Three Thousand M1 seeds of KDML105 induced by 20 k-rad gamma-ray were grown for M1 Plants to produce M2 seeds for growing M2 plants. Segregated M2 plants were selected based on photo insensitivity, short stature, short harvest-age, drought tolerance, good growth with high seed yield under upland conditions. Seventy-two M2 lines were selected and their M3 seeds were grown as hill per line under upland conditions and 12 hills of 70th line were selected. M4 seeds of the selected hills were grown under both upland and transplanting conditions and 4 lines were selected namely KDML105’ 10 GR-TU-70-3, KDML105’ 10GR-TU-70-6, KDML105’ 10GR-TU-70-8 and KDML105’ 10GR-TU-70-10. Their M5 seeds were grown 4 rows per hill under both upland and transplanting conditions at Khlong5 and Khlong7 in Pathumthani. The results showed that all 4 selected lines had regular short statures and harvest ages, and the lines giving higher seed yields per rai (1600sq.m.) than KDML105 from high to low were KDML105’ 10GR-TU-70-10 (529.5 and 536.0 kg), KDML105’ 10GR-TU-70-8 (522.0 and 528.5 kg), KDML105’ 10GR-TU-70-6 (469.0 and 509.0 kg), and KDML105’ 10GR-TU-70-3 (465.5 and 505.0 kg), respectively. Their grain amylose contents, gel consistencies, alkali levels, and elongation ratios were 15-17%, 70-80 mm, 6.9-7.0, and 1.7-1.8, respectively while their cooking qualities were aromatic and soft with good taste, the same as KDML105.

1. 2013 American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences.
American Transactions on
Engineering & Applied Sciences
http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS
Gamma-ray Induced Mutation of KDML105 for
Photo Insensitivity, Short Harvest Age and Drought
Tolerance
Boonhong Chongkid
a
a*
Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University,
Rangsit Campus, Khlongluang, Pathumthani 12121, THAILAND
ARTICLEINFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received 06 June 2013
Received in revised form
22 July 2013
Accepted 25 July 2013
Available online
29 July 2013
Three Thousand M1 seeds of KDML105 induced by 20 k-rad
gamma-ray were grown for M1 Plants to produce M2 seeds for growing M2
plants. Segregated M2 plants were selected based on photo insensitivity, short
stature, short harvest-age, drought tolerance, good growth with high seed yield
under upland conditions. Seventy-two M2 lines were selected and their M3
seeds were grown as hill per line under upland conditions and 12 hills of 70th
line were selected. M4 seeds of the selected hills were grown under both
upland and transplanting conditions and 4 lines were selected namely
KDML105’ 10 GR-TU-70-3, KDML105’ 10GR-TU-70-6, KDML105’
10GR-TU-70-8 and KDML105’ 10GR-TU-70-10. Their M5 seeds were
grown 4 rows per hill under both upland and transplanting conditions at
Khlong5 and Khlong7 in Pathumthani. The results showed that all 4 selected
lines had regular short statures and harvest ages, and the lines giving higher
seed yields per rai (1600sq.m.) than KDML105 from high to low were
KDML105’ 10GR-TU-70-10 (529.5 and 536.0 kg), KDML105’
10GR-TU-70-8 (522.0 and 528.5 kg), KDML105’ 10GR-TU-70-6 (469.0 and
509.0 kg), and KDML105’ 10GR-TU-70-3 (465.5 and 505.0 kg), respectively.
Their grain amylose contents, gel consistencies, alkali levels, and elongation
ratios were 15-17%, 70-80 mm, 6.9-7.0, and 1.7-1.8, respectively while their
cooking qualities were aromatic and soft with good taste, the same as
KDML105.
Keywords:
gamma-ray;
induced mutation;
photo insensitivity;
short harvest age;
drought tolerance.
2013 Am. Trans. Eng. Appl. Sci.
*Corresponding author (B. Chongkid). Tel/Fax:+66-2-5644488 E-mail address:
boonhong@tu.ac.th.
2013. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied
Sciences. Volume 2 No. 4 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 Online Available at
http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V02/269-275.pdf
269

2. 1. Introduction
KDML105 is a rice variety with very good aromatic and soft cooking qualities, and therefore it
is significantly favorite to Thai and foreign consumers around the world.
However, its
weakpoints are photo sensitivity causing being able to be grown only one crop in the wet season,
long harvest age of 120-150 days causing high investment in cultural practices, tall stature causing
lodging when applied with a high fertilizer level, and low-moderate drought tolerance causing
farmers to use a lot of water in growing it. Improvement of KDML105 for photo insensitivity,
short harvest age, short stature and more drought tolerance is therefore essential for growing more
than one crop a year, using less water under upland and lowland conditions and this can result in
increasing farmers’ income and agricultural sustainability. One of good methods in improvement
of rice varieties for such better characteristics is seed induced mutation with the gamma-ray at 20
k-rads (Dasananda et al., 1968).
RD6 glutinous rice variety was derived from KDML105
irradiated with the gamma-ray and it has been grown widely by Thai farmers (Department of
Agriculture, 1980). RD15 was derived from KDML105 irradiated with the gamma-ray and it has
been grown widely because of its short stature with lodging tolerance and brown planthopper
resistance (Chongkid, 2004). RD9, RD7 and PTT60 were irradiated with the gamma-ray to
induce their grain protein levels, Blast resistance and short stature, respectively (Vittayatheerarat et
al., 1990). The fast neutron-ray was also used to induce RD1 to produce RD10 which has photo
insensitivity and good cooking quality (Khambanonda, 1981).
The two high yielding rice
varieties in China, Yuanfen Qzao and Zhefu 802 were derived from irradiating some Chinese rice
varieties and they have been widely grown in China (Wang, 1991). Many successes in inducing
mutation by irradiating Japanese rice varieties to obtain their higher grain yields and qualities have
been reported as well (Kawai and Amano, 1991). In Australia, there have been some reports in
improving some rice varieties for their tolerance to some adverse environmental conditions and
higher grain yields (IAEA, 1980).
2. Materials and Methods
Three thousand seeds of KDML105 were irradiated with 20 k-rad gamma-ray and the M1
seeds were derived before being grown in pots with soil using 30 kg/rai (1600 m2) ammonium
phosphate (16-20-0) at one day before planting and 20 kg/rai (1600 m2) ammonium sulphate
(21%N) at 30 days after planting to produce M2 seeds. The M2 seeds were grown under upland
270
Rohit Sharma, Gurmohan Singh, and Manjit Kaur

3. conditions with the spacing 25 x 25 cm at Khlong 5 of Khlongluang and Khlong 7 of Nongsua in
Pathumthani using the same fertilizers at the same rates and application times as in M1 seeds. M2
plants were selected based on photo insensitivity, short stature not higher than 100 cm, short
harvest age not longer than 100 days, good drought tolerance, acid soil tolerance, and dirty panicle
disease resistance to produce M3 seeds. The M3 seeds from the selected plants were grown as
plant per row in the same two locations with the same methods under upland conditions and
reselected based on the same good performances to produce the M4 seeds. The M4 seeds of the
selected plants were grown both under upland and transplanting conditions at the same two
locations using the same methods as in upland conditions while ammonium phosphate (16-20-0)
and ammonium sulphate (21%N) at the same rates used in upland conditions were applied at one
day before transplanting and 30 days after transplanting, respectively. Good single rows of M4
plants were selected and separately harvested from row to row to get M5 seeds of the selected M4
plants. The M5 seeds of the selected plants were grown as 4 rows per hill for performance
observation using the same methods as in the M4 plants under both upland and transplanting
conditions in 5 replications of RCB design at the same two locations. Some parts of seeds from
the M5 selected plants were grown to evaluate for drought tolerance and grain qualities based on
amylose content, gel consistency, alkali test, elongation ratio, aroma level and cooking quality
following the methods of Naivikul (2004), Cagampang et al. (1973) and Juliano (1985) in order
that the mutated lines with good performances and characteristics could be selected. KDML105
was also grown for the comparison with all mutated generations selected.
3. Results and Discussion
Seventy-two lines of M2 plants were selected based on photo insensitivity, short harvest age
not longer than 100 days, short stature not higher than 100 cm, drought tolerance, good growth and
good seed yield components. Twelve hills of 70th line of selected M3 plants were selected under
upland conditions based on the required characteristics and the four lines of M4 plants were
selected under both upland and transplanting conditions namely KDML105’ 10GR-TU-70-3,
KDML105’ 10GR-TU-70-6, KDML105’ 10GR-TU-70-8 and KDML105’ 10GR-TU-70-10 as in
Table 1.
*Corresponding author (B. Chongkid). Tel/Fax:+66-2-5644488 E-mail address:
boonhong@tu.ac.th.
2013. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied
Sciences. Volume 2 No. 4 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 Online Available at
http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V02/269-275.pdf
271

4. Table 1:
Plant height, harvest age, drought tolerance, photo insensitivity of 4 M4 mutated
lines selected under upland and transplanting conditions at Khlong 5 and Khlong 7 of Pathumthani
1
plant height (cm)
Harvest age (day)
photo insensitivity
upland
transplanting
upland
transplanting
upland
transplanting
Line
conditions
conditions
conditions
conditions





98
96
95
95
96
95
93
92
91
91
88
87
98
97
95
96


154
151
156
167


KDML105’10GR-TU-70-6
KDML105’10GR-TU-70-8
KDML105’10GR-TU-70-10
KDML105

=
photo insensitivity

:
conditions

KDML105’10GR-TU-70-3
1
conditions
=
photo sensitivity
The four selected M5 lines could give more regular short plant heights and significantly
yielded higher than that of KDML105.
In addition, they also had low amylose content
percentages (15-17), high gel consistencies (70-80 mm), high alkali levels (6.9-7.0), elongation
ratios (1.7-1.8) and moderate aroma level (2) as same as those of KDML105 as well as moderately
high drought tolerance (2) as in Table 2.
Table 2 : Seed yield per rai (1600 m2), grain quality and drought tolerance of 4 selected M5 lines.
1
Line
KDML105’10GR-TU70-3
KDML105’10GR-TU70-6
KDML105’10GR-TU70-8
KDML105’10GR-TU70-10
KDML105
1
:
2
:
:
:
3
:
4
:
seed yield/rai (1600 m2) (kg)
upland conditions
transplanting conditions
4
K5 K7
X
K5
K7
X
464 b
467 b
465.5
504 b
506 b
505.5
2
physical grain quality
AC GC ATL ER AL
468 b
470 b
469.0
508 b
510 b
520 a
524 a
522.0
528 a
528 a
531 a
529.5
419 c
416 c
457.5
3
(%)
(mm)
17
70
6.9
1.7
2
drought
tolerance
(0-7)
3
509.0
15
80
7.0
1.7
2
2
529 a
528.5
15
80
7.0
1.8
2
2
534 a
538 a
536.0
15
80
7.0
1.8
2
2
432 c
438 c
435.0
15
79
7.0
1.7
2
3
The same superscript letter in each column denotes no significant
Difference with 95% confidence limit (P<0.05)
rai is an area unit in Thai, 1 rai = 1600 m2
X = mean
AC = amylose content, GC = gel consistency, ALT = alkali test level,
ER = elongation ratio, AL = aroma level (Pathumthani Rice Research
Center, 2007)
drought tolerance levels, the lower number denotes more drought tolerance
(IRRI, 1988)
K5 = Khlong5, K7 = Khlong7
From Tables 1 and 2, all four mutated lines had lower plant heights than that of KDML105 and
272
Rohit Sharma, Gurmohan Singh, and Manjit Kaur

5. this can cause the four lines to have more fertilizer responses viz their seed yields will increase as
the level of fertilizers is increased without lodging as different from KDML105. The short harvest
ages of the four lines can reduce the production cost and risks from diseases, insect pests, weeds
and drought conditions whereas their photo insensitivity will let farmers grow them more than one
crop a year. In terms of seed yield per rai (1600 m2), the four selected lines could give more seed
yield than KDML105 under both upland and transplanting conditions and the three selected lines
performed better drought tolerance than KDML105 while only KDML105’10 GR-TU-70-3
performed the same level of drought tolerance as KDML105. In grain quality point of view, all
four mutated lines occupied as same good grain qualities as KDML105, meaning that their cooking
qualities are as good as that of KDML105. In addition, their high alkali level and elongation ratio
denotes their shorter time in cooking and their higher cooked rice volumes, respectively, as
compared with KDML105.
rice
plants
rice
brown
seeds
rice
grains
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 1: Rice plant of KDML105’10GR-TU-70-10
Figure 2: Seeds of KDML105’10GR-TU-70-10
Figure 3: Seeds, brown rice grains, and white milled rice grains of KDML105’10GR-TU-70-10
4. Conclusion
Four lines of mutated KDML105 were selected because of their photo insensitivities, short
statures not higher than 100 cm, short harvest ages not longer than 100 days, and higher seed yields
than that of KDML105. The four selected lines giving seed yields per rai (1600 m2) under both
upland and transplanting conditions from high to low ranking were KDML105’ 10GR-TU-70-10
(529.5 and 536.0 kg), KDML105’ 10GR-TU-70-8 (522.0 and 528.5 kg), KDML105’
10GR-TU-70-6 (469.0 and 509.0 kg), and KDML105’ 10GR-TU-70-3 (465.5 and 505.0 kg),
*Corresponding author (B. Chongkid). Tel/Fax:+66-2-5644488 E-mail address:
boonhong@tu.ac.th.
2013. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied
Sciences. Volume 2 No. 4 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 Online Available at
http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V02/269-275.pdf
273

6. respectively, while KDML105 gave the lowest seed yields (457.5 and 435.0 kg). Their grain
qualities ie. amylose contents, gel consistencies, alkali levels, and elongation ratios were 15-17%,
70-80 mm, 6.9-7.0, and 1.7-1.8, respectively, while their cooking qualities were aromatic and soft
with a good taste as same as those of KDML 105.
5. Acknowledgements
The author would like to express sincere gratitude to Thammasat University for partly
financial support and to Ministry of Science and Technology for the rice seed treatment with
gamma-ray. Special thanks are due to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.
6. References
Cagampang, G.B., Perez, C.M., and Juliano, B.O. (1973). A gel consistency test for eating quality
of rice. J.Sci. Food Agrc.24 : 1589-1594.
Chongkid, B. (2004). Rice and Production Technology. Thammasat University Printing Houses,
Pathumthani.
Dasananda, S., Lusanandana, B., Pongsiriwathana, C., and Khambanonda, P. (1968). Induction
of mutation in Thai rice varieties and subsequent selection and testing of beneficial
mutant lines. Technical Reports. Series No.86. IAEA, Vienna.
Department of Agriculture. (1980). Rice varietal improvement by radiation and chemical
substances. Genetic Documents by Rice Division, Bangkok.
IAEA. (1970). Rice Breeding with Induced Mutation. IAEA, Vienna.
IAEA. (1988). Standard Evaluation System for Rice (SES). IRRI, Los Banos.
Juliano, B.O. (1985). Criteria and tests for rice grain qualities, pp. 443-524. In B.O. Juliano,
ed. Rice : Chemistry and Technology, 2nd ed. The American Association of Cereal
Chemists, Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota.
Kawai, T., and Amano, E. (1991). Mutation Breeding in Japan: Plant Mutation Breeding for
Crop Improvement. IAEA, Vienna.
Khambanonda, P. (1981). Glutinous promising lines derived from irradiating RD1 with fast
neutron. Research Report 1981. Rice Division, Dept. of Agriculture, Bangkok.
Naivikul, O. (2004) Rice : Science and Technology. Kasetsart U. Printing House, Bangkok.
Pathumthani Rice Research Center. (2007). Handbook for Seed and Grain Quality Standards.
Pathumthani Rice Research Center, Pathumthani.
274
Rohit Sharma, Gurmohan Singh, and Manjit Kaur

7. Vittayatheerarat, P., Purivirojkul, W., and Wuthara, L. (1990). Improvement of RD23 for Blast
resistance by irradiation. Research Report 1990. Pathumthani Rice Research Center,
Bangkok.
Wang, L.Q. (1991). Induced mutation for crop improvement in China : A Review of Plant
Mutation Breeding for Crop Improvement. IAEA, Vienna.
Dr.Boonhong Chongkid is an Associate Professor at Department of Agricultural Technology of
Thammasat University. His teaching and researching involve plant breeding with emphasis on rice
breeding. He received his B.Sc. in Agriciculture from Kasetsart University, Thailand; M.Sc. in Plant
Breeding and Genetics from University College of Wales,. Aberystwyth, U.K.; and Ph.D in Plant
Breeding from Kasetsart University Thailand, and Post Ph.D in plant Breeding and Genetics from
University of Missouri-Columbia, USA.
Peer Review: This article has been internationally peer-reviewed and accepted for publication
according to the guidelines given at the journal’s website.
*Corresponding author (B. Chongkid). Tel/Fax:+66-2-5644488 E-mail address:
boonhong@tu.ac.th.
2013. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied
Sciences. Volume 2 No. 4 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 Online Available at
http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V02/269-275.pdf
275