The document describes calibrating a dial gauge using a calibration tester and computerized calibrator. It provides background on dial gauges and their applications. The experimental procedure for manual and computerized calibration is described. Test results are shown in a table with go, return, limit, and average readings recorded at 0.1mm increments from 0-1.5mm. The data will be analyzed to determine errors at each reading point and compare the accuracy of the two calibration methods.
The document discusses various linear and angular measuring instruments used in metrology. It describes direct measuring instruments such as vernier calipers, micrometers and slip gauges for linear measurements. It also discusses angular measuring devices like the universal bevel protractor, sine bar and autocollimator. Limit gauges including plug, ring and snap gauges are also introduced for inspection purposes. The key types and uses of these various instruments are summarized.
Comparators: Constructional features and operation of mechanical, optical, electrical/electronics and pneumatic comparators, advantages, limitations and field of applications
Principles of interference, concept of flatness, flatness testing, optical flats, optical interferometer and laser interferometer.
Surface texture measurement: importance of surface conditions, roughness and waviness, surface roughness standards specifying surface roughness parameters- Ra, Ry, Rz, RMS value etc., surface roughness measuring instruments – Tomlinson and Taylor Hobson versions, surface roughness symbols
The document discusses various linear and angular measurement instruments. It describes vernier calipers, micrometers, slip gauges, interferometers, and comparators which are used for linear measurement. Angular measurements are made using instruments like sine bars and protractors. The document also discusses different types of gauges like plug, ring, and thread gauges used for dimensional inspection of parts.
This document discusses feature inspection of circularity and roundness. It defines roundness and circularity, and describes common methods for measuring roundness such as diametral, circumferential confining gauge, and three-point probe methods. Reference circles like least squares, minimum zone, maximum inscribed, and minimum circumscribed are discussed for determining out-of-roundness values. Modern roundness measuring instruments like rotating worktables and spindles that provide quick digital measurements are also summarized.
A feeler gauge is a hand-held precision measuring tool used to measure small gaps. It contains several thin metal strips or "leaves" of specified thicknesses, labeled in millimeters or inches. Feeler gauges can measure gaps from 0.02mm to 5.08mm and are useful in tight spaces where other tools won't fit. The most common types are straight, tapered, and offset feeler gauges.
The document discusses different types of gauges used to check part dimensions, including:
1) Limit gauges which check that dimensions fall within upper and lower limits using "go" and "not go" gauges.
2) Plug, ring, taper, thread, form, radius, and feeler gauges which are used to check specific geometric features like holes, diameters, tapers, threads, profiles, radii, and clearances.
3) Indicating gauges which magnify dimensional deviations from specifications to precisely measure geometry and positioning of surfaces.
The document discusses mechanical measurements and metrology. It describes various types of comparators used for measurement including mechanical, electrical, pneumatic, and optical comparators. Mechanical comparators discussed include dial indicators, Johnson Mikrokators, and Sigma comparators. Electrical comparators include LVDTs, while pneumatic comparators include back pressure and Solex gauges. Optical comparators discussed include Zeiss Ultra-optimeters.
The document discusses various linear and angular measuring instruments used in metrology. It describes direct measuring instruments such as vernier calipers, micrometers and slip gauges for linear measurements. It also discusses angular measuring devices like the universal bevel protractor, sine bar and autocollimator. Limit gauges including plug, ring and snap gauges are also introduced for inspection purposes. The key types and uses of these various instruments are summarized.
Comparators: Constructional features and operation of mechanical, optical, electrical/electronics and pneumatic comparators, advantages, limitations and field of applications
Principles of interference, concept of flatness, flatness testing, optical flats, optical interferometer and laser interferometer.
Surface texture measurement: importance of surface conditions, roughness and waviness, surface roughness standards specifying surface roughness parameters- Ra, Ry, Rz, RMS value etc., surface roughness measuring instruments – Tomlinson and Taylor Hobson versions, surface roughness symbols
The document discusses various linear and angular measurement instruments. It describes vernier calipers, micrometers, slip gauges, interferometers, and comparators which are used for linear measurement. Angular measurements are made using instruments like sine bars and protractors. The document also discusses different types of gauges like plug, ring, and thread gauges used for dimensional inspection of parts.
This document discusses feature inspection of circularity and roundness. It defines roundness and circularity, and describes common methods for measuring roundness such as diametral, circumferential confining gauge, and three-point probe methods. Reference circles like least squares, minimum zone, maximum inscribed, and minimum circumscribed are discussed for determining out-of-roundness values. Modern roundness measuring instruments like rotating worktables and spindles that provide quick digital measurements are also summarized.
A feeler gauge is a hand-held precision measuring tool used to measure small gaps. It contains several thin metal strips or "leaves" of specified thicknesses, labeled in millimeters or inches. Feeler gauges can measure gaps from 0.02mm to 5.08mm and are useful in tight spaces where other tools won't fit. The most common types are straight, tapered, and offset feeler gauges.
The document discusses different types of gauges used to check part dimensions, including:
1) Limit gauges which check that dimensions fall within upper and lower limits using "go" and "not go" gauges.
2) Plug, ring, taper, thread, form, radius, and feeler gauges which are used to check specific geometric features like holes, diameters, tapers, threads, profiles, radii, and clearances.
3) Indicating gauges which magnify dimensional deviations from specifications to precisely measure geometry and positioning of surfaces.
The document discusses mechanical measurements and metrology. It describes various types of comparators used for measurement including mechanical, electrical, pneumatic, and optical comparators. Mechanical comparators discussed include dial indicators, Johnson Mikrokators, and Sigma comparators. Electrical comparators include LVDTs, while pneumatic comparators include back pressure and Solex gauges. Optical comparators discussed include Zeiss Ultra-optimeters.
Linear and angular measurements are fundamental concepts in metrology. There are several precision tools used for linear measurements, including rulers, vernier calipers, and micrometers. Vernier calipers use a vernier scale to measure lengths with an accuracy of 0.02mm or better. Micrometers can measure with an accuracy of 0.01mm or better using a screw mechanism. Other important linear measuring tools discussed include slip gauges, height gauges, and depth gauges. Angular measurements are also important and were historically used for navigation.
Introduction to Mechanical Measurements and Metrology taruian
The document provides information about the Mechanical Measurements and Metrology course at JSS Academy of Technical Education in Bangalore, India. It includes:
- Details about the course code, textbooks, and reference books.
- The learning objectives which are to understand concepts of metrology, measurements, standards, transducers, and measuring various physical quantities.
- The outcomes which are to apply knowledge of the above concepts to inspection, measurements, and resolving measurement problems.
This presentation gives the information about Screw thread measurements and Gear measurement of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-4.
The document discusses measurement and metrology of gear teeth. It begins by listing textbooks and references on the topic. It then outlines the learning objectives of understanding basic principles of measuring gear tooth parameters. The key aspects covered include defining gear tooth features, common errors in spur gears during manufacturing, and methods for measuring specific gear elements like runout, pitch, profile, lead, backlash, and tooth thickness. Common instruments discussed are the gear roll tester, Parkinson's gear tester, and measurement using a gear tooth vernier or the base tangent method over multiple teeth.
This document provides an overview of metrology and measurement concepts. It discusses the introduction to metrology, the need for measurement, components of a generalized measurement system, types of standards, units of measurement, types of measurements/methods of measurement, types of measuring instruments, accuracy vs precision, and factors affecting accuracy and precision. It also defines types of errors in measurement such as gross errors, measurement errors, systematic errors, and random errors.
This document summarizes the key components and functions of a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). A CMM is a machine used to precisely measure physical characteristics of objects using probes and sensors. It consists of a main structure with movable axes, a probing system, and a data collection system. The main structure can be a gantry, cantilever, column, or bridge type depending on the application. A CMM makes highly accurate 3D measurements that can be used for inspection, quality control, and reverse engineering.
Metrology is the science of measurement and involves establishing measurement units, developing measurement methods, analyzing measurement errors, and ensuring accuracy. Key aspects of metrology include linear and angular measurements using various instruments ranging from simple rules and calipers to high-precision gauges, comparators, and microscopes. Metrology allows for planning, commercial exchange, and quality control through precise quantification.
This document discusses various form measurement principles and methods, including straightness, flatness, thread, gear, and surface finish measurement. It describes key concepts like straightness, flatness, and parallelism. Methods for measuring straightness include spirit levels, straight edges, and laser systems. Flatness can be measured using beam comparators, interferometry, and electromechanical gauges. Thread measurement involves assessing elements like major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, and form using tools like micrometers, thread gauges, and microscopes. Surface roughness is analyzed using methods like peak-to-valley, average roughness, and RMS. Gear measurement techniques include using vernier calipers, the base tangent method, and invol
This document discusses various instruments used to measure angles, including protractors, bevel protractors, vernier bevel protractors, optical bevel protractors, combination sets, sine bars, sine centers, angle gauges, spirit levels, and clinometers. Protractors are used to measure angles between lines, while instruments like sine bars and gauges are used to measure angles between faces. Clinometers specifically measure angles of inclination relative to the horizontal plane.
Milling is a machining process where a rotary cutter removes material from a workpiece via multiple cutting edges. Milling machines have various specifications including table size, spindle speeds, taper, and weight. Advantages are faster material removal and ability to mount multiple cutters, while disadvantages include high cost and investment in cutters. Common milling machines include horizontal, vertical, universal, and special types based on the column, table, or planer design. Workholding and cutterholding devices are used along with indexing heads for dividing and gear cutting operations.
Slip gauges are precision rectangular blocks used as standards for linear measurement. They are made of materials like tungsten carbide, chrome-plated steel, and high-grade steel. Slip gauges come in sets designated by their range and accuracy, and are classified according to the precision of work for which they are suited. Proper care must be taken when cleaning, storing, handling, and using slip gauges to maintain their accuracy and prolong their working life.
Gauges are precision measurement tools used to ensure dimensional accuracy and interchangeability of manufactured components. There are several types of gauges classified by their design, including plug, ring, snap, and thread gauges. Key materials for gauges include high carbon steel and cemented carbides due to their hardness and wear resistance. Proper design of limit gauges involves allocating tolerances for manufacturing variability and wear over the gauge's lifespan.
1. The document discusses various types of linear and angular measurement instruments. It provides lists of common measuring devices along with their functions such as calipers, micrometers, height gauges, slip gauges, and comparators.
2. Key linear measurement instruments described include vernier calipers, micrometers, height gauges, depth gauges, and slip gauges. The document explains the basic principles, components, and uses of each tool.
3. Measurement techniques like vernier scales, least count calculations, and wringing of slip gauges are outlined. Different types of comparators - mechanical, electrical, and optical - are also introduced along with their working principles.
Metrology is the science of measurement. Some key points:
1) A wavelength standard has advantages over line and end standards as it provides a stable reference without endpoints.
2) Limit gauges are used to check if a part's dimensions fall within the acceptable tolerance range. They are classified based on their application as go, no-go, adjustable, and ring gauges.
3) Measurement systems involve accuracy, precision, calibration, and other factors. Primary transducers directly measure physical quantities while secondary transducers convert one form of energy to another.
Screw threads are used to fasten components and transmit motion or power. There are various types of screw threads classified by their form, included angle, and other geometric properties. Common thread types include British Standard, Whitworth, and metric threads. Screw thread geometry includes features like the crest, flanks, root, pitch, helix angle, and diameters. Errors in screw threads can occur during manufacturing and affect the thread form and fit. Measurement of screw threads involves determining dimensions like the major diameter, minor diameter, effective or pitch diameter, and pitch using instruments like micrometers, thread comparators, and slip gauges.
The document discusses factors that affect surface finish, methods for measuring surface finish, and ways to represent surface roughness specifications. It describes that the material, machining type, tooling, and cutting conditions can influence surface finish. Methods for measuring finish include comparison to standards, using a profilometer, profilograph, or other instruments. Surface roughness can be specified via standard grades, numerical values, or symbols added to drawings.
A height gauge is a measuring device used to determine the height of objects or mark repetitive heights. It has a vertical column with a sliding unit that can move up and down. An arm extends from the gauge to contact the object being measured. Height gauges can be vernier, dial, or digital/electronic. Vernier height gauges rely on user skill while digital gauges provide precise electronic measurements. Height gauges are used to mark lines, check hole depths, and mark locations on machine parts.
Mechanical Engineering Technical Interview Q & A Metrology and precision inst...Er. Bade Bhausaheb
This document discusses various metrology and precision instruments used for measurement and inspection. It provides definitions and explanations of nominal size, actual size, basic size, fits, limits, tolerance, allowance and describes instruments like vernier calipers, micrometers, gauges, sine bars and templates. Key points covered are the working principles and uses of these instruments as well as concepts like interchangeability, selective and non-selective assembly, lapping and honing processes.
Linear and angular measurements are fundamental concepts in metrology. There are several precision tools used for linear measurements, including rulers, vernier calipers, and micrometers. Vernier calipers use a vernier scale to measure lengths with an accuracy of 0.02mm or better. Micrometers can measure with an accuracy of 0.01mm or better using a screw mechanism. Other important linear measuring tools discussed include slip gauges, height gauges, and depth gauges. Angular measurements are also important and were historically used for navigation.
Introduction to Mechanical Measurements and Metrology taruian
The document provides information about the Mechanical Measurements and Metrology course at JSS Academy of Technical Education in Bangalore, India. It includes:
- Details about the course code, textbooks, and reference books.
- The learning objectives which are to understand concepts of metrology, measurements, standards, transducers, and measuring various physical quantities.
- The outcomes which are to apply knowledge of the above concepts to inspection, measurements, and resolving measurement problems.
This presentation gives the information about Screw thread measurements and Gear measurement of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-4.
The document discusses measurement and metrology of gear teeth. It begins by listing textbooks and references on the topic. It then outlines the learning objectives of understanding basic principles of measuring gear tooth parameters. The key aspects covered include defining gear tooth features, common errors in spur gears during manufacturing, and methods for measuring specific gear elements like runout, pitch, profile, lead, backlash, and tooth thickness. Common instruments discussed are the gear roll tester, Parkinson's gear tester, and measurement using a gear tooth vernier or the base tangent method over multiple teeth.
This document provides an overview of metrology and measurement concepts. It discusses the introduction to metrology, the need for measurement, components of a generalized measurement system, types of standards, units of measurement, types of measurements/methods of measurement, types of measuring instruments, accuracy vs precision, and factors affecting accuracy and precision. It also defines types of errors in measurement such as gross errors, measurement errors, systematic errors, and random errors.
This document summarizes the key components and functions of a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). A CMM is a machine used to precisely measure physical characteristics of objects using probes and sensors. It consists of a main structure with movable axes, a probing system, and a data collection system. The main structure can be a gantry, cantilever, column, or bridge type depending on the application. A CMM makes highly accurate 3D measurements that can be used for inspection, quality control, and reverse engineering.
Metrology is the science of measurement and involves establishing measurement units, developing measurement methods, analyzing measurement errors, and ensuring accuracy. Key aspects of metrology include linear and angular measurements using various instruments ranging from simple rules and calipers to high-precision gauges, comparators, and microscopes. Metrology allows for planning, commercial exchange, and quality control through precise quantification.
This document discusses various form measurement principles and methods, including straightness, flatness, thread, gear, and surface finish measurement. It describes key concepts like straightness, flatness, and parallelism. Methods for measuring straightness include spirit levels, straight edges, and laser systems. Flatness can be measured using beam comparators, interferometry, and electromechanical gauges. Thread measurement involves assessing elements like major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, and form using tools like micrometers, thread gauges, and microscopes. Surface roughness is analyzed using methods like peak-to-valley, average roughness, and RMS. Gear measurement techniques include using vernier calipers, the base tangent method, and invol
This document discusses various instruments used to measure angles, including protractors, bevel protractors, vernier bevel protractors, optical bevel protractors, combination sets, sine bars, sine centers, angle gauges, spirit levels, and clinometers. Protractors are used to measure angles between lines, while instruments like sine bars and gauges are used to measure angles between faces. Clinometers specifically measure angles of inclination relative to the horizontal plane.
Milling is a machining process where a rotary cutter removes material from a workpiece via multiple cutting edges. Milling machines have various specifications including table size, spindle speeds, taper, and weight. Advantages are faster material removal and ability to mount multiple cutters, while disadvantages include high cost and investment in cutters. Common milling machines include horizontal, vertical, universal, and special types based on the column, table, or planer design. Workholding and cutterholding devices are used along with indexing heads for dividing and gear cutting operations.
Slip gauges are precision rectangular blocks used as standards for linear measurement. They are made of materials like tungsten carbide, chrome-plated steel, and high-grade steel. Slip gauges come in sets designated by their range and accuracy, and are classified according to the precision of work for which they are suited. Proper care must be taken when cleaning, storing, handling, and using slip gauges to maintain their accuracy and prolong their working life.
Gauges are precision measurement tools used to ensure dimensional accuracy and interchangeability of manufactured components. There are several types of gauges classified by their design, including plug, ring, snap, and thread gauges. Key materials for gauges include high carbon steel and cemented carbides due to their hardness and wear resistance. Proper design of limit gauges involves allocating tolerances for manufacturing variability and wear over the gauge's lifespan.
1. The document discusses various types of linear and angular measurement instruments. It provides lists of common measuring devices along with their functions such as calipers, micrometers, height gauges, slip gauges, and comparators.
2. Key linear measurement instruments described include vernier calipers, micrometers, height gauges, depth gauges, and slip gauges. The document explains the basic principles, components, and uses of each tool.
3. Measurement techniques like vernier scales, least count calculations, and wringing of slip gauges are outlined. Different types of comparators - mechanical, electrical, and optical - are also introduced along with their working principles.
Metrology is the science of measurement. Some key points:
1) A wavelength standard has advantages over line and end standards as it provides a stable reference without endpoints.
2) Limit gauges are used to check if a part's dimensions fall within the acceptable tolerance range. They are classified based on their application as go, no-go, adjustable, and ring gauges.
3) Measurement systems involve accuracy, precision, calibration, and other factors. Primary transducers directly measure physical quantities while secondary transducers convert one form of energy to another.
Screw threads are used to fasten components and transmit motion or power. There are various types of screw threads classified by their form, included angle, and other geometric properties. Common thread types include British Standard, Whitworth, and metric threads. Screw thread geometry includes features like the crest, flanks, root, pitch, helix angle, and diameters. Errors in screw threads can occur during manufacturing and affect the thread form and fit. Measurement of screw threads involves determining dimensions like the major diameter, minor diameter, effective or pitch diameter, and pitch using instruments like micrometers, thread comparators, and slip gauges.
The document discusses factors that affect surface finish, methods for measuring surface finish, and ways to represent surface roughness specifications. It describes that the material, machining type, tooling, and cutting conditions can influence surface finish. Methods for measuring finish include comparison to standards, using a profilometer, profilograph, or other instruments. Surface roughness can be specified via standard grades, numerical values, or symbols added to drawings.
A height gauge is a measuring device used to determine the height of objects or mark repetitive heights. It has a vertical column with a sliding unit that can move up and down. An arm extends from the gauge to contact the object being measured. Height gauges can be vernier, dial, or digital/electronic. Vernier height gauges rely on user skill while digital gauges provide precise electronic measurements. Height gauges are used to mark lines, check hole depths, and mark locations on machine parts.
Mechanical Engineering Technical Interview Q & A Metrology and precision inst...Er. Bade Bhausaheb
This document discusses various metrology and precision instruments used for measurement and inspection. It provides definitions and explanations of nominal size, actual size, basic size, fits, limits, tolerance, allowance and describes instruments like vernier calipers, micrometers, gauges, sine bars and templates. Key points covered are the working principles and uses of these instruments as well as concepts like interchangeability, selective and non-selective assembly, lapping and honing processes.
The document discusses linear and angular measurement instruments. It describes various instruments used for linear measurement such as vernier calipers, micrometers, slip gauges, interferometers, and comparators. It also discusses angular measurement instruments like sine bars and protractors. The key types of comparators are listed as mechanical, pneumatic, electrical, and optical comparators. Measurement systems are used for quality control and common measurements include linear dimensions, angles, and tapers.
The document is a catalog from Baty International, a manufacturer of precision measurement instruments since 1932. It provides information on various types of bore gauges and micrometers that Baty produces, including analog bore micrometers, digital bore gauges, bore comparators, telescopic gauges, and electronic plug gauges. It describes the features and specifications of these different products for measuring internal diameters and bores.
The document discusses various topics related to metrology. It begins by defining metrology as the science of measurement and dividing it into two main types - industrial metrology and medical metrology. Some key points covered include the importance of length and time measurements, analyzing measurement errors, gauges design and manufacturing, and industrial inspection. It also discusses types of metrology like scientific, industrial, legal and fundamental metrology. Specific measuring instruments like vernier calipers, micrometers, and slip gauges are explained in detail. The document concludes by covering various other metrology topics such as measurement principles, linear measuring instruments, and applications of limit gauges.
Instruments basic training for iti,dme .pptSameerSutar8
The document provides information on instrument calibration training objectives including awareness of calibration, acceptance criteria, calibration methods, standards used, proper measurement techniques, instrument selection and use. It describes calibration processes and criteria for various instruments like vernier calipers, micrometers, dial indicators, bore gauges, electronic level meters, surface plates, and others. Key aspects checked include linearity, parallelism, accuracy, sensitivity, and specifications are provided for acceptance. Maintaining proper calibration is important to ensure measurement accuracy and instrument reliability.
The document discusses various linear and angular measurement instruments. It describes different types of linear measurement devices including vernier calipers, micrometers, gauge blocks, and comparators. It also covers angular measurement tools such as bevel protractors, universal bevel protectors, clinometers, and angle gauges. The document provides details on the components, use, and reading of key linear and angular measuring instruments.
These may be used as reference standards for transferring the dimension of the unit of length from the primary standard to gauge blocks of lower accuracy and for the verification and graduation of measuring apparatus. These are high carbon steel hardened, ground and lapped rectangular blocks, having cross sectional area 0f 30 mm
10mm. Their opposite faces are flat, parallel and are accurately the stated distance apart. The opposite faces are of such a high degree of surface finish, that when the blocks are pressed together with a slight twist by hand, they will wring together. They will remain firmly attached to each other. They are supplied in sets of 112 pieces down to 32 pieces. Due to properties of slip gauges, they are built up by, wringing into combination which gives size, varying by steps of 0.01 mm and the overall accuracy is of the order of 0.00025mm. Slip gauges with three basic forms are commonly found, these are rectangular, square with center hole, and square without center hole.
For a metric thread of 60° included angle:
Best wire diameter = 0.5774 * Pitch
= 0.5774 * 2.5 = 1.4435 mm
Rounded off to the nearest standard wire size, the best wire size is 1.5 mm.
The document discusses various methods for measuring lines, surfaces, and geometries. It describes common measurement tools like vernier calipers, micrometers, bore gauges, dial indicators, and slip gauges. It also covers methods for measuring threads, angles, and surface roughness. Key aspects include using a vernier scale to improve measurement resolution, using wire methods to measure thread pitch diameters, and parameters like roughness height and width to characterize surface texture.
This document discusses factors that influence gear reliability and methods for measuring gear accuracy. It describes three quality classifications for gears from commercial to ultraprecision and standards for gear tolerances. Methods for measuring individual geometric features like profile and lead as well as functional measurements using composite errors are presented. Tolerances, variations, and required inspection information are also covered.
The document summarizes the Mercury TM1200 PCB-mount analog encoders from Electromate. The Mercury 1200 encoder has a small sensor that mounts directly onto a printed circuit board. It provides analog sine/cosine and index window outputs and can achieve high resolution for both linear and rotary position measurement through customer interpolation electronics. Key features include small size, broad alignment tolerances, and ability to achieve resolutions as precise as 0.078um for linear or 4.2 million counts per revolution for rotary.
Design & development of multi orientation drilling special purpose machine su...IJERD Editor
The growth of Indian manufacturing sector depends largely on its productivity & quality. Productivity depends upon many factors, one of the major factors being manufacturing efficiency with which the operation /activities are carried out in the organization. Productivity can be improved by reducing the total machining time, combining the operations etc. In case of mass production where variety of jobs is less and quantity to be produced is huge, it is very essential to produce the job at a faster rate. This is not possible if we carry out the production by using general purpose machines. The best way to improve the production rate (productivity) along with quality is by use of special purpose machine. Usefulness and performance of the existing radial drilling machine will be increased by designing and development of multispindle drilling head attachment. This paper deals with such development undertaken for similar job under consideration along with industrial case study. Keywords- Various methods, Design, Manufacturing, Statistical process control (Process capability)
The document discusses three assignments completed for PMS Engineers, a tool-room that manufactures jigs, fixtures, and precision machined components.
1) A study of the MITUTOYO LH 600 measuring instrument used at PMS Engineers to ensure quality. The machine provides precise non-contact measurements within 0.0004mm.
2) The design of a drilling fixture for a machine center to drill holes in housing components. Fixtures are needed to improve consistency and reduce setup time.
3) Improvements to the cylindrical grinding process for precision rotating sleeves. A new mandrel and spindle were designed to address issues and reduce grinding time.
Calibration involves comparing a measurement instrument to known standards to determine its accuracy and make adjustments if needed. Vernier calipers, micrometers, and other tools can then take highly accurate measurements. A vernier caliper uses a vernier scale to take measurements to hundredths of a millimeter. A micrometer works on the principle of a screw and nut, where one revolution of the screw equals the pitch distance, allowing for very precise linear measurements. Other tools like dial indicators, depth micrometers, thread micrometers, and sine bars are used to measure various dimensions, depths, threads, and angles.
This document describes Hommel-Etamic's product and service offerings for precision metrology. They provide tactile, pneumatic, and optical metrology systems for measuring surfaces, contours, dimensions, and forms throughout the production process. Their portfolio includes solutions for roughness measurement, dimensional inspection, and optical surface inspection. Services include consulting, training, calibration, and worldwide support.
Gauges are the tools which are used for checking the size, shape and relative positions of various parts but not provided with graduated adjustable members.
This document provides an operating manual for the UM-5 Series ultrasonic thickness gauge. It includes 3 main sections:
1. An overview of the gauge specifications, components, and functions including thickness measurement range, display, data storage, and modes.
2. Instructions for calibrating the instrument, adjusting specifications, and using the normal, A-scan, and B-scan measurement interfaces.
3. Guidance for measuring thickness accurately including preventing errors, different measurement methods, and device care.
The document discusses dial indicators, which are precision measurement tools used to measure small distances and angles. It describes the basic components and principles of dial indicators, including different types such as probe indicators, dial test indicators, and digital dial indicators. It also covers their various applications in manufacturing and quality control processes, as well as tips for different indicator styles.
This document summarizes a micro-project report on dial gauge indicators submitted by three students for their diploma in mechanical engineering. It includes sections on the introduction, objectives, methodology, results, and conclusion of the project. Specifically, it describes the operating principle of dial gauge indicators, different types of indicators, their applications in mechanical engineering, advantages and disadvantages. It also provides step-by-step instructions on how to properly use and read measurements from a dial gauge indicator.
Similar to 248608510 calibration-of-dial-gauge (20)
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
2. 2
1.0 TITLE
CALIBRATION OF A DIAL GAUGE
2.0 OBJECTIVES
1. To calibrate a Dial Gauge using Calibration Tester and Computerised Calibrator (
Optimar 100 )
2. To find the error on each reading of the dial gauge
3. To obtain accuracy of the gauge
4. To analyse and compare the values of error obtained by Calibration Tester and
Computerised Calibrator ( Optimar 100 )
3.0 INTRODUCTION
A dial gauge is the most commonly used mechanical type comparator. It is used to
make a relative measurement between the work piece and gauge block from the same
reference plane. Usually comparators are used to compare a measurement with a known
standard with a high degree of accuracy. The dial gauge has some basic components
which are a small clock and a plunger (stylus probe). This gauge works when there is
very slight upward pressure applied on the plunger that causes it moves upward. The
upward movement of the plunger is converted into the rotary movement of an indicator
on the dial gauge. Besides, the dial gauge is widely used in all types working industries as
it has excellent accuracy in measurement. This is because the dial is divided into 100
divisions and one complete revolution of the indicator corresponds to 1mm linear
movement of plunger. This means that each division on the dial indicates a movement of
0.01mm.
Dial Gauge
3. 3
In addition, there are some advantages and disadvantages of dial gauge:-
Advantages
Relatively inexpensive
Some systems can perform all five dial indicator measurement techniques
Little chance of distorted readings
Highest accuracy compared to others equipment
Easily repaired
Disadvantages
Needs to be carefully adjusted before use
User must know how to read and take a reading
Need to handle carefully to avoid damage on components
Dial gauge is basically well known as it is widely used around the world. There are
many applications of dial gauge that available and commonly used for some several
functions.
i. It usually is used to check the out of roundness of a part on a lathe machine.
The dial gauge is clamped in a holder which in turn is mounted in a lathe tool
holder. Any roundness variation on a work piece is detected by slowly rotating
the work piece and bringing this contact with the dial gauge contact point.
ii. The dial gauge is preferred extensively for inside, outside and depth
measurement. For example is dial calliper gauge.
iii. Dial bore gauge is another type of application of dial gauge. It is used for
checking engine block cylinders for size, taper, bell mouth and ovality. It may
be used to test the holes for true size and to check other surface irregularities
such as concentricity (out of roundness).
iv. Dial indicating snap gauges are used for determining the acceptance of a work
piece as per the specified tolerances.
4. 4
Actually, there are also many different types of dial gauge available and each of them have
their own characteristics and functions.
Types of Dial Gauge Picture
Plunger Type Dial Gauge
A dial gauge that is robust and sturdy
Fitted with Swiss brass bush bearings
A dial gauge with strong and smooth metal
bezel
It is also supplied with tolerance pointers
Has tungsten carbide ball anvil
Metric gauges conform to IS2092-1983 and for
the European market to DIN878-1983
Inch gauges conform to ASME B89.1.10M-
2001
Each gauge carries a calibration certificate that
gives the actual values
0.001mm x 1mm dial gauge which is fitted
with 8 jewels and conforms to JIS B-7503-
1997
It also was exported to 46 countries all over
the world
Lever Type of Dial Gauge
It has auto reversal mechanism
Has been fitted with jewels and Swiss
miniature ball bearings for smoother operation
A device that has highly sensitive at the same
time and also suitable for workshop use
Inch gauges conform to ASME B89.1.10M-
2001
Metric gauges conform to IS 11498-1985 and
for the European market to DIN 2270-1985
Each of gauge carries a calibration certificate
that giving actual values
Commonly in two bezel diameters- 28mm and
38 mm
The metric gauges have 2 mm tungsten carbide
ball stylus while for inch gauges have 0.08-
inch tungsten carbide ball stylus. Both of them
are supplied with 8 mm spigot assembly as
standard supply
5. 5
Bore Gauges
It has carbide-tipped stationary and moving
anvils that make it high wear resistance
Also has small bores from 10mm to 18mm
In addition, highly versatile 18-50mm bore
gauge can cover a large range for which one
needs to generally purchase 2 bore gauges
having ranges Ø 18-35mm and Ø 35-60mm
While the third bore gauge covers a range of
50-150 mm and it is used in Automobile,
Aircraft, Engine and Pump manufacturers
It has extra wide bridge which ensures
automatic centering in the bore. Self-
centralising feature of this bore gauge also can
make that the measurement can be done with
minimum of skill
Bore gauge is furnished in a sleek wooden case
containing measurement anvils and extension
rods with necessary tools
Thickness Gauges
Can be found in different throat depths, thus
suitable for different measurement
requirements.
Usually can be used for quick measurement of
thickness of sheets, paper and leather
It is supplied with 10 mm anvil as standard. 20
mm and larger available on request
It is designed in different readings and travels.
In series J130, J138/L, and J142, measurement
pressure is independent of the user, resulting in
accurate readings of thickness without
personal bias.
J138. 'Push Down Type' thickness gauge is
particularly useful where fine measurement is
not required
This gauge quietly easy to use for the
measurement as it has well-balanced balanced
frames and handgrips coupled with lightweight
Thickness gauges also has fulfil the
requirements of AGD standard available for
the American market
6. 6
Depth Gauges
It can be used for measurement of wide variety
of depths as it is supplied with a set of
extension rods
It also has Tungsten Carbide contact point for
longer life
Not only that, it is used for quick and easy
measurements of bore depths
Depth Gauges Base with 80 mm length
hardened and ground to the highest degree of
flatness
For the American market, Depth Gauges
meeting the requirements of AGD standard
available
Back Plunger Type Dial Gauges
A device which is highly accurate worm
mechanism
It has gauging plunger at right angle to the dial
that make it suitable for difficult inspection
locations
Another characteristic is it has robust brass
case and metallic bezel
For the American market, inch gauges
conform to ASME B89.1.10M-2001
7. 7
Besides, in order to obtain Dial Gauge accuracy, we need a Dial Gauge Calibrator
Tester. A Dial Gauge needs to be calibrated because calibration is important as it is a
comparison between measurements. The periodic calibration is of vital importance for quality
assurance as well as cost reduction. For this case, a Dial Gauge Calibrator Tester plays
important role as it can be used to determine the deviation of readings of a Dial Gauge. The
set of Dial Gauge Calibration Tester enables us to test four different kinds of precision
measuring instruments and all the required accessories are included in the set. All tolerances
and range have been standardised by Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS).
Dial Gauge Calibrator Tester
Labelling a Dial Gauge Calibrator Tester
9. 9
5.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Manual calibration
1. The dial gauge was set up for calibration manually.
2. The dial gauge was then set up on the calibration tester.
3. A series of Dial Gauge readings were taken in the 0-5 mm range.
4. The micrometer head of the Calibration Tester was set to zero.
5. Holders of Dial Gauge Calibration Tester adjusted so that there is light pressure on the
spindle of the Dial Gauge.
6. The Dial Gauge was then set to zero.
7. For readings 1.0-2.0mm, an increment of 0.1mm was taken and then recorded.
8. For readings 2.1-4.0mm, an increment of 0.2mm was taken and then recorded.
9. For readings 4.1-5.0mm, an increment of 0.5mm was taken and then recorded.
10. All data have been recorded and is scheduled to perform the analysis.
Computerized calibration
1. Tests to calibrate the indicator dial is mounted to the lever type indicator test.
2. Dial indicator placed in a vertical guide to a height that can be adjusted easily and quickly.
3. Test automation is a process that uses only the spindle drive motor.
4. Computer-aided measurement system error compensation using a device to measure the
test without loss of accuracy.
5. The test is set for calibration by the operator.
18. 18
7.0 DISCUSSION
Calibration is a comparison between measurements. One of known magnitude or correctness
made or set with one device and another measurement made in as similar a way as possible
with second device. The device with the known or assigned correctness is called the standard.
Based in table 1, the data show that the increment of Go and Return test of dial gauge. In
this experiment, the increment was started at 0.0mm until 5.0mm than there was return from
5.0mm until 0.0mm.For Go in the half revolution at increment 0.5mm the limit Go is higher
which is 0.0020 compare to the other than the increment at 0.0mm because the initial
experiment at 0.0. Then, in the 1 revolution, the higher limit at 1.0 that is limit 0.0026mm
compare to the other and the lowest limit at 0.1mm and 0.7mm that is limit 0.0002mm. The
others in 2 revolution, the higher increment limit at 1.4mm,1.5mm and 2.0mm. The limit is
0.0020mm. Then the overall Go increment at 1.0mm that is 0.0026mm.
After the Go increment had done at 5.0mm, the experiment were returned and in the 2
revolution, the higher limit at increment 1.8mm that is 0.0030mm limit compare to the other
increment and the lowest increment limit at 1.2mm and 1.5mm, that is 0.0004mm. Then, in
the 1 revolution, the higher increment limit at 1.8mm that is 0.0030mm and the lowest
increment limit at 1.5mm and 1.2mm that is 0.0004mm compare to the others increment in
the 1 revolution. After that, in the half revolution, the higher return increment at 0.5mm, the
limit is 0.0018mm and the lowest increment at 0.1mm,0.2mm and 0.4mm, that is 0.0004mm
compare to the others increment.
Based on table 2, the data tabulated of error occur and the limit. The whole measuring range
obtained are 0.0030mm, tolerance ( . The indication error of half revolution is
0.0020mm, tolerance ( The indication error of one revolution is 0.0026mm,
tolerance ( ). The indication error of two revolution is 0.0020mm, tolerance
( ). The narrow range of near error is 0.0024mm tolerance( ). The
indication of retrace error is 0.0024mm tolerance( ).
From the graph, we can see the data of Go and Return slightly and can read the higher
increment and the lowest increment. The graph of manual dial gauge test is little bit different
than graph of automatically dial test. This happen, because of some error when doing the
experiment. Some mistakes or error that we known is the thimble might be turned more
which exceeded the reading at the dial gauge thus causing slight errors. At certain time, the
spindle of the dial gauge did not retract to its original position which also causes some error
in readings. Then, at the parallax error when reading the apparatus. That is the most error that
student doing when construct the experiment.
19. 19
8.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, based on the results obtained and plotted graph, the dial gauge shows
some errors in its readings which means is sligtly inaccurate. From the calibration graph, the
greatest deviation is at the dial gauge reading of 3.0mm which shows GO value of -0.003mm.
However, a Computerised Dial Gauge Calibration Tester is used in this experiment and the
experiment is also assisted in a closed area under the supervision of qualified technicians.
Hence, our objectives of this experiment have been achieved.
20. 20
9.0 RECOMMENDATION
1. Use magnifying glass in order to proper read the dial gauge and micrometer reading values.
2. Slowly and carefully rotate the dial gauge to make sure the readings is not wrongly taken
because it is very high sensitive.
3. Try not to move or drastically colliding with the equipment or work table which will affect
the dial gauge’s needle (readings of dial gauge).
4. Carefully clamp the dial gauge in suitable fixture under the contact point number of times of
specimen. The test is repeated at two or three points along range of the gauge.
5. Take the average between five revolution of readings to reduce the percentage error by do the
reading repeatability.
21. 21
10.0 REFERENCES
1. Mohan Sen, 2006, Basic Mechanical Engineering ,first edition, Laxmi Publications (P)
LTD, pp 76-77
2. John Piotrowski, 1995, Shaft Alignment Handbook, second edition, Library of Congress
Catalog-in-publication Data, pp 233-234
3. Anand K Bewoor,Vinay A Kulkarni,2009, Metrology & Measurement, Tata McGraw-Hill
Education Private Limited, pp 40
4. “Dial Callipers” retrieved from http://www.longislandindicator.com/p112.html
5. “Dial Test Indicators” retrieved from http://www.docstoc.com/docs/80503355/Dial-
Indicators-Dial-Test-Indicators
6. “Plunger Type Dial Gauge” retrieved from http://www.gaugesindia.co.in/plunger-type-
dial-gauges.html
7. “Lever Type Dial Gauge” retrieved from http://www.gaugesindia.co.in/lever-type-dial-
gauges.html
8. “Back Plunger Type Dial Gauge” retrieved from http://www.gaugesindia.co.in/back-
plunger-type-dial-gauges.html
9. “Depth Gauges” retrieved from http://www.gaugesindia.co.in/depth-gauges.html
10. “Bore Gauges” retrieved from http://www.gaugesindia.co.in/bore-gauges.html