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Volcano hazards
- 2. Learning Competencies Interpret different volcano hazard maps; and 5. Apply appropriate measures/interventions before, during, and after a volcanic eruption. 1. Explain various volcano-related hazards; 2. Differentiate among different volcano hazards; 3. Recognize signs of an impending volcanic eruption; 4. Interpret different volcano hazard maps; and 5. Apply appropriate measures/interventions before, during, and after a volcanic eruption.
- 3. Introduction • A volcano is a mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth’s crust.
- 5. Lahar • Lahar is an Indonesian term that describes a hot or cold mixture of water and rock fragments flowing down the slopes of a volcano and river valleys.
- 6. Ash fall • Ash fall is a rain of airborne ash resulting from a volcanic eruption. It can have serious detrimental effects on agricultural crops and livestock depending mainly on ash thickness, the type and growing condition of a crop, the presence of soluble flouride on the ash, and timing and intensity of subsequent rainfall.
- 7. Pyroclastic flow • Pyroclastic flow are heavier-than-air gas- particle emulsions that across the ground at velocities ranging from 10 m/sec to 300 m/sec. They can attain temperatures of over 1000 C.
- 8. Ballistic projectiles • Ballistic projectiles are rocks that an erupting volcano may hurl into the air. These blocks and bombs travel like cannon balls and usually land within 2km of the vent (but can travel as far as 5km, or even further, if the eruption is very explosive.)
- 9. Volcanic gases • Sulfur compounds, chlorine and fluorine react with water to form poisonous acids damaging to the eyes, skin and respiratory systems of animals even in very small concentrations.
- 10. Lava Flow • It rarely threaten human life because lava usually moves slowly-a few centimeters a few centimeters per hour.
- 12. Subduction volcanoes • They are located in the zones of the earth’s crust where one tectonic plate is thrust and consumed beneath another. They compromise about 80 % of the world’s active volcanoes and are the most explosive type characterized by a composite cone associated with multiple hazards.
- 13. Rift volcanoes • It occur where tectonic plates diverge, effusive especially when they occur on the deep, ocean floor.
- 14. Hot spot volcanoes • It exist in the middle of tectonic plates where a crustal weakness allows molten material to penetrate from the earth’s interior.
- 15. Hot spot volcanoes • An example of a active hotspot in Hawaii. This hotspot has been around for millions of years and created the islands Hawaii, Maui, Oahu and Kauai.
- 16. Signs of an Impending Volcanic Eruption 1. Increase of seismic activity. 2. Deformation of volcano. 3. Gases that come out of fumaroles. 4. If plants nearby die suddenly, if the colour of any lakes or ponds nearby changes. 5. Changes in thermal images of volcanic areas.
- 21. Appropriate Measures/ Interventions Before, During and After a Volcanic Eruption
- 22. Before a Volcanic Eruption 1. Each one should be aware of the dangers that volcanic eruptions pose to lives and be prepared to face whatever circumstances the eruption may bring. 2. Prepare all necessary things such as food, water, light sources, masks, and batteries to bring once evacuation is needed. 3. Prioritize the safety of kids before other things.
- 23. During a Volcanic Eruption 1. Avoid all low-lying place 2. Seek cover in case of ash falls and rocks falls. 3. Use masks and cover your mouth. 4. Close all doors and windows. 5. Always stays indoors/ evacuation center. 6. Keep watchful eye on the kids
- 24. After a Volcanic Eruption 1. Go back to your house but leave the kids. 2. Clean everything around and check all the damages incurred. 3. Use masks while cleaning ash and other debris. 4. Wait for the further announcements. 5. Make sure that your house is still safe for all of you.
- 25. Online references • https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=volcano&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1vtPxv4ffAhXaZCsK HZKoBRIQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=qSMYbDN3wgxBNM: • https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=lahar&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjU9Ont3YffAhUabysK HfmqDVUQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=608#imgrc=ljfVBNHl2FxLiM: • https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=lahar&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjU9Ont3YffAhUabysK HfmqDVUQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=608#imgrc=Ou95skPHEDQRrM: • https://www.google.com.ph/search?biw=1366&bih=657&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=C1IHXPKOB4u-9QPu0b- ABg&q=ash+fall&oq=ash+fall&gs_l=img.3..0l7j0i10j0l2.500688.503138..503799...0.0..0.235.1437.0j5j3......0....1..g ws-wiz-img.......0i67.7bnWcpQ-T-o#imgrc=QcogF2SatXexMM: • https://www.google.com.ph/search?biw=1366&bih=657&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=C1IHXPKOB4u-9QPu0b- ABg&q=ash+fall&oq=ash+fall&gs_l=img.3..0l7j0i10j0l2.500688.503138..503799...0.0..0.235.1437.0j5j3......0....1..g ws-wiz-img.......0i67.7bnWcpQ-T-o#imgrc=XvZzGkZBNbRfGM: • https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=pyroclastic+flow&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT6Lrw74ff AhXOfisKHc6qA0YQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=608#imgrc=g1pGBvsuu8eEtM: • https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=ballistic+projectiles+of+volcano&hl=en- PH&authuser=0&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6hOCU9IffAhUHdXAKHVjBBS0Q_AUICSgA&biw=1366&bih=6 08&dpr=1 • https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=volcanic+gases&hl=en- PH&authuser=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjZ1_L99IffAhWCjJAKHdOBAl4Q_AUIDigB&bi w=1366&bih=608#imgrc=_vKQaNE9IDmenM: • https://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en- PH&authuser=0&biw=1366&bih=608&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=91wHXOXrE5L8wQP- l4KADQ&q=lava+flow&oq=lava+&gs_l=img.1.0.0i67j0l2j0i67l2j0l2j0i67j0j0i67.460806.461641..462957...0.0..0.242. 841.0j4j1......0....1..gws-wiz-img.MHG-10RMDpk#imgrc=8kQLAtIWWXlzKM:
- 26. • https://volcanoes-in-aus.weebly.com/hotspots--volcanic-eruption- australia.html • http://morbidstreak.blogspot.com/2016/01/vancouver-vancouver-this-is- it-eruption.html • https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=fumaroles&hl=en- PH&authuser=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_iOqPjIrfA hVYeysKHc4_BtQQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=608#imgrc=FCj8CCZdI9PsrM: • https://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=en- PH&authuser=0&biw=1366&bih=608&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=54IIXO7VN9Wh yAPAuYrQDA&q=changing+color+of+lakes+by+volcano&oq=changing+colo r+of+lakes+by+volcano&gs_l=img.3...144805.149550..150618...0.0..0.292. 4170.0j18j5......0....1..gws-wiz-img.......0i7i30j0i7i5i30j0i8i7i30.- QcT581hHO4#imgrc=QpmzsESxXLfoLM: • https://www.google.com/search?q=Volcano+Hazard+map&source=lnms& tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiu2NWU6tLfAhVFtI8KHfTgApAQ_AUIDigB& biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=SdlmAUipM9tVqM:
- 27. Book Reference • Bagolong, S.P. et al (2016). Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction for Senior High School. Mutya Publishing House, Inc.
Editor's Notes
- Lahars are volcanic mudflows created when water (from rain or melt water from glaciers) and ash mix. ... When lahars settle they can be metres thick and as hard as cement. Lahars can occur long after a volcanic eruption. Pyroclastic flows are avalanches containing hot volcanic gases, ash and volcanic bombs.
- 29 000 79 AD from eruption of Mt. Vesuvius were destroyed. pyroclastic flow is a hot (typically >800 °C), chaotic mixture of rock fragments, gas, and ash that travels rapidly (tens of meters per second) away from a volcanic vent or collapsing flow front. Pyroclastic flows can be extremely destructive and deadly because of their high temperature and mobility.
- At the time of eruption, lighter ash fall extended to greater distances than shown here. The term tephradefines all pieces of all fragments of rock ejected into the air by an erupting volcano. Most tephra falls back onto the slopes of the volcano, enlarging it.
- At the time of eruption, lighter ash fall extended to greater distances than shown here. The term tephradefines all pieces of all fragments of rock ejected into the air by an erupting volcano. Most tephra falls back onto the slopes of the volcano, enlarging it.
- At the time of eruption, lighter ash fall extended to greater distances than shown here. The term tephradefines all pieces of all fragments of rock ejected into the air by an erupting volcano. Most tephra falls back onto the slopes of the volcano, enlarging it.
- Rift zones are areas where the volcano is rifting or splitting apart. The rock in arift zone has many cracks and is relatively weak, and thus it is easiest for magma to make its way to the surface through these rift zones.
- (Mawi, Owahu, Kawayi) As stated previously, there are no active volcanoes on the Australian mainland. So what needs to happen for volcanoes to erupt? For a volcano to erupt in Australia, a hotspot would have to form. This is because Australia is right in the middle of the Indo-Australian plate, so it does not experience converging, diverging or transforming plate boundaries. Therefore, volcanoes cannot be formed in Australia by a plate tectonic boundary at this point in time. Evidence suggests that there has previously been a hotspot in Australia called the East Australian Hot Spot. It caused the mountainous/volcanic areas along the Eastern coastal areas. As the continental plate moved along the hotspot, the line of volcanoes progressed through Queensland through toward New South Wales(Geological sites of NSW, 2014*) however, this hotspot was active millions of years ago and may not be so now.
- the gases emitted from an erupting volcano, such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric acid and carbon monoxide. SO2 emissions can cause acid rain and air pollution downwind of a volcano—at Kīlauea volcano in Hawaii, high concentrations of sulfur dioxide produce volcanicsmog (VOG) causing persistent health problems for downwind populations.
- 2. Mask for ash fall 3. If you have reletives or friends who are far from the volcano, take your children there until such time that your place is safe.
- 2. Mask for ash fall 3. If you have reletives or friends who are far from the volcano, take your children there until such time that your place is safe.