Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases are those whose incidence in humans has increased in the last two decades or were previously under control but have risen again. Since the 1970s, over 40 new infectious diseases have been identified including SARS, Ebola, influenza, and Zika virus. The emergence of these diseases is influenced by factors related to the agent, host, and environment. Zoonotic diseases, which transmit between animals and humans, account for over two-thirds of emerging diseases. Controlling emerging diseases requires efforts focused on reservoirs, transmission, protecting susceptible hosts, surveillance, research, and strengthening public health systems.

1. EMERGING AND RE-
EMERGING DISEASES
Presentation
by Trisha. R

2. Emerging infectious diseases
Emerging infectious diseases are
those whose incidence in humans
has the last two decades and is
threatening to increase in near future

3. Re-emerging infectious disease
Re-emerging infections disease is
one which was previously controlled
but again once risen to be a
significant- health problem

4. Since 1970's → 40 infections diseases have been discovered
SARS
Ebola
Adrian influenza
Swine flue
Zika virus
Nipah virus
Covid 19

5. Epidemiological Triad of diseases

6. AGENT FACTORS HOST FACTORS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Evolution of agent [ antigenic shift
and driftI
Demographic changes lifestyle
changes Unhygienic environment
Resistance to drugs Immunosuppression Urbanisation
Poverty Technology and industry
Population growth climate change

7. > 2/3 rd emerging infections in humans are associated with wild and
domestic animals
These are called as emerging zoonoses
Eg: avian influenza virus, bats: nipah virus, Ebola virus, mostomys
rodent - lassa fever

8. SARS
The first emerginginfections disease
of the 21st century
No infectious disease has spread so
fast as SARS in 2003

9. Swine flu -h1n1
Caustic agent _ influenza A virus
Causes respiratory illness
Hint strain of the virus is produced by
mixing of 2 swine, one Arian and one
human strain in the pig

10. Pandemic outbreaks occur since April 2009.
Cases of swine flu were reported in India with 31,156 positive cases
and 1,841 deaths up to March 2015

11. AvianInfluenza-H5n1
Since 2003, avian influenza in birds
affected 60 countries
> 220 million birds were killed
Human infections were due to direct.
contact with infected bird

12. Emerging food and water borne
disease
Accounts for 20 million cases in the world annually
Eg: E. Cool, vibrio cholera, campylobacter

13. Ebola
Ebola was first discovered in 1976,
near the Ebola river '
Since then outbreaks occurred
sporadically in Africa
Eg: 2000-2001- Uganda
2002 - 2003 - Gabon and democratic
republic of the Congo
2004 - South Sudan

15. ZIKA virus
WHO discovered zika virus as public health
emergence of international concern in Feb
2006
In India 1st 3 cases were reported in 2007.
Transmitted through aides mosquito
Symptoms - fever, headache, rash, arthralgia,
bloody eyes
Teratogenic _ causes microcepholy, in
children

17. Emerging an reemerging infections
in India
Bacterial infections: plague, leptospirosis, brucellosis, anthrax, cholera
Viral infections: influenza, chicken gunna, dengue, Santa virus, Cchf

18. Control of emerging and reemerging
infections
Controlling the reservoir
Interupting the transmission
Protecting the susceptible host
Strengthening the surveillance system
Research initiations for treatment
Encouraging research for new methods of control

19. Laboratory diagnosis
Molecular testing - PCR highly sensitive and specific
Rapid test - for flu -need to confirm with PCR
Dengue - Nsi antigen - indicated for case < 5 days
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing

20. Solutions
Improve the international public health infrastructure
Strengthen international capabilities to respond to disease outbreaks
Strengthen international research efforts
Encourage national governments to improve their public health care
system

21. Thank you 🙏🏻