) Laser Engraving speed: 90,000 points/min.
(11) Air heat exchange system.
(12) Head of 3D laser machine: 1.
(13) System weight: 80 kg
43

44. LE-X1500s Smaller and faster 3D laser crystal engraving machine
The LE-X1500s is small size laser machine with latest diode-pumped
laser component. This 3d laser crystal engraving machine is especially
designed for users who want to setup booth in shopping mall due to its
smaller size and easy to operate. The unique feature of this 3d/2d laser
crystal machine is that it is able to engrave the surface of metal,
plastic and leather materials. It combines the capability of 3d laser
crystal engraving with marking on metal surface. It's the first 3d laser
crystal engraving machine in the market with this unique capability.
You are able to engrave 3d and 2d images into either in crystals or
metal, plastic and leather gifts. The LE-X1500s 3d laser crystal
machine is the first laser engraving machine in the world with
capability of engraving both subsurface and surface.
(1) Laser medium Nd: YVO4 diode pump laser.
(2) Engraving speed: 1,500 points/s.
(3) Size of system: 24"(H) * 27"(W) * 19"(D).
(4) Power: 600(w).
(5) Mini diameter of a point: 60um
(6) Max diameter of a point: 150um
(7) Power supply: 110v or 220v with 50/60Hz
(8) Max. Engraving size: 6"(X), 3"(Y), 4"(Z).
(9) Max. Crystal size: 8"(X), 6"(Y), 4.5"(Z).
(10) Laser Engraving speed: 90,000 points/min.
(11) Air cooling system.
(12) Head of 3D laser machine: 1.
(13) System weight: 60 kg
44

45. LE-X2000 Super fast 3D laser crystal engraving machine
The LE-X2000 3D laser engraving machine is the fasest laser
engraving system with speed (120000 points/min) in our company by
using the most advancedlaser engraving technology - YVO4 diode
pump laser, with smaller size. This high speed crystal laser engraving
machine is perfect for shopping mall business model, since with small
size of system you can put any where to take the customer order and
make 3D crystal product right way. This 3d laser engraving machine
has bigger engraving size 14"(X)*12"(Y)*4"(D) which is biggest
engraving size with smaller boby in the market.
(1) Laser medium Nd: YVO4 diode pump laser.
(2) Engraving speed: 120,000 points/min.
(3) Size of system: 27"(H)*27"(W)*35"(D).
(4) Power: 1000(w).
(5) Laser system resolution: 600 dpi or more.
(6) Positioning accuracy: 10um
(7) Power supply: 110v or 220v with 50/60Hz
(8) Max. Engraving Crystal size: 12"(Y)*14"(X)*4.0"(Z).
(9) Air cooling system
(10) Head of 3D laser machine: 1.
(11) Weight: 100kg.
45

46. Z-2000A Super fast 3D laser crystal engraving machine
The Z-2000A 3D laser engraving machine uses the latest laser
engraving technology - diode pump laser to control the mirror to
engrave image into 3D crystal instead of moving crystal. This diode
laser machine is the one with highest engraving speed - 120000
points/min in our company. With one or two minutes you can get nice
3D crystal with high quality picture engraved. This 3D laser machine
has very small size and is specially designed for shopping mall and
easily to be moved to any where. It looks like a desk computer with
touch color monitor embedded and easy to use.
(1) Engraving speed: 120,000 points/min.
(2) Laser Medium: Diode pump laser.
(3) Size of laser system: 22 "(H) * 12"(W) * 25"(L).
(4) Power: less 400(w).
(5) 3D Laser Machine position accuracy: 2um.
(6) Laser system resolution: 600pdi or more.
(7) Power supply: 220v/110v with 50/60Hz.
(8) Laser engraving size: X-2.5", Y-2.5", Z-3.0".
(9) Max crystal size: X-7", Y-8", Z-4.2".
(10) System Weight: 45KG.
(11) Air cooling system
(12) Head of 3D laser machine: 1.
46

47. SL-2000 Super Fast 3D laser crystal engraving machine
The SL-2000 3D laser engraving machine is laser engraving system
with the engraving speed (2000 points/s) by using the most advanced
laser engraving technology - diode pump laser. This high speed crystal
laser engraving machine is perfect for shopping mall business model,
since it integrates computer with laser machine with small size of
system, you can put it to any where to take the customer order and
make 3D crystal product. The unique technology used in the 3D laser
mahcine is controllable pulse width, that means the engraved dot size
can be controlled by software.
(1) Laser medium Nd: Diode (DPSSL-Q Switch).
(2) Frequency: 2000Hz.
(3) Size of laser system: 22"(H)*26"(W)*22"(D).
(4) Power: 600w.
(5) Laser system resolution: 600 dpi or more.
(6) Position Accuracy: 10 um.
(7) Power supply: 110v or 220v with 50/60Hz.
(8) Engraving size: 5"(Y)*4.5"(X)*4.0"(Z).
(9) Weight: 100kg.
(10) Engraving speed: 2,000 points/s.
(11) Air cooling system.
(12) Head of 3D laser machine: 1.
47

48. 48